PAIR OF LINEAR EOUATIONSIN TWOoVARIAI PS

3. Man's age =30 years,S%on's age hyears 4. Father's age - 4years,Mm's ny12 years
5. 45 years 6. Father's aye =42 years, m's nge 10 years
7. Ani's age 19 years, Biju's age - 16 years 8. Salim's age- years, Daughteren 14 yen1
9. 40 years
3.7.5 APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS BASED ON TIME DISTANCE AD SPEED
In solvingproblems based on time, distanceand sped,we us the folkringy funlae
Distance Distan
Distance =Speed Time; Timne and, speed -
Also, if Speed Tine
Speed ofa boat in still waters km/hr and, Spced of the (urrent -nkm/hr
then,
Speed upstream (u-) krn/hr and Sped duwnstrcam -(us ) km/ht
Following examples will illustratethe use of thee forrmulae
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIc)

EXAMPLE 1Points Aand Bare )km apart from each other on ahighuny h car starts frum h und
another from Bat the same time. If they go in thr ame dire tuon they meet in 'hours and if thrygn
opposite directions they meet in 97 hours. ind their sprrds,
SOLUTION Let Xand Ybe twocars starting fron pänts hand Brespetivedy lat the osans h
car Xbe x km/hr and that ofcar Ybe ykIn/hr.
Case I When tuocars mooe in the same dire tion, Supprra twotar, Imed at pinty Thet,
Distance travelled by car X A0,Distance travelle oy at -)
It is given that twocars rneet in 9hours.
Distance travelled by car Xin 9hours 9y kn.
Distance travelled by car yin 9 hours ykrn. H) y

Clearly, A0- B0 AB 9I-9y)1

Case ll When tuocars moneinoppsite direc tions: upptwtars trust at pmt 1 he,
Distance travelled by car %-AI, Distancettavelledby cat f -
In this case, two cars rmest in 9/7 hurs

Distance travelled bycar Xin hrnurs

7km
Clearly, AP BP hB ,1,9
solving equations (i)and (ii), we ypt 1 4) and y
Hence, speed of car Xis 4) krn /hr atd sparrs frat lis Wktt/ht
EXAMPS 2 Ved travels HMikm tohis hume partly hy train und partly ry car ifrtatrs thurs fho
travels 12)km bytrain and the rest ryrar ifr tahr i minutrs lnyer if hrtruwls 1)tm hy trun
and the ret hy car find the spedrf the train und thr tot
3.52 MATHEMATICS-X

SOLUTION Let the speed of the train be r km/hr and the speed of the car be y km/hr.
Case I When he travels 120km bytrain and the rest by car: If Ved travels 120 km by train, then
Distance covered by car is (600- 120) km = 480 km.
120
Distance
Time
Now, Time taken to cover 120 km by train hrs
Speed
480
Time taken to cover 480 km by car = hrs

It is given that the total time of the journey is 8hours.

15 60 15 60 15 60
120 480
= 8 ’ + =8 ’ + =1’ - -1 = 0 ..)
X

Case ll When he travels 200 km by train and the rest by car: If Ved travels 200 km by train, then
Distance travelled by car is (600200) km = 400 km
200
Now, Time taken to cover 200 km by train hrs

400
Time taken to cover 400 km by train hrs

In thiscase the total time of journey is 8 hour 20minutes

200 400
+ =8hrs 20 minutes

200 400 20 1
83 8 hrs 20minutes =8
60
hrs = 8=hrs
y
200 400 25
3

25 8, 16 1 24 48 24 48
1
+ =1’ --1=0 ...ii)
y3 x 3

1
Putting = u and
=v in equations (i) and (ii), we obtain the following system of
equations:
15u + 60v-1 = 0 ..(üi)
24u + 480-1= 0 ...(iv)
By using cross-multiplication, we obtain
-U 1
60x -1 - 48 x -1 15 x -1- 24 x -1 15 x 48-24 x 60
1
-60 + 48 -15 + 24 720 -1440
1 -12 1
’W = and =
-12 -9 -720 -720 60 -720 80
1 1 1 1
U= ’ X = 60 and, v= 11
60 X 80
’y= 80
Hence, speed of train =60 km/hr and speed of car =80 km/hr.
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 3.53

EXAMPLE 3 A man travels 370 km partly by train and partly by car. If he covers 250 km by train
andthe rest by car, ittakes him 4 hours. But, ifhe travels 130 km by trainand the
18 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and that of the car. rest by car, he takes
[CBSE 2001|
SOLUTION Let the speed of the train be x km/hr and that of the car be y km/hr. We have
following cases:
Case I When he travels 250 kn by train and the rest bycar: In
this case, we have
Time taken by the man to travel 250 km by train = 250 hrs

