Name: _________________________________________________ Date: _______________

Honors Chemistry

Unit 9
Acids and Bases
Essential Questions:
●​ How does our understanding of the properties of acids and bases help us in our everyday lives?
●​ Why are there different types of pH indicators?
●​ How do home remedies to reduce acid indigestion work?
Learning Targets:
●​ Define acids and bases.
●​ Distinguish between Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases.
●​ Define and calculate pH.
●​ Name and write formulas for acids and bases.
●​ Predict products of acid-base reactions.
●​ Differentiate between acid-base reactions, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions.
●​ Differentiate between strong and weak acids and bases and explain what makes them strong or weak.
●​ Determine oxidation numbers for elements and chemical compounds.
Essential Vocabulary
pH - a logarithmic measure of the acidity of a substance.
pOH - a logarithmic measure of the basicity/alkalinity of a substance.
Acid - a substance that can neutralize a base to form a salt.
Base - a substance that can neutralize an acid to form a salt.
Arrhenius Acid/Base - a substance that forms hydronium ions (acid) or hydroxide ions (base) in water.
Brønsted-Lowry Acid/Base - a substance that can donate (acid) or accept (base) one or more protons.
Indicator - a substance that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, such as phenolphthalein.
Strong Acid/Base - an acid or base that fully dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Weak acid/Base - an acid or base that does not fully dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.
Neutralization Reaction - the process by which an acid and a base react to form water and a salt.
Precipitation - a type of double replacement reaction in which a solid precipitate is formed.
Oxidation/Reduction Reaction - any reaction in which the oxidation number of one or more atoms
changes.
Oxidation Number - a number representing the electrons gained or lost by an atom (compared to the
neutral state).
Test: A Day - April 15
​ B Day - April 16
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General properties of acids:
●​ Taste sour
●​ Turns blue litmus paper red
●​ pH _____ 7.00
●​ Colorless in phenolphthalein indicator
●​ Neutralizes a base to form salt and water

General properties of bases:

●​ Feel slippery
●​ Taste bitter
●​ Turns red litmus paper blue
●​ pH _____ 7.00
●​ Turns phenolphthalein pink
●​ Neutralizes an acid to form salt and water

ACID NOMENCLATURE ACIDS - ​ HYDROGEN + nonmetal or

​ HYDROGEN + polyatomic ion​

Acids are divided into two groups: _________________________________ and __________________________. Binary acids (usually)
consist of two elements. Oxyacids (usually) consist of 3 elements, one of which is _______________________.

Naming Binary Acids - Binary acid names always take the form: “hydro- ____________ - ic acid”
●​ The first word has three parts: The “hydro-” prefix + the root of the nonmetal element + “-ic” ending
●​ The second word is always just “acid”
Examples:
A.​ HCl​ ​ ______________________________________________

B.​ HBr​ ​ ______________________________________________

C.​ HI​ ​ ______________________________________________

D.​ HF​ ​ ______________________________________________

E.​ HCN​ ​ ______________________________________________

F.​ H2S​ ​ ______________________________________________

Naming Oxyacids - Oxyacid names depend on their polyatomic ion, but never include _______________________.
1.​ Identify the ___________________
a.​ An “ate” ending turns into an “ ______ic acid” ​ ​ **NO HYDRO IN FRONT OF IT**
b.​ An “ite” ending turns into an “ ______ous acid”​ ​ ​ **NO HYDRO IN FRONT OF IT**
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 ●​ A way to remember the acid naming rules
I rIDE my car with HYDRO-l-ICs
i ATE something ICky
sprITE is deliciOUS

Examples:
A.​ HC2H3O2 ​ ​ ________________________________________

B.​ HNO3 ​ ​ ​ ________________________________________

C.​ H2SO4​ ​ ​ ________________________________________

D.​ H2SO3​ ​ ​ ________________________________________

E.​ H2CO3​ ​ ​ ________________________________________

F.​ HMnO4​​ ​ ________________________________________

Writing Acid Formulas

1.​ If you see the word _____________, you know the compound starts with ________________________ so start by
writing H+
2.​ Figure out what the ending of the _________________________ WAS
a.​ A “Hydro_________ic” acid came from an “-ide” ending, usually an element
b.​ An “-ic” ending with NO HYDRO in front of it came from a polyatomic ion ending in “-ate”
c.​ An “-ous” ending came from a polyatomic ion ending in “-ite”
3.​ Write the ANION and CHARGE
4.​ CRISS CROSS your _________ and your __________________ to form a NEUTRAL compound, just like any other
ionic compound.

