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Reproduction

The document covers key concepts of reproduction, including the formation of gametes, fertilization, and the determination of a child's sex through chromosomes. It also discusses pregnancy, the role of the placenta, and various contraceptive methods, including natural, barrier, and surgical techniques. Additionally, it addresses reproductive health issues such as infertility and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP).

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tejasgodghate02
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2 views

Reproduction

The document covers key concepts of reproduction, including the formation of gametes, fertilization, and the determination of a child's sex through chromosomes. It also discusses pregnancy, the role of the placenta, and various contraceptive methods, including natural, barrier, and surgical techniques. Additionally, it addresses reproductive health issues such as infertility and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP).

Uploaded by

tejasgodghate02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reproduction:- ​

●​ Gametes are unfertilized reproductive cells.


●​ Zygote is a fertilised egg or a fertilised egg.
●​ During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis into
the vagina (insemination).
●​ The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix, enter
into the uterus and finally reach the ampullary region of the
fallopian tube.
●​ The ovum released by the ovary is also transported to the
ampullary region where fertilisation takes place.
●​ The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called
fertilisation.
●​ Attachment of zygote to the lining of a uterus is called implantation.
●​ Basic event in reproduction is replication of DNA .

Determination of Sex of the baby


●​ In humans, including males, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of
chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
●​ 22 of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and
females.
●​ A homologous chromosome pertains with the same gene sequence, loci,
chromosomal length, and centromere location.
●​ The 23rd pair, allosomes, or sex chromosomes, determine an individual's
biological sex.
●​ Females have XX chromosomes, while males have one XY chromosome.

●​ The chromosome pattern in the human female is XX and that in the male is
XY.
●​ Therefore, all the haploid gametes (ova) produced by the female have the
sex chromosome X whereas in the male gametes (sperms) the sex
chromosome could be either X or Y, hence, 50 per cent of sperms carry the
X chromosome while the other 50 per cent carry the Y.
●​ After fusion of the male and female gametes the zygote would carry either
XX or XY depending on whether the sperm carrying X or Y fertilised the
ovum.
●​ The zygote carrying XX would develop into a female baby and XY would
form a male .
●​ scientifically it is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by
the father and not by the mother!

Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) - Result from the fertilization of two separate
eggs with two different sperm during the same pregnancy. It may not have the
same sex or appearance.They share half their genomes, just like any other
siblings.
Identical twins (Monozygotic twins) - The fertilization of a single egg by a
single sperm, with the fertilized egg then splitting into two.

Some Species and their no. of Chromosomes:-

Species # Species #
Fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 16

Dove 16 Snail 24

Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36

Cat 38 Pig 38

Mouse 40 Rat 42

Rabbit 44 Syrian hamster 44


Gorilla 48 Human 46

Ape 48 Sheep 54

Elephant 56 Cow 60

Donkey 62 Horse 64

Dog 78 Chicken 78

Carp 104 Butterflies 380

PREGNANCY

Placenta:-
●​ The placenta is an organ that forms in the womb, also called the uterus, during
pregnancy.
●​ The placenta is connected to a developing baby by a tubelike structure called
the umbilical cord.
●​ Through the umbilical cord, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to a
developing baby.
●​ Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL),
estrogens, progestogens, etc. In the later phase of pregnancy, a hormone called
relaxin is also secreted by the ovary.

Embryo and Feutus:-


●​ Embryo is the early developmental stage of an animal while it is in the egg
or within the uterus of the mother.
●​ An embryo is the developing organism from conception until the 8th week,
while a fetus refers to the developing organism from the 9th week until
birth.

Q. What determines the sex of a child?


RRB JE 23/05/2019 (Morning)
(a) Blood group of mother
(b) Blood group of father
(c) The factor of the parents
(d) Chromosomes
Sol.(d) Chromosomes.

Q. What are homologous chromosomes?


RRB JE 29/05/2019 (Evening)
(a) X-chromosomes
(b) Heterozygous chromosomes
(c) Autosomes
(d) Y-chromosomes
Sol.(c) Autosomes.

Q.. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in the rat?