Time taken by the man to travel (370-250) = 120 km by 120

car hrs

Total time taken by the man to cover 370 km = 250 120

It isgiven that the total time taken is 4 hours
250 120 125 60
+ = 4’ =2 ...)
Case II When he travels 130 km by train and the rest by car: In this case, we have
Time taken by the man to travel 130 km by train =130 hrs

Time taken by the man to travel (370-130) = 240 km bycar = 240 hrs.
In thiscase, total time of the journey is 4 hrs 18minutes.
130 240
= 4 hrs 18 minutes

130 240 18 130 240 43

4 + ...(ii)
60 10
1 1
Putting = u and =v in(i) arnd (ii), we obtain the following system of equations:
125u + 60v = 2 ...(üi)
43
130u + 240v = ...iv)
10
Multiplying equation (ii) by 4the above system of equations becomes
500u +240v = 8 ...(v)
43
130u + 240v = ...(vi)
10
Subtracting (vi) from (v), we get
43 37 1
370u = 8 370u =
10 10 100
1 1
Putting u = 100 in equation (v), we get: 5 + 240v = 8 240v = 3 ’ v= 80
1 1 1 1 1 1
and v= and
Now, 100 80 100 80 ’I=100 and y= 80.

Hence, Speed of the train =100 km/hr and, Speed of the car =80 km/hr.
3.54
MATHEMATICS
EXAMPLE 4 Aboat covers 32 kmn upstream and 36 km downstream in 7 hours. Also, il covers 40km
upstream and 48 km downstream in 9 hours. Find the speed of the boat in still water atd that of th
stream.
sOLUTION Let the speedof the boat in stillwater bex km/hr and the speedof the strean bey
km/hr. Then,
Speed upstream =(r-) km/hr and, Speeddownstream =(r+) km/hr
32
Now, Timetaken to cover 32 km upstream hrs

36
Time taken tocover 36 km downstrecam hrs

But, total time of journey is 7 hours.

32 36
=7

40
Time taken to cover 40 km upstream

48
Timetaken to cover 48 knm downstream =
In this case, total time of journey is given to be 9 hours.
40 48
= 9 ..(i)

Putting = W and =vinequations (i) and (ii), we get

32u +360 =7 32u + 36u -7 =0 ..(i)
40u + 48v =9 = 40u + 48v 9 = 0 ..(iv)
Solving these equations by cross-multiplication, we get
36 x -9-48 x -7 32 x -9- 40 x -7 32 x 48 40x 36
-U 1
-324 + 336 -288 + 280 1536 - 1440
1 12 8 1
’U = U=
12 8 96 96 12

Now,
1 1 1
s= ’X-y = 8 ..(v)
8

and,
1 1 1
’X+ y =12 ...(vi)
12 12

Solving equations (v) and (vi), we get: x = 10 and y = 2.

Hence, Speed of the boat in still water =10 km/hr and, Speedof the stream =2 km/hr.
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
EXAMPLE 5 Xtakes 3hours more than Ytowalk 30 km. But, if Xdoubles his pace, he is ahead of Y
by 12 hours.
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 3.55

SOLUTION Let the speed of Xand Ybe x km/hr and y km/hr respectively. Then,
30 30
Timetaken by X to cover 30 km = hrs and, Timetaken by Ytocover 30 km = hrs

By the given conditions, we obtain

30 30
=3 = 10 10
=1 ...(i)
If Xdoubles his pace, then speed of X is 2x km/hr.
. Times taken by X to cover 30 km = 30 30
hrs. and, Times taken by Yto cover 30 km = hrs
2x
Accordirng to the given conditions, we obtain
30 30 30 30 3 10 5 1 10 20
2x 2x
=1 ...ii)

Putting = u and
= V, in equations (i) and (ii) weget

10u 10 = 1’10u -10v 1=0 ...(iüi)

-10u + 20v = 1’-10u + 20v -1=0 ..(iv)
Addingequations(ii) and (iv), we get: 10v - 2 = 0>v= 5
1 3
Putting v= |

L
in equation (iii), we get:10u -3 =0’ u =
10
31 3 10 1 1 1
Now, s=
10 10 3
and, v=5
’ 5
’y= 5

10
Hence, X's speed = 3
km/hr and, Y's speed = 5 km/hr.
EXAMPLE 6 After coveringadistance of 30km with auniform speed there is some defect in atrain
engine and therefore, its speed is reduced to 4/5 of its original speed. Consequently, the train reaches
itsdestination late by 45 minutes.Had it happened after covering 18 kilometres more, the train would
have reached 9 minutes earlier. Find the speed of the train and the distance of journey.
SOLUTION Let the original speed of the train be x km/hr and the length of the journey be
y km. Then, Time taken = (y/x) hrs.
Case I When defect in the engine occurs after covering adistance of 30km. 4
Speed for first 30 km =xkm/hr and, Speed for the remaining (y - 30) kmn = 5 x km/hrs
30
Time taken to cover 30 km hrs
y-30 5
Time taken tocOver (y -30) km= hrs. = (y-30) hrs.
(4x/5) 4x
According to the given condition, we obtain,
30 5 45
(y-30) = +
4x 60
30 5y - 150 3 120 + 5y 150 4y +3x
’ 5y - 30 = 4y +3x
4x 4 4x 4x
3.56 MATHEMATICS-X

3x - y+ 30 = 0 .i)
Case II When defect in the engine occurs after covering adistance of 48 km.
4x
Speed for first 48km=xkm/h, Speed for the remaining (y - 48) km 5
km/hr

48
Time taken to cover 48 km = hrs.

48 5(y 48) |
Timetaken to cover (y - 48) km = hr = hr
4x/5 4x
According to the given condition, the train now reaches 9minutes earlier i.e., 36 minutes
later.
48 5(y - 48) = 3 6
4x X 60
48 + 5y - 240 3
4x 5

192 +5y-240 5y + 3x 5y - 48 5y + 3x
4x 5x 4 5
’ 25y- 240 = 20y +12x
12x - 5y + 240 = 0 ...i)
Thus, we obtain the following system of simultaneous equations:
3x - y + 30 = 0
12x - 5y+ 240 = 0
By using cross-multiplication, we obtain
X -y 1 -90 -360
-240 + 150 720- 360 -15 + 12 -90 360
- 30 and y= =120
-3 -3

Hence, the original speed of the train is 30 km/hr and the length of the journey is 120 km.
EXAMPLE 7 Atrain covered acertain distance at auniform speed. If the train would have been 6km/h
faster, it would have taken 4hours less than the scheduled time. And, ifthe train were slower by 6kmh, it
would have taken 6hours more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the journey.
SOLUTION Let the actual speed of the train be xkm/hr and the actual time taken be yhours.
Then,
Distance covered = (xy) km ..) [:: Distance =Speed xTime]
If the speed is increased by 6km/hr, then time of journey is reduced by 4hours i.e, when
speed is (+ 6) km/hr, time ofjourney is (y -4) hours.
Distance covered = (r+6)(y- 4)
xy = (x + 6) (y 4) [Using (i)]
-4x + 6y -24 =0 -2x+3y - 12 = 0 ... (ii)
When the speed is reduced by6 km/hr,then the time of journeyis increased by 6hours i.e.,
when speed is (x-6) km/hr, time of journey is (y +6) hours.
Distance covered = (x-6)(y + 6)
xy = (1-6) (y + 6) [Using ()]
6x-6y -36 = 0 X-y-6=0 .. (ii)
 3.57
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABL ES
Thus, we obtain the following system of equations:
-2r +3y- 12 = 0
X-y- 6= 0
By using cross-multiplication, we have,
3x-6-(-1) x-12 -2x -6--1x-12 -2x -1-1x3

-30 24 -1 ’I=30 and y= 24.

Putting the values of xand yin equation (i), we obtain: Distance - (30 x24) km =720 km.
Hence, the length of the journey is 720 km.
EXERCISE 3.9
BASIC

1. Twopeople are 16 km apart on a straight road. They start walking at the same time. If they
walk towards each other with different speeds, they willmeet in 2 hours. Had they walked in
the same direction with same speeds as before, they would have met in 8 hours. Find their
walking speeds. [CBSE 2023]
2. The boat goes 30 km upstream and 44 km downstream in 10 hours. In 13 hours, it can go 40 km
upstream and 55 km downstream. Determine the speed of stream and that of the boat in still
water. |CBSE 2019]
3. Aperson rowing at the rate of 5 km/h in stillwater, takes thrice as much time in going 40 km
upstream as in going 40 km downstream. Find the speed of the stream. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
4. Aman travels 600 km partly by train and partly by car. If he covers 400 km by train and the rest
by car, it takes him 6 hours and 30 minutes. But, if he travels 200 km by train and the rest by car,
he takes halfan hour longer. Find the speed of the train and that of the car. [CBSE 2001|
5. Ritu can rowdownstream 20 km in 2hours, and upstream 4km in 2hours. Find her speed of
rowing in still water and the speed of the current. [NCERT]
6. Amotor boat can travel 30 km upstream and 28 km downstream in 7 hours. It can travel 21 km
upstream and return in 5 hours. Find the speed of the boat in stillwater and the speed of the
stream. [NCERT XEMPLAR]
7. Abdul travelled 300 km by train and 200 km bytaxi, it took him 5 hours 30 minutes. But if he
travels 260 km by train and 240 km by taxi he takes 6minutes longer. Find the speed of the train
andthat of the taxi. |CBSE 2006C]
8. Places A and Bare 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A and another from Bat the
same time. If the cars travel in the same direction at different speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If
they travel towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of two cars?
INCERT, CBSE 2009]
BASED ON LOTS

9. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train could have been
10 km/hr. faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if the train
were slower by 10 km/hr; it would have taken 3hours more than the scheduled time. Find the
distance covered by the train. [NCERT, CBSE 2020)
10. While covering a distance of 30 km. Ajeet takes 2hours more than Amit. If Ajeet doubles his
speed, he would take 1hour less than Amit. Find their speeds of walking.
11. Aman walks acertain distance with certain speed. If he walks 1/2 km an hour faster, he takes
1hour less. But, if he walks 1km an hour slower, he takes 3 more hours. Find the distance
covered by the man and his original rate of walking.
 3.58 MATIIEMATICS X

ANSWERS
1. 5 km/hr, 3 km/hr. 2. Speed of stream =3 km/hr, Speed of boat =8 km/hr
3. 2.5 km/hr 4. 100 km/hr, 80 km/hr. 5. 6kmn/hr, 4km/hr.
6. 10 km/hr, 4 km/hr. 7. 100 km/hr, 80 km/hr. 8. 60 km/hr, 40 km/hr
9. 600 km. 10. Ajit's speed = 5 km/hr, Amit's speed =7.5 km/hr.
11. Distance =36 km, Original speed =4km/hr.
HINT TO SELECTED PROBLEM
11. Let the original speed be ykm /hr and totaltime taken be x hrs.Then, Distance =(ry) km.
Since distance covered in each case is same.
X
|(x-1) = Xy and, (y -1)(* + 3) = xy =
2
-y-=0 and - x +3y-3=0.
3.7.6 MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
Followingexamples willillustrate the applications.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
EXAMPLE 1The taxi charges in a city comprise of afixed charge together with the chargefor the
distance covered. For ajourney of 10 km the charge paid is 75 andfor ajourney of 15km the charge
paid is t 110. What will aperson have to payfor travelling adistance of 25 km?
|NCERT, CBSE 20001
SOLUTION Let the fixed charges of taxi ber and the running charges be ykm/hr.
According tothe given condition,we obtain
x+ 10y = 75 ... (i)
X+ 15y = 110 . .(ü)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get: -5y =35 ’y7. Putting y=7in (i), we get: x = 5.
Total charges fromn travelling a distance of 25 km =x+25y = (5 + 25 x 7) =180.
EXAMPLE 2 The total expenditure per month ofa household consistsofa fixed rent of the house and
mess charges depending upon the number of people sharing the house. The total monthly expenditure
is 3900 for 2 people and 7500 for 5 people. Find the rent of the house and the mess charges per
head per month.
SOLUTION Let the monthly rent of the house be xand the mess charges per head per month
be y.
According to the given conditions, we obtain
X+ 2y = 3900
... (i)
x+ 5y = 7500
...(ü)
Subtracting (i) from (i), we get: -3y = -3600 ’ y = 1200
Putting y=1200 in (i), we get x = 1500
Hence, monthly rent =? 1500 and mess charges per head per month =71200.
EXAMPLE 3 The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9square units if its length is reduced by 5units
and the breadth is increased by 3 units. Ifwe increase the length by 3 units and breadth by 2 units, the
area is increased by 67 square units. Find the length and breadth of the rectangle. |NCERT|
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWOVARIABLES 3.59

sOLUTION Let the length and breadthof the rectangle be xand yunits respectively. Then,
Area =xy sq. units.
If length is reduced by 5units and the breadth is increased by 3units, then area is reduced by
9 square units.

9= (1 - 5) (y +3) > x-9= y +3r -5y 15 ’ 3x-5y -6 =0 ..(1)

When length is increased by 3 units and breadth by 2 units, the area is increased by
67 sq. units.

y +67 =(X +3) (y +2) ’ xy +67 = xs +2x +3y +6 > 2x +3y -61=0..()
Thus, we get the following system of linear equations:
3x-5y -6=0
2x + 3s - 61 = 0
By using cross-multiplication, we obtain
323 171
305 + 18 -183 + 12 9+ 10 ’ = 19 = 17 and y = 19
= 9

Hence, the length and breadth of the rectangle are 17 units and 9 units respectively.
EXAMPLE Aman starts his job witha certain monthlysalary andearns afixed increment every
year. If hissalary was 1500 after 4year of serviceand 1800 after 10 years of service, what was his
starting salary and what is the annual increment?
SOLUTION Let the starting salary of the man be r and the fixed annual increment be
?y.Then,
Salary after 4years of service = (r + 4y), Salary after 10years of service = (x+ 10y)
I+ 4y = 1500 ... (i)
X+ 10y=1800 ... (ü)

Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get: 6y = 300 ’ y = 50

Putting y= 50in equation (), we get x=1300.
Hence the starting salary was 1300 and annual increment is 50.
EXAMPLE 5 The ratio ofincomes of tuo persons is 9:7and the ratio of their expenditures is 4:3. If
each of themsaves 200 per month,find their monthly incomes. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let the income of first person be 9x and the income of second person be
I7x. Further, let the expenditures of first and second person be4y and 3y respectively. Then,
Saving of first person = 9x-4y, Savingof second person = 7x-3s
9x - 4y = 200 > 9x 4s- 200 = 0 ... (i)

and, 7x- 3y= 200 ’ 7x-3s 200 = 0 ...(ü)

Solving (i)and (ii) by cross-multiplication, we obtain
-y 1
800 600 -1800 + 1400 -27 + 28 200 400
=1’x= 200 andy =400.

Thus, monthly income of first person =9x =(9x 200) 1800

and, monthly income of secondperson =7x =(7 x 200) 1400
3.60
MATHEMATICS -X

EXAMPLE 6 Ina AABC, ZC =3 ZB= 2(2A +ZB), Find thethre angles. [NCERT|
SOLUTION Let ZA =r°,B = v. Then, C = 32B-> C -3y°.
3ZB= 2(ZA+ ZB) ’ 3s = 2(r + v) ’y=2x > 2r-y =0 (i)
Since ZA, ZB and C are angles of atriangle. Using angle sum property,we obtain
LA+ ZB +2C =180° >+ y+3y = 18)=> x+ 4y =18) ... (ü)
Putting y = 2r in (i), we get: x+ 8r =180 ’ 9x = 180 ’r = 20°
Putting the value of xin (i), we get: y = 40°
Hence, ZA =20°B = 40° and C= 3y =(3 x40°) =120°.
EXAMPLE 7 Find the four angles of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which ZA= (2r- 1e,
ZB= (y +5) C= (2y +15)° and ZD =(4r -7)°.
SOLUTION We know that the sum of the opposite angles of aà cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.
In the cyclicquadrilateral ABCD, angles Aand Cand and angles BandD form pairsof
opposite angles.
ZA+ ZC = 180° and ZB+ D= 180°
2r -1+2y + 15 = 180 and y + 5+ 4r -7 = 180
2x + 2y= 166 and 4x + y= 182
X+y =83 ... (i) and, 4x + y= 182 ...(ü)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get: 3x = 99 ’ x = 33
Substituting x =33 in (i), we get: y = 50
Hence, A= (2x 33 1)° = 65°, ZB = (y + 5)° = (50 + 5)° = 55°
2C=(2y +15)° = (2 x 50 +15)° =15° and LD =(4x 33 7)° = 125°
BASED ON LOWERORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
EXAMPLE 8 Aperson invested some amount at the rate of 12 %simple interest and some other
amount at the rate of 10% simple interest. He received yearly interest of? 130. But, if he had
interchanged the amounts invested, he would have received 4more as interest. How much amount
did he invest at different rates?
SOLUTION Suppose the person invested xat the rate of 12% simple interest and yat the
rate of 10% simple interest. Then,
12x 10y
Yearly interest
100 100
12x 10y
+ = 130 ’ 12x + 10y = 13000 ’ 6x + 5y = 6500 ... (1)
100 100
If the invested amounts are interchanged, then yearly interest increases by4.
10x 12y
= 134 10x + 12y = 13400 ’ 5x + 6y = 6700 ... (ü)
100 100

Subtracting (ü) from (), we get

X-y= -200 ...(iüi)
Adding (ii)and (i), we get: 11x + 11y = 13200 ’ x+ y= 1200 ...(iv)
Adding (ii) and (iv), we get: 2x = 1000’x = 500
Putting x= 500 in (iii), weget: y =700
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONSIN TWO VARIABLES 3.61

Thus, the person invested 500 at the rate of 12% per year and 700 at therate of 10% per
year.
EXAMPLE 9Aman sold a chair and a table together for 1520 thereby making a profit of 25% on
the chair and 10% on table. By sellingthem together for 1535 he would have made a profitof 10%
on the chair and 25l% on the table. Find the cost price of cach.
SOLUTION Let the cost price of one chair be xand that of one table be?y. It is given that
Profit on a chair = 25%. and Profit on a table = 10%

Selling price of one chair = X+ 25 125

x and,
100 100

and, Selling price of one table = y + 10y 110

100 100
According to the given condition,we have
125 110
X+ Ty=1520 > 125x + 110y = 152000 ’ 25x + 22y = 30400 ...(i)
100
If profit on achair is 10% and on a table is 25%, then total selling price is ? 1535.
10 25
X+
100 |y+ 100 , 1535

110 125
-X+ onY=1535 ’ 110x + 125y= 153500 ’ 22x + 25y =30700 ...(i)
100
Subtracting (ii) from (i), weget: 3x - 3y = -300 =x-y=-100 . .(iii)
Adding (ii) and (i), we get 47x + 47y = 61100 I+y=1300 ...(iv)
Solving (iüi) and (iv), we get: x = 600 and y= 700
Hence, the cost price of a chair is 600 and that of a table is 700.
EXAMPLE 10 8 men and 12 boys can finish apiece of workin 10 days while 6men and 8 boys can
finish it in 14 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that by one boy alone to finish the work.
SOLUTION Suppose thatone man alone can finish the work in xdays andone boy alone can
finish it in y days. Then,
1 1
One man's one day's work=-,
x
One boy'sone day'swork -
8 12
Eight men'sone day's work =-, 12 boy's one day's work =
Since 8men and 12 boys can finish the work in 10 days.
8 80 120
10+ 1’ =1 ...i)

Also, 6 men and 8 boys can finish the work in 14 days.

6 84 1121
14 =1 .. (ii)

Putting = u and =v in equations (i) and (ii), we obtain the following system of
equations:
80u + 120v -1 = 0
3.62 MATHEMATICS-X
84u + 112v - 1 = 0
By using cross-multiplication, we obtain
-U

-120 + 112 -80 + 84 80 x112- 120x 84

1 -8 1 -4 1
and v =
-8 -4 -1120 -1120 140 -1120 280

1 1 1 ’X= 140 and, v = 1 1 1

Now, ! = ’y= 280.
140 X 140 280 280
Thus,one man alone can finish the work in 140days and one boy alone can finish the work
in 280days.
EXAMPLE 11 On sellingatea-set at 5% loss and a lemon-set at 15% gain, a crockery seller gains
*7.f he sellsthe tea-set at 5% gain and the lemon-set at 10% gain, he gains 13. Find the actual
price of thetea-set and the lemon-set.
SOLUTION Let the cost price of the tea-set and the lemon-set bexand yrespectively.
Case I When tea set is sold at 5% loss and lemon-set at 15% gain.
5x
Loss on tea-set = Gain on lemon-set = 15y 3y
100 20 100 20

Net gain = 3y
20 20
But,it is given that net gain is 7.
3y
20 20
=7’3s - x= 140 ’ x- 3y + 140= 0 ...1)
Case II When tea-set is sold at 5% gain and the lemon-set at 10% gain.
Gain on tea-set= 5x = Gain on lemon-set 10y
100 20 100 10
Total gain =
20 10
But,it is given that the total gain is 13.
= 13 ’ x+ 2y = 260> x+ 2y - 260= 0
20 10 ... (iü)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get: -5y + 400 = 0 =>y=80
Putting y= 80in (), we get: x -240 + 140 = 0’ x = 100
Hence, cost prices of tea-set and lemon-set are ?100 and 80 respectively.
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)
EXAMPLE 12 Students ofa class are made to stand in rows. Ifone student is
wouldbe 2 rows less. Ifone student is less in each row there would be 3 extra in each row, there
rows more. Find the number of
students in theclass.
SOLUTION Let the number of students be x and the number of rows be y. Then,
Number of students in each row = x/y
When one student is extra in each row, there are 2 rows less
i.e., when each row has
students, the number of rows is (y - 2).
 3.63
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWOVARIABLES

Total number of students = No. of rows x No. of students in each row

2.r 2x
+1|(y -2) »=* +y-2 +y-2 = 0 ...1)

If one student is less in each row,thenthere are 3rows more i.e., when each row has
students, the number of rows is (y +3)
Totalnumber of students =No. of rows xNo. of students in each row
3x 3x
-1 (y +3) >r=x+ -y-3 -y-3= 0 ...(ii)

Putting =uin (i)and (i),we obtain the following system of equations

-21u + y-2=0 ... (iii)
3u - y-3=0 ..(iv)

Adding (ü) and (iv), we get: u- 5=0’u=5. Putting u=5in (üi), we get: y =12.
Now, u= 5~=5=5’r=60
12
Hence, the number of students in the class is 60.
EXAMPLE 13 lf can take 12 hours to fillaswimming pool using two pipes. Ifthe pipe of largerdiameter
is usedfor four hours and the pipe ofsmaller diameterfor9hours, only halfof the pool can befilled. How
long would it take for each pipe to fillthe pool separately? [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let the time taken by the pipes of larger and smaller diameters alone to fill the pool
bex hours and yhours respectively. Let the total volume of the pool be Vcubic units.
The pipe of larger diameter ills the pool in xhours. This means that in xhours the volume of
water that comes out of the pipe of larger diameter is Vcubic units. Therefore,
In lhour volume of the water that comes out of the pipe of larger diameter is cubic units.

4V
So, in four hours, the volume of the water that comes out of the pipe of larger diameter is
cubic units.
Similarlv, the volume of the water that comes out of the pipe of smaller diameter in
9V
9 hours is

smaller diameter
It is given that if the pipe of larger diameter is used for 4 hours and that of
for 9hours, only half of the pool can be filled.
4V 9V 4 9 1 ...)
+
2

If both the pipes are used for 12 hours, they completely fill the tank.
12V
+
12V
= V
12, 12 =1 ..ü)

= uand 1 = V in (i) and (ii), we obtain

Putting
3.64 MATHEMATICS-y
1
4u + 9å =

12u + 12v = 1 -.iv)

Multiplying (ii) by 3 and subtracting from (iv), we get
1
-15 =- ’ v= 11 ’y= 30
2 30 30

1
Substituting v = 30 in (iii), we get

9 1 1 9 1 1 1 1
4u + ’ 4u = =’ u= ’x= 20
30 2 2 30 5 20 20

Thus, the pipes of larger and smaller diameters fill the swimming pool alone in 20 hours and
30 hours respectively.
EXERCISE 3.10
BASIC

1. In arectangle, if the length is increased by 3 metres and breadth is decreased by 4 metres, the
area of the rectangle is reduced by 67 square metres. If length is reduced by 1metre and
breadth is increased by 4 metres, the area is increased by 89 sq. metres. Find the dimensions of
the rectangle.
2. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that A = (4y +20)°, B = (3y- 5)°, ZC = (4x)° and
LD =(7x +5)°. Find the four angles. [NCERT]
3. Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marksfor each right answer and losing 1mark for each
wrong answer. Had 4 marks been awanded for each correct answer and 2 marks been
deducted for each incorrect answer, then Yash would have scored 50 marks. How many
questions were there in the test? [NCERT]
4. The car hire charges in a city comprise of a fixed charges together with the charge for the
distance covered. For a journey of 12 km, the charge paid is ? 89 and for a journey of 20 km, the
charge paid is ? 145. what will a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 30 km?
[CBSE 2000)
5. A part of monthly hostel charges in a college are fixed and the remaining depend on the
number of days one has taken food in the mess. When a student A takes food for
20days, he has to pay ? 1000 as hostel charges whereas a student B, who takes food for 26 days,
pays 1180 as hostel charges. Find the fixed charge and the cost of food per day.
[NCERT, CBSE 2000]
6. The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.
[NCERT, CBSE 2019)
7. Meena went to a bank to withdraw ? 2000. She asked the cashier to give her
50 and
? 100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes 50 and 100 she received.
[NCERT)
8. A shopkeeper gives books on rent for reading. She takes a fixed charge for the first two
days,
and an additional charge for each day thereafter. Latika paid ? 22 for a book kept for 6
while Anand paid 16 for the book kept for four days. Find the fixed charges and days,
charge for
each extraday. [NCERTEXEMPLAR]
 3.65
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONSIN TWO VARLABLES