Examples
A.​ Sulfuric acid​ ​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________
B.​ Nitrous acid​ ​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________
C.​ Bromic acid​ ​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________
D.​ Chromic acid​ ​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________
E.​ Hypochlorous acid​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________
F.​ Nitric acid​ ​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________
G.​ Sulfurous acid​ ​ ​ ​ ​ __________________________

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STRONG ACIDS AND BASES
Acids and bases can also be categorized as strong or weak, depending on how completely they dissociate
in water.

Dissociation - Compounds or molecules splitting into their positive and negative ions when dissolved in
water - most ionic compounds, acids, and bases dissociate in water (making them electrolytes).

Strong acids and bases ___________________________________.

You will have to memorize the 7 strong acids!

HNO3 = Nitric Acid​ ​ H2SO4 = Sulfuric Acid ​ HClO3 = Chloric Acid

HClO4 = Perchloric Acid​ HCl = Hydrochloric Acid ​ HBr = Hydrobromic Acid

HI = Hydroiodic Acid

You will have to identify strong bases - they consist of a Group IA or IIA cation and hydroxide!

Examples (not a complete list):

NaOH = sodium hydroxide ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ca(OH)2 = calcium hydroxide

KOH = potassium hydroxide ​ ​ ​ ​ Mg(OH)2 = magnesium hydroxide

Show the dissociation of the following:

HCl​ ​ ​ ​ Ca(OH)2 HF

Recall: Ions in solution conduct electricity. Strong acids/bases =_____________________________________________

ARRHENIUS vs. BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

Acids and bases can be defined in a few different ways, related to the behavior of ions in solution.

●​ Ions
*Hydrogen *Hydronium *Hydroxide

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 ●​ Arrhenius Acid : Any compound that gives up hydrogen ions or forms hydronium ions in water.

●​ Arrhenius Base : Any compound or molecule that forms hydroxide ions in water.

●​ Bronsted-Lowry Acid : any molecule or ion that can donate a proton to another substance

●​ Bronsted-Lowry Base: Any compound or molecule that accepts protons.

●​ Conjugate Base: What is left of the acid after it donates a proton.

For example : H2SO4 (an acid) gives up an H+ and becomes HSO4- (conjugate base)

●​ Conjugate Acid: The compound formed when the base accepts a proton.

For example: OH- (a base) receives H+ from an acid and becomes H2O (conjugate acid)

Examples - identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, conjugate base

​ ​ ​
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) → NH4+ (aq) + OH-​ C6H5NH2 + H2O → C6H5NH3+ + OH-

HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ HCH3COO + H2O →H3O+ + CH3COO-

NEUTRALIZATION
To help us understand acids and bases, we need to reorganize the types of chemical reactions. Instead of 5
types, we’ll have 3; the 5 types we learned about in Unit 4 can fit into these 3 new categories.
●​ The term for a reaction between an acid and a base is ___________________________________. This is a type
of __________________________________________ reaction.
●​ The products of neutralization are always _________________________________________.
●​ Salt - A compound formed from the cation of a base and the anion of an acid (not just NaCl!)
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 ○​ Label the acid, base, salt and water of the neutralization reactions below:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

2HBr + Ca(OH)2 → CaBr2 + 2H2O

○​ Complete and balance the neutralization reactions below:

KOH + H2CO3 →

HBr + Al(OH)3 →

NEUTRALIZATION STOICH
In a complete neutralization reaction, the moles of hydrogen ions must be equal to the moles of hydroxide
ions (since they combine in a 1:1 ratio to form H2O). To calculate the required “ingredients” for complete
neutralization, we need to combine pH calculations, stoichiometry, and molarity.