RRB JE 27/06/2019 (Evening)
(a) 24
(b) 23
(c) 21
(d) 22
Sol.(c) 21

Q. Implantation is the process of:


RRB ALP Tier - I (14/08/2018) Afternoon
(a) developing an embryo and its nourishment
(b) the development of a child inside the mother's body
(c) nutrition from mother's blood through placenta
(d) attachment of zygote to the lining of a uterus
Sol.(d)

Q. How many autosomes will be present in a sexually reproducing organism with


the chromosome number 2n = 18?
RRC Group D 18/08/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) 15
(b) 17
(c) 16
(d) 18
Sol.(c) 16.

Q. In sexual reproduction a parent contributes:


RRB ALP Tier - I (10/08/2018) Afternoon
(a) One-fourth of their genes
(b) All the genes
(c) Three-fourth of their genes
(d) Half of their genes
Sol.(d) Half of their genes.

Q.The male and female sex cells fuse to form a________.


RRB JE 02/06/2019 (Evening)
(a) Zygote
(b) Blastula
(c) Gamete
(d) Gastrula
Sol.(a) Zygote.

Q. Which of the following is a reproductive cell?


RRB JE 26/05/2019 (Evening)
(a) Lymphocytes
(b) RBC
(c) Gamete
(d) WBC
Sol.(c) Gamete (sex cells).

Q. A single - celled fertilised egg is called a/an:


RRB NTPC CBT - I (12/02/2021) Morning
(a) blastocyte
(b) embryo
(c) foetus
(d) zygote
Sol.(d) Zygote

Q. The possibility of fraternal twin occurs_____.


RRB JE 30/05/2019 (Afternoon)
(a) At zygotic stage
(b) At fertilisation stage
(c) Subsequent to fertilisation
(d) At conception
Sol.(b) At fertilisation stage.

Q. A perfect pair of sex chromosomes is found in:


RRC Group D 06/10/2022 (Morning)
(a) human women
(b) starfish
(c) human men
(d) snakes
Sol.(a) Human Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes XX .

Q. The normal cell of human being consists of 46 chromosomes, however, the


germ cell has:
RRC Group D 20/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) 22 chromosomes
(b) 44 chromosomes
(c) 46 chromosomes
(d) 23 chromosomes
Sol.(d) 23 chromosomes.

Q. Name the organ where the embryo develops:


RRB ALP Tier - I (21/08/2018) Afternoon
(a) Uterus
(b) Cervix
(c) Fallopian tube
(d) Ureter
Sol.(a) Uterus.

Q. What is the basic event in reproduction?


RRC Group D 24/08/2022 (Evening)
(a) Cell division
(b) Replication of DNA
(c) Making of proteins
(d) Replication of RNA
Sol.(b) Replication of DNA.

Q. Which of the following is the INCORRECT feature related to animal


reproduction? RRC Group D 24/08/2022 (Evening)
(a) Seminal vesicle is a gland present in human males
(b) Regeneration is not the same as reproduction
(c) In Amoeba, splitting of two cells takes place in any plane
(d) Fertilization of egg takes place in the uterus in human female
Sol.(d) Fertilization of eggs takes place in the fallopian tube.

Q. _______are responsible for the determination of sex.


RRC Group D 14/09/2022 (Morning)
(a) Pleiotropic genes
(b) Autosomes (c) Allosomes (d) Germ cells
Sol.(c) Allosomes

Q. Which of the following is an example of an ovarian hormone?


RRC Group D 18/09/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) Testosterone
(b) Adrenalin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Thyroxin
Sol.(c) Oestrogen.

Q. Which of the following continues to grow and develop organs to become a


foetus?
RRC Group D 22/09/2022 (Morning)
(a) Embryo
(b) Egg
(c) Placenta
(d) Zygote
Sol.(a)

Reproductive Health

BIRTH CONTROL

contraceptive methods :- Natural/Traditional, Barrier, IUDs, Oral contraceptives,


Injectables, Implants and Surgical methods.
●​ Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and
sperms meeting.
➢​ Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or
abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when
ovulation could be expected.

➢​ Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based on


the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the
period of intense lactation following parturition. Therefore, as long as the
mother breast-feeds the child fully, chances of conception are almost nil.

In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented from physically meeting
with the help of barriers. Such methods are available for both males and females.

