Unit 2

1. Define computer Network.

Two or more computer connected to each other in order to share
data, information and resources is called computer network. The
computer in the network is connected through a communication
media. The communication media can be a physical cable or
wireless connection. The internet is the example of computer
network
2. Write some uses/benefits of network.
 Network is used to share data and information.
 Network is used to access shared data.
 Network is used to communicate different people.
 Network is used to send Email.
3. Define workgroup computing/collaborative computing.
Workgroup is a group of person working together on particular
task by sharing information through network. The process of sharing
information by using information through a computer network is called
workgroup computing or collaborative computing.
4. Define groupware
Groupware is software that provides the facilities of workgroup
computing is called groupware. It is used in computer network.
5. Define the term client.
A client is a computer in the network that is connected to with servers to
access different resources. Client sends request to the server for resources.
The server computer provides the requested resource.
6. Define the term Server
A server is a computer that provides the services to the computers and
devices connected to a network. Server is more powerful than other
computers.
7. Describe client/server model.
Client- server model is a network in which one or more computers works
as servers and others computer work as client. The server computer
controls the whole network. Server computer is more powerful than others.
For example File server is used to store and manage files.
8. Define dedicated server.
A dedicated server is used to perform specific task. For example File
server is used to store and manage files and print server is used to manage
printers and printing tasks.
9. What do you know about peer-to-peer model?
All computers in peer-to-peer model have same status. There is no server
computer to control other computers in the network. Each computer can
have access to device and file on other computers. Each computer stores
its own software independently.
10. Define hybrid model
Hybrid model is a combination of client server and peer to peer model.
Many network use a mixture of both model.
11. Define Network standard
The standards are the documents that contain technical and physical
specification about the network. There are two types of network standard
 De facto
 De jure
12. Difference between De Facto standard and Jure standard
De facto means by tradition or by facts these standards are developed
without any formal planning. These standards come into existence due to
historical developments. SNA is an example of de fecto standard
De Jure means according to law or regulation. These are the standards
which have been properly approved by networking governing body.
13. Define the term network topology.
The physical layout of connected devices in a network is called topology.
It is the shape of the network.
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
  Tree Topology
 Mesh |Topology
14. Define Bus Topology
Bus topology is the simplest types of network. It supports small number of
computer. All computers in Bus topology are connected to common
communication medium. This medium is known as bus.
15. Working of Bus Topology
The sending computer sends the data and address to bus. The data and
address move from one computer to another. Each computer checks the
address if it is match the computer keeps the data otherwise moves to the
next computer.
16. Define the Star Topology
All computers in star topology are connected with central device called
hub. Star topology is mostly used in client server model.
17. Working of Star Topology
The sending computer sends the data to hub. The hub sends data to the
receiving computer. Each computer communicate with central device in a
star topology
18. Define Ring Topology
Each computer in ring topology is connected to the next computer with the
last one is connected to the first. Thus a ring of computer is formed.
19. Working of Ring Topology
Every computer is connected to the next computer in a ring. Each
computer receives message from the previous computer and transmit to
next. The message flows in one direction.
20. Define Tree Topology
A tree topology combines the characteristics of bus and star topology. Tree
topology is used for the expansion of an existing network
21. Define Mesh Topology
Every computer in the network is physically connected to every other
computer in the network. A message can sent on different possible path
from source to destination.
22. Define Router
A router is a device that connects networks using similar or different
protocols. It manages the best route between two communication devices.
A router can be used on a network of any size. it can connect networks of
different countries.
23. Define Gateway
Gateway is a device that connects networks using different protocols. Two
different networks require a gateway to communicate with each other for
example the computer on a LAN require a gateway to access the internet.
24. Define the use of Bridge.
Bridge is advice that connects two network segments. It is used to connect
similar types of networks’ bridge reduces networks traffic and increases
networks’ performances. A bridge reads the address of sending and
receiving computers. It does not pass the signal to other segment if sending
and receiving computers are both in same segment.
25. Define NIC.
NIC Stands for network interface card. It is also known as LAN adapter.
It connects computer to the network. It is a circuit board that installed on
motherboard. It handles sending, receiving and error checking of data
transmission.
26. Difference between LAN and WAN
LAN WAN
LAN stands for local area network WAN stands for wide area network
It covers a small area It cover large area
It provides fast data transfer speed It provides slower data transfer
speed
LAN is less costly WAN is more expensive
Computer lab of college is an Internet and Nadra is an example
example of LAN of WAN
Data transmission speed is 10 Data transmission speed is 56Kbps
Mbps to 1000 Mbps to 50Mbps
27. Define MAN. Give an example.
MAN is a type of a network that covers an area of a city. MAN is larger
than LAN but smaller than WAN usually consists of several LANs in a
city or town. Cable TV network in a city is an example of MAN.