Example: What volume (in mL) of 0.500 M H3PO4 is required to neutralize 250.0 mL of 1.00 M NaOH?

MATH WITH ACIDS AND BASES

The pH scale really tells us the concentration of H+ ions in solution, while the pOH scale tells us the
concentration of OH- ions in solution. We can compare and calculate these numbers using a few formulas.

Note: molar concentration can be represented by the chemical formula of the solute in square brackets.

​ Example: the molar concentration (molarity) of hydrogen ions can be shown as [H+]

At 25℃, [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 (this is known as the ion-product constant of water, or KW)

pH = -log [H+]​ ​ pOH = -log [OH-]

pH < 7 acid​ ​ pH > 7 base​ ​ pH = 7 Neutral

[H+] = 10-pH​ ​ [OH-] = 10-pOH​ ​ pH + pOH = 14.00​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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CALCULATING pH WHEN HYDROGEN/HYDROXIDE ION CONCENTRATION IS KNOWN

Example 1: What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 3.4 x 10-5?

Example 2: What is the pH of a .0001M solution of H3PO4?

Example 3: What is the pH of a .00001M sample of NaOH? (Careful! This is a base!)

Example 4: If 148mL of 0.490M HBr is mixed with 319mL of 0.515M Ca(OH)2, what is the pH of the
resulting solution?

CALCULATING THE [H+] WHEN THE pH IS KNOWN

Example 1: What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance with a pH of 4.0?

Example 2: What is the [H+] of a solution that has a pOH of 3.75?

Example 3: What is the [OH-] of a solution that has a pH of 2.90?

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REDOX REACTIONS
Oxidation
​

Reduction

An oxidation/reduction reaction (also known as a __________ reaction) occurs when the oxidation number
of an atom changes during a chemical reaction. Electrons are transferred between atoms during redox!
​
ASSIGNING OXIDATION NUMBERS - follow these rules in order!

1. The oxidation number for an atom in its elemental form is always zero.
●​ A substance is elemental if both of the following are true:
○​ only one kind of atom is present
○​ overall charge = 0
●​ Examples:
○​ S8: The oxidation number of S = 0
○​ Fe: The oxidation number of Fe = 0
2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion = charge of the monatomic ion.
●​ Examples:
○​ Oxidation number of S2- is 2-.
○​ Oxidation number of Al3+ is 3+.
3. The oxidation number of all Group 1A metals = 1+ (unless elemental).
4. The oxidation number of all Group 2A metals = 2+ (unless elemental).
5. Hydrogen (H) has two possible oxidation numbers:
●​ 1+ when bonded to a nonmetal
●​ 1- when bonded to a metal
6. Oxygen (O) has an oxidation number of 2- (exception: in the peroxide ion O22-, oxygen is 1-)
7. Fluorine (F) is always 1-
8. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms (or ions) in a neutral compound = 0.
9. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a polyatomic ion = charge on the polyatomic ion

Examples for finding Oxidation States

SO42-​ ​ S__ O___​ ​ ​ KNO3 K___ N___ O___

​
SO32-​ ​ S___ O___​ ​ ​ N2O​ N___ O___​ ​ ​
BALANCING REDOX REACTIONS
1. Write a complete balanced equation.
2. Assign oxidation numbers to every element.
3. Was there a change in any oxidation numbers? If so, identify what was oxidized and what was reduced.

Examples:

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O​ ​ ​ ​ Oxidized:________ Reduced: _________ e- Transferred: _________

2 Fe + 3 ZnCl2 → 2 FeCl3 + 3Zn​ ​ ​ Oxidized:________ Reduced: _________ e- Transferred:

_________

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Antimony (V) chloride reacts with potassium iodide to yield potassium chloride, iodine and antimony
(III) chloride.

PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
A precipitation reaction is any double replacement reaction that forms a _______________________________.

For example:

​ ​ ​ AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3(aq)

Now, take a look at the oxidation state of each atom in the reaction above. What do you notice?

In a precipitation reaction, ________________________________________________________________________!

Now that we have this information, we can reorganize our types of reactions like this: