HYDRODYNAMICS

Math-309
Fluid Dynamics
q Where you find Fluids and Fluid-Dynamics?

q Blood flow in arteries and veins

q Interfacial fluid dynamics
q Geological fluid mechanics
q The dynamics of ocean
q Laminar-turbulent transition
q Solidification of fluids
Vortex shedding off
back of Sorrocco Island
¨ is a sub discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid
flow. i.e. the science of fluids (liquids and gases) in
motion.

¨ It has several sub disciplines itself, including

aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in
motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in
motion)
A viscous fluid, such as honey, does not flow readily and is said
to have a large viscosity.
In contrast, water is less viscous and flows more readily; water
has a smaller viscosity than honey.
The flow of a viscous fluid is an energy-dissipating process.
A fluid with zero viscosity flows in an unhindered manner with
no dissipation of energy.
Although no real fluid has zero viscosity at normal temperatures,
some fluids have negligibly small viscosities.
An incompressible, nonviscous fluid is called an ideal fluid.
¨ First, fluid is nonviscous
Means, there is no internal frictional
forcebetween the adjacent layers of the fluid
¨ Secondly, (fluid is incompressible)

¨ This means that the velocity , density and pressure at

each point in the fluid do not change with time.

¨ NB.
¨ Such simplifying assumption s permit us to study the
flow of fluid in a simple way.
Most liquids are nearly incompressible; that is, the density of a
liquid remains almost constant as the pressure changes.

To a good approximation, then, liquids flow in an incompressible

manner.

In contrast, gases are highly compressible. However, there are

situations in which the density of a flowing gas remains constant
enough that the flow can be considered incompressible.
Fluid:
The substances which can flow are called fluid and
deforms continuously as long as any shear stress
is applied.
The study of motion and the forces which cause (or
prevent) the motion.

Three types:
qKinematics (kinetics): The description of motion:
displacement, velocity and acceleration.
qStatics: The study of forces acting on the particles or
bodies at rest.
qDynamics: The study of forces acting on the
particles and bodies in motion.
 Stress = Force /Area

q Shear stress/Tangential stress:

The force acting parallel to the surface per unit
area of the surface.

q Normal stress:
A force acting perpendicular to the surface per unit
area of the surface.
Basic laws of physics:
q Conservation of mass

q Conservation of momentum – Newton’s second law of motion

q Conservation of energy: First law of thermodynamics
q Second law of thermodynamics
+ Equation of state
Fluid properties e.g., density as a function of pressure and
temperature.
+ Constitutive laws
Relationship between the stresses and the deformation of the
material.
Example: Density of an ideal gas
Ideal gas equation of state PV=nRT,
P: pressure (N/m2 ), V: volume(m3 ),
T:temperature(K), n:number of moles.

r = mass = nM
V V
pM
Þr=
RT
Newton’s law of viscosity: Stress α Strain (deformation)

t a du Þ t = µ du
dy dy
µ: coefficient of viscosity(Dynamic viscosity)
It is define as the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed
by the application of shear stress.

qCommon fluids, e.g., water, air, mercury obey Newton's law of

viscosity and are known as Newtonian fluid.
qOther classes of fluids, e.g., paints, polymer solution, blood do not
obey the typical linear relationship of stress and strain. They are
known as non-Newtonian fluids.
Unit of viscosity: Ns/m2 (Pa.s)
q Very Complex
q Walls are flexible

q Pressure-wave travels along

the arteries.
q There are vary small veins
q Frequently encounter
q Many complex phenomenon

q Surface tension

q Thermo-capillary flow

q In industries: oil/gas

q Hydrophobic nature

Challenges :
q Interfacial boundary condition.

q Numerical study becomes

On going work at IIT H
(computationally) very expensive.
When a viscous fluid flows over a solid surface, the fluid elements
adjacent to the surface attend the velocity of the surface. This
phenomenon has been established through experimental
observations and is known as “no-slip” condition.

Many research work have been conducted to understand the

velocity slip at the wall, and has been continued to be an open topic
of research.
¨ Fluid flow is characterized by two main types;-

(i) Steady flow or streamline flow

(ii) Turbulent flow

¨ If the flow of fluid is steady, then all the
fluid particles that pass any given point
follow the same path at the same speed.

i.e… they have the same speed

In steady flow the velocity, density and pressure of the fluid
particles at any point is constant as time passes.

Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity at a point in the

fluid changes as time passes.
When the flow is steady, streamlines are often used to
represent the trajectories of the fluid particles.
A streamline is a line drawn in the fluid such that a tangent
to the streamline at any point is parallel to the fluid velocity
at that point.
Steady flow is often called streamline flow.
(a) In the steady flow of a liquid, a colored dye reveals the
streamlines.
¨ This is the special case of steady flow in which the
velocities of all the particles on any given
streamline are the same through the particles of
different streamlines may be move at different
speed.
¨ Also known as
streamline flow

¨ Occurs when the

fluid flows in
parallel layers, with
no disruption between
the layers

¨ The opposite of
turbulent flow (rough)
— Laminar flow over a flat
and horizontal surface Turbulent
can be pictured as Flow
consisting of parallel
and thin layers

— Layers slide over each Laminar Flow

other, thus the name
‘streamline’ or smooth.
— The paths are regular
and there are no
fluctuations
¨ 3 Conditions
¡fluid moves slowly
¡viscosity is relatively high
¡flow channel is relatively small

• Blood flow through capillaries is laminar flow, as it

satisfies the 3 conditions
• Most type of fluid flow is turbulent
• ¨ There is poor transfer of heat energy!
Turbulent flow is an extreme kind of
unsteady flow and occurs when there
are sharp obstacles or bends in the path
of a fast-moving fluid.

In turbulent flow, the velocity at a point

changes erratically from moment to
moment, both in magnitude and
direction.
¨ The speed of the fluid at a point is continuously
undergoing changes in both magnitude and
direction.
¨ Oceanic and atmospheric layers and ocean
currents
¨ External flow of air/water over vehicles such as
cars/ships/submarines
¨ In racing cars, e.g. leading car causes understeer at
fast corners
¨ Turbulence during air-plane’s flight
¨ Most of terrestrial atmospheric circulation
¨ Flow of most liquids through pipes
I n physics and engineering, in particular fluid
dynamics and hydrometry, the volumetric flow
rate (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid
flow, Discharge (hydrology) or volume velocity) is the
volume of fluid which passes per unit time; usually
represented by the symbol Q (V̇/t).
SI unit : (m3/s).
¨ Consider a pipe of uniform cross-sectional area 𝐴1
as shown in figure below
¨ If the pipe is running full with liquid at an average
velocity of 𝑣1, then distance 𝑙through which the liquid
moves in time t, it rate of flow will be;-
Rate of flow
 ¨ The Reynolds number Re is the ratio of the inertia
forces in the flow to the viscous forces in the flow and
can be calculated using:

• If Re < 2300, the flow will be laminar.

• If Re > 4000, the flow will be turbulent.
• If 2300 < Re < 4000, the flow is transitional
• The Reynolds number is a good guide to the type of flow
— p is the density of the fluid
— V is the mean fluid velocity
— D is the diameter Dynamic Pressure
— Q is the volumetric flow rate

— µ is the dynamic viscosity of thefluid Shearing Stress

— v is the kinematic velocity of the fluid
— A is the pipe cross-sectional area.a
¨ The Reynold’s number can be used to
determine if a flow is laminar, transient or
turbulent

¨ Laminar when Re < 2300

¨ Turbulent when Re > 4000
¨ Transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
Spermatozoa 1×10−4
Blood flow in brain 1×102
Blood flow in aorta 1×103
 MACH NUMBER

MACH NUMBER, M = V/c : V à Fluid Velocity

c à Speed of sound