BASED ON LOTS

9. 2 Women and 5 men can together finish a piece of embroidery in 4 days, while 3 women and 6
men can finish it in 3days. Find the time taken by 1woman alone to finish the embroidery, and
that taken by 1man alone. [NCERT|
10. There are twOexamination rooms A and B. If 10 candidates are sent from A to B, the number of
students in each room is same. If20 candidates are sent from Bto A,the numberof students in
A
is double the numberof students in B. Find the number of students in each room.
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
11. Arailway half ticketcosts half the fullfare and the reservation charge is the same on half ticket
ason full ticket.One reserved first class ticket from Mumbai toAhmedabad costs 216 and one
full and one half reserved first class tickets cost 327. What is the basic first class full fare and
what is the reservation charge? [NCERTEXEMPLARI

12. Ashopkeeper sells a saree at 8% profit and a Sweater at 10% discount, thereby getting a sum of
?1008. If she had sold the saree at 10% profit and the sweater at 8% disciount, she would have
got 1028. Find the cost price of the saree and the list price (price before discount) of the
Sweater. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

13. In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for each correct answer while 1/2 mark is
deducted for every wrong answer. Jayanti answered 120 questions and got 90 marks. How
many questions did she answer correctly. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

ANSWERS

1. Length = 28 m, Breadth = 19 m 2. ZA= 120°, ZB=70°, ZC= 60°, ZD= 110°

3. 20 4. 215 5. Fixed charge = 400; Cost of food per day = 30
6. 99°, 81° 7. 10, 15 8. 10,?3 9. 36 days, 18 days 10. 100, 80

11. Fare = 210, Reservation charge = 6 12. 600,7 400 13. 100

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSA Qs)

BASIC
Answer each of the following questions either in one word or one sentence or as per reguirement of the
questions:
1. Write the value of kfor which the system of equations x + y-4 =0and 2x + ky -3 = 0 has no
solution. [CBSE 2020]
2. Write the value of k for which the system of equations
2x-y=5
6x + ky = 15
has infinitely many solutions.
3. Write the value of k for which the system of equations 3x- 2y = 0 and kx + 5y =0 has
infinitely many solutions.
4. Write the values of k for which the system of equations x + ky =0, 2x-y = 0 has unique
solution.
BASED ON LOTS
infinitely
5. Write the set of values of aand b for which the following system of equations has
many solutions.
2x + 3y =7
2ax + (a + b) y = 28
3.66 MATIEMATIC

6. For whatvalue of k. the following pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions?
10x +5u -(k-5) =0
20x + 10y - k =0
Write the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations:
N+ 2y -8 =0
2r + 4y = 16 CISL 20091
8. Write the numtber of solutions of the following pair of linear equations:
I+ 3y -4 =0
2x +6y =7
ANSWERS
-15
1. k= 2 2. k=-3 3. k= 4. k+ 5. a =4, b= 8
2 2
6. k= 10 7. Infinite 8. 0

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

BASIC

1. The pair of equations y = 0and y = -7 has solution.

2. The pair of equations x = a and y = b has solution.

3. If the pair of equations 3x +2ky =2and 2r+ 5y +1 =0 has no solution, then k=
4. lfa pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines representing them are either Or.
5. There is (are) value(s) ofc for which the pair of equations cx -y =2 and 6x -2y =3
have infinitely many solutions.
6. If apair of linear equations is consistent with a nique solution, then the lines representing
them are
The pair of equations x + 3y = 7, 2x + 6y = 14 will have infinitely many solutions for 2=

8. If the pair of equations 2x + 3y -5=0 and px- 6y - 8= 0 has aunique solution for all real
values ofp except
9. If the lines represented by the equations 3x -y-5=0 and 6x - 2y -p = 0 are parallel, then
Pisequal to
10. If x =a, s = b is thesolution of the pair of equations x -y =2 and x+y= 4, then a =
and b

BASED ON LOTS
11. If one equation of a pair of dependent linear equations is 5x-7y +2 = 0, then the second
equation is given by
12. If the pair of equations ax + 2y =7 and 3x + by = 16 represent parallel lines, then ab =
13. The line 4x+ 3s-12 = 0 cuts the coordinate axes at Aand B. The area of AOAB is
14. If 2*y = 2*-y = /8, then x= and y =
15. Thesystem of equations ax + 3y = 1, -12x + ay = 2 has for all real values of a.

ANSWERS
1. no 2. unique 3. 15/4 4. intersecting, coincident 5. nO
6. intersecting 7. 1 8. -4 9. 10 10. 3, 1
11. 5 kx-7 ky + 2k= 0, where kis any non-zeronumber 12. 6 13. 6 sq. units
14. 3/2, 0 15. unique