Motional emf

v
A loop moves towards a magnet S N
 a current is induced.

Cause: Magnetic force on the moving charges in the loop: F = qv  B

Work: (
W =  F  dl =  q v  B  dl )
If this was an electric force, the corresponding emf would be

=
W
=
 F  dl
(
=  v  B  dl )
q q

Motional emf (
 =  v  B  dl ) Note: This does not
come from an electric
field.
 Transformer and motional E.M.F
Transformer emf
• A time-varying magnetic field links a stationary circuit to generate
emf
• The emf is generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic
field
• The Maxwell–Faraday equation describes the transformer emf

Motional emf
• A moving conductor within a stationary magnetic field generates
emf
• The emf is generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire
• The Lorentz force describes the motional emf
 Displacement current
There is not current, but there is a time-changing E = q
electric field between the plates:  0A

 q =  0AE =  0 E

Maxwell proposed to complete Ampere’s law with an

additional “current”: dq d E
ID = = 0
dt dt d E
ID =  0
dt

 B  dl = 0 (I + ID )
I

In this case, we have ID = I

between the plates.
 Faraday’s Law
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of
electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF)—a phenomenon called
electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s Law of Induction

dB
 =−
dt
A changing magnetic flux induces an EMF
What is EMF?
 =  E  ds
Looks like potential. It’s a “driving force” for current

Faraday’s Law of Induction

dB
 =  E  ds = −
dt
A changing magnetic flux induces an EMF, a curling
E field
Minus Sign? Lenz’s Law

Induced EMF is in direction that opposes the change

in flux that caused it
 Maxwell Equation
• Maxwell equations are compilation of
basic laws of electromagnetics.
• These basic laws are Gauss law, the
Ampere’s circuital law and the
Faraday’s law.
• These equations describes the world
of electromagnetics.
• Some of these laws were directly
used and some were modified by
Maxwell while compiling the James clerk Maxwell
equations. (scottish physicist)
 Maxwell’s Equations
Basic Law Mathematical Representation

Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics

 D • dS = q
s

Gauss’ Law for Magnetism

 B • dS = 0
s

Faraday’s Law of Induction

d B
 E • dl = − dt

Modified Ampere’s circuital Law D

 H • dl = s( J + t ) • dS
 Maxwell 1’st Equation
Gauss’s Law for electrostatics
Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux through any closed
surface surrounding charges is equal to the total charges enclosed.

 D • dS = q
s
(integral form of gauss law)

 D • dS =  dv
s V
From Divergence theorem,

 • Ddv =  dv

V
V

 • D = 

This is the differential form of Gauss law, also called point form
 Maxwell’s 2nd Equation
Gauss Law for magneto statics

The total magnetic flux coming out of a closed surface is equal to the total magnetic
charge(poles) inside the surface.

However, magnetic poles always found in pairs.

So, mathematically,

 B • dS = 0 (integral form)
s
By divergence theorem,
  • Bdv = 0
V

 • B = 0
This is the differential form of gauss law of magneto
statics or also called point form.
 Maxwell 3rd Equation
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
•Biot savart law tells us that the magnetic field is produced by a current.
•Whether the reverse is true i.e. whether the magnetic field would produce
electricity.
• Faraday’s experiments demonstrated that the static magnetic field produce no
current but a time varying magnetic field produce a E.M.F. in a close loop causes a
current to flow.
According to Faraday’s law, the net electromotive force (EMF) in a close loop is
equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux ( ( )enclosed by the loop.
B

Mathematically,
EMF=  E • dl = − d B
dt
The negative sign is due to the Lenz’s law.
If the loop has magnetic field density B, the total
flux enclosed by the loop is,
 B
=  B • dS
s
Maxwell’s 3rd Equation cont……


l E • dl = − t  B • da
a


 E • dl = − 
l
a
t
B • da

From stoke’s theorem,


 ( E) • da = −
a a
t
B • da

B
 E = −
t
So rate of change of magnetic field
H
  E = − Results electric field
t

This is the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction in differential

form or point form
 Maxwell 4th Equation

Ampere’s circuital Law

It states that the total magnetic field intensity along the closed loop is equal to
the net current enclosed by the loop.
So, mathematically

 H • dl = I
l

 H • dl =  J • da
l
a

From stokes theorem,

 (  H ) • da =  J • da
a a

 H = J
This is the differential form of Ampere’s circuit law or point form
 Maxwell 4th Equation cont…
Taking divergence of the Ampere’s Law of differential form
We get,

 • (  H ) =  • J

• J = 0


But, from continuity equation So, Ampere’s Law is not consistent with
 continuity equation
• J = −
t
Consider a closed surface having a volume
charge density  . If some charges are
leaving the volume , as a result there is a
current flow from the volume. If the current
density on the surface of the volume is J. Closed surface having volume charge
density 
 Maxwell 4th Equation cont…

 Rate of
The net outward current = aJ • da = − t vdv decrease of
charges
Applying divergence theorem,
 
 ( • J )dv = − t  dv  • J + =0
v v
t
D
 • (J + ) = 0 ( from gauss law)
t
• D = 
D
So, in amperes law if we regard J + as the total current enclosed by the
t
loop law becomes consistent with the continuity equation.
And the term  D is called the displacement current density
t
 Maxwell 4th Equation cont…

Maxwell 4th Equation becomes


D
 H = J +
t Differential form or point form

 H • dl =  ( J +
s


D
t
) • dS
 Integral form


Conduction displacement current
current density(due to time
density varying electric field)

E So rate of change of electric field

 H = J +
t Results magnetic field

This equation tells that magnetic field exists even in non conducting medium if
electric field is varying with respect to time.