➢​ Condoms
➢​ Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are also barriers made of rubber that
are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during
coitus. They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through
the cervix

●​ Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs):- Another effective and popular method is


the use of Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs). These devices are inserted by
doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.

●​ Oral pills :- Oral administration of small doses of either progestogens or


progestogen–estrogen combinations is another contraceptive method used
by the females. They are used in the form of tablets and hence are
popularly called the pills.
‘Saheli’–a new oral contraceptive for females–was developed by scientists at
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow, India.

●​ Surgical methods, also called sterilisation, are generally advised for the
male/female partner as a terminal method to prevent any more
pregnancies. Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby
prevent conception. Sterilisation procedure in the male is called
‘vasectomy’ and that in the female, ‘tubectomy’.
●​ In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up
through a small incision on the scrotum whereas in tubectomy, a small
part of the fallopian tube is removed

MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP) Intentional or voluntary


termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of
pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion. to get rid of unwanted pregnancies

INFERTILITY
In vitro fertilisation (IVF–fertilisation outside the body in almost similar
conditions as that in the body) followed by embryo transfer (ET) is one of such
methods.
In this method, popularly known as test tube baby programme, ova from the
wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and
are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory.
Embryos formed by in-vivo fertilisation (fusion of gametes within the female) also
could be used for such transfer to assist those females who cannot conceive.

Q. What is a "Test tube Baby?'


RRB JE 31/05/2019 (Evening)
(a) Fertilisation of the ovum takes place in uterus, but develops in the test tube
(b) Fertilisation takes place in uterus and embryo develops in uterus
(c) Fertilisation of ovum takes place in the test tube and develops in the test tube
itself
(d) Fertilisation of ovum takes place in the test tube, but it develops in uterus
Sol.(d)

Q. Oral contraceptive pills work by stopping _____.


RRC Group D 18/08/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) ovulation
(b) ovulation and fertilization
(c) fertilization and implantation
(d) ovulation and implantation
Sol.(b) Ovulation and Fertilisation.

Q. In some women, oviducts are blocked. These women are unable to bear
babies because sperms cannot reach the egg for fertilization. The doctors advise
IVF (in vitro fertilization) in such cases. Below are given some steps of the
procedure. Select the INCORRECT step.
RRC Group D 22/08/2022 (Evening)
(a) Zygote is kept outside and development takes place in a test tube
(b) Fusion of egg and sperms is done outside the body
(c) Complete development takes place in the uterus
(d) Zygote is formed and after a week placed in the uterus
Sol..(a)

Q. Which of the following methods is a surgical method that is used to prevent


sperm transfer from males?
RRC Group D 02/09/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) Fallopian tubes are blocked
(b) Copper T is inserted
(c) Condom is used
(d) Vas deferens is blocked
Sol.(d) Vas deferens is blocked.

Q. What is covered under 'Maternal Health'?


RRC Group D 28/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) Care during prenatal, natal and postnatal period
(b) Care of all new mothers (after childbirth)
(c) Care of pregnant woman
(d) Care during pregnancy and childbirth
Sol.(a)

Q. Which of the following contraceptive methods is useful for controlling both


unwanted pregnancies and STDs?
RRC Group D 15/09/2022 (Evening)
(a) Surgical method
(b) Copper -T (c) Oral pills
(d) Condom
Sol.(d) Condom

Q. In the 'In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)' method, babies are born through which of the
following processes?
RRC Group D 26/08/2022 (Afternoon)
(a) external fertilization of sperm and ovum
(b) Development of embryo from single parent
(c) development of embryo inside the test tube
(d) internal fertilization of sperm and ovum and external development of embryo
Sol.(a) External fertilization of sperm and ovum

Q. Which of the following sterilization methods is permanent?


RRC Group D 29/08/2022 (Evening)
(a) Use of condom
(b) Use of birth control pills
(c) Use of copper-T
(d) Surgical methods
Sol.(d) Surgical methods.

Q. The different points mentioned below constitute Reproductive Health. Select


the INCORRECT option.
RRC Group D 14/09/2022 (Morning)
(a) Prevention of Sexually transmitted diseases
(b) Safe and effective family planning
methods
(c) Determining the sex of the unborn child
(d) Knowledge of reproductive processes and organs
Sol.(c) Reproductive Health Problems

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