28. Define Network Protocol
Network protocol or communication protocol is a set of rules for
exchanging information between computers on a network.
29. Define Ethernet?
Ethernet is the most commonly used LAN protocol. All computers in
Ethernet use same cable to send and receive data. They must follow same
rules for communication. If two or more computers transmit data at same
time, the message can be lost.
30. Define Token ring.
Token ring is also a LAN technology. It allows network devices to access
the network by passing a special signal called token. Token is like a ticket.
A device can transmit data over the network only if it has a token. Only
one token is available in one network
31. Define ARC net.
ARC net stands for Attached Resource Computer Network. It uses twisted-
pair or coaxial cable and fiber optic. The Original ARC net protocol was
slow. It was introduced in 1977. It was inexpensive and easy to setup. It
supported transmission rate 2.5Mbps.
32. Define TCP/IP.
TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/internet protocol.
It is the most widely used communication protocol today. it is
used to transfer data over the internet and consists of two protocol.
TCP is responsible for the delivery of data and IP provides address
and routing information.
33. Define DSL.
DSL stands for digital subscriber line. It uses the standard
telephone line for fast speed data transmission. DSL is easier to
install and provides higher data transfer rate than ISDN lines. It
provides a transfer rate of 128kbps to 10Mbps.
34. Define ISDN?
ISDN line provides faster transfer rates than dial-up lines for small
business and home users. ISDN stands for integrated services
Digital network. It is a set of standards for digital transmission of
data over telephone lines.
35. How does CSMA/CD work?
It is a local area access method. It resolves contention between
two or more station by collision detection. If two stations transmit
data at same time, both stop and generate a signal that collision
has occurred. Each station waits for specified time and then
retransmits.
36. Define Internet
Internet is the huge collection of computers all over the world that
are connected to one another. It is the global network of
computers.
37. Define WWW.
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called web. It
provides the facility publish information on internet. It is a
collection of documents stored on computers permanently
connected with internet around the world.
38. Define FTP?
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used on internet to send
files from one place to another. Audio video files can be send or
receive using file transfer protocol.
39. Difference between uploading and downloading?
Downloading is the process of transfer data from remote
computer to local computer is called downloading. Uploading is
the process of transfer data from local computer to remote
computer is called downloading
40. Define Gopher.
Gopher is a menu based system for exploring information and
resources. It organizes resources in such a way that finding
information becomes easier on the internet.
41. Difference between Intranet and Extranet.
Intranet is a Private and secure business network. Its main
purpose is to provide information to the employee of the
organization. Extranet is a collection of two or more intranets. It
can be accessed by authorized users from outside organization.
Different organizations can use extranet to share information of
their intranet.
42. Define Email and its uses
Email stands for electronic mail. It is the exchange of messages
and file through internet. Message can be in the form of audio
video and text etc.
Uses / Advantages / Benefit of email
 Email is very fast and timely.
 It is very cheap and inexpensive
 People can share information
 People can send and receive message all over the world
43. Define OSI model?
OSI model stands for open system interconnection. An open
system interconnection is a model that allows any two network
system to communicate each other even their architecture are
different. The layers in |OSI model divided into two groups’ upper
layer and lower layer. OSI model consists of seven layers
 Application layer
 Presentation layer
 Session layer
 Transport layer
 Network layer
  Data link layer
 Physical layer
44. Define Session layer
The session layer create manages and terminate user connection.
A session is the exchange of messages between the computers. A
session layer also synchronizes data transfer with check point.
45. Define Transport layer.
The transport layer is responsible for end to end communication
between two devices. It takes data from session layer and divides
it into chunks and segments. The transport layer on receiving
device receives the segment.
46. Define network layer.
The network layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and
terminating network connection. It manages the delivery of data
from source to destination. It determines the logical path to send
and receive data.
47. What is data link layer of OSI model?
Data link layer is responsible for reliability of the physical link
established at layer 1. Framing, flow control, error control and
access control are the function of data link layer.
48. Write the function of physical layer of OSI model.
Physical layer is the bottom layer of OSI model. It transmits
streams of bits and defines how the data is transmitted over the
network and what control signals are used. Its main function is to
control how a stream of bits is sent and received over the physical
medium.
49. Difference between Frame and Packet.
Frame is massages in single network. Packet is message that is
send through the internet in the network. The packet is carried in a
frame limited to that network.
 Extra Questions
1. Why email are non anonymous
The emails are non- anonymous because they always carry the
email addresses of sender and receiver. The receiver can always
see the email address of sender when the email is received.
2. What is the use of repeater
Repeater is device that is used to boost the signal. Every
communication media can transmit signal to a limited distance.
Repeaters are used to transmit signal beyond the limit of
communication media.
3. What is Terminal
A terminal is a computer that sends and receive information from
the server it usually has limited processing power.
4. What is encryption
Encryption is the process of transforming the original message
into another form to prevent the authorized use of data.