LAKSHYA JEE

CLASS-XII

PHYSiCS
¤ Electric Charges and
Fields
¤ Electrostatic Potential and
Capacitance
¤ Current Electricity

Module-1

ISBN 978-93-48141-30-9

PHYSICS
SKU Code - 7b77a028-2b55-4699-a8d6-01d72691ebe0
Module 1
 CHAPTER
Electric Charges
1 and Fields
Topicwise Weightage of JEE Main 6 Years Paper (124 Sets)
Coulomb's Law

36%
Electric Field and Field Lines
18%

Gauss Law and Application, Electric

11% 20% Flux
Electric Dipole, Force & Torque
on dipole
15%

Motion of Charged Particle in Uniform Electric Field

“How’s the Josh?” for these Topics: Mark your confidence level in the blank space around the topic (Low-L, Medium-M, High-H)

ELECTROSTATICS 5. Charge can be transferred: Charge can be transferred

from one body to another. This occurs due to transfer of
The branch of physics which deals with properties of charges at
electrons from one body to another. One of the common
rest is called electrostatics. example of transfer of charge is charging by friction.

ELECTRIC CHARGE e–
+ –
Rubbing Transfer –
Charge is scalar physical quantity associated with matter due A B +
+ –
to which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic + –
effects. The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body gives it  
Neutral Neutral
a net charge. A negatively charged body has excess of electrons
while a positively charged body has deficiency of electrons. Frictional Electricity: When two bodies are rubbed with
each other, they are found to attract each other. This is so
Properties of Electric Charge because, on rubbing, transfer of electrons takes place from
1. Charges interact with each other i.e., they exert force on one body to another. One of them acquires a positive charge
and other acquires a negative charge.
each other. Like point charges repel each other while unlike
6. Charge is invariant: Charge of a particle is independent of
point charges attract each other.
its speed.
2. Charge is of two kinds: Positive and negative.
7. Charge cannot exist without mass, while mass can exist
3. Total charge of an isolated system is conserved without charge. e.g., neutron, neutrino, antineutrino all are
(Conservation of charge). neutral particles having mass.
4. Charge is quantised: Charge is an integral multiple of SI Unit: coulomb (C)
electronic charge i.e., Q = Ne, where e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and N [1 coulomb = 1 ampere × 1 second]
is an integer. C.G.S. unit: stat coulomb or franklin
 Example 21: Find the electric flux due to a point charge
‘Q’ through the circular region of radius R if the charge is
placed on the axis at a distance x as shown in figure.

R
+Q 
x

       
∫ E ⋅ dA = ∫ E1 ⋅ dA1 + ∫ E2 ⋅ dA2 + ∫ E3 ⋅ dA3
A1 A2 A3

qenc Sol. We can divide the circular region into small rings.
= E1 A1 + E2 A2
ε0 
E
dr
 dS
ρd
Ex = +Q
 r
2ε0
x

Train Your Brain Let us take a ring of radius r and width dr. Flux through this
small element dφ = E ds cos θ

r =R kQ  x 
Example 18: Find out flux through the given Gaussian ( 2πrdr ) 
∴ φnet = ∫ Edscosθ = ∫ r =0 
surface. (x 2
+r 2
) 2 2 
 x +r 
Q   Q
Sol. f = in  Q x
ε0 q5=2C = 1 − = [1 − cos β]
q4=–6C q1=2C 2ε 0  x + R2
2
 2ε0
2µC − 3µC + 4µC q2=–3C
= q3=4C
ε0 q6=3C Example 22: Consider a point charge q = 1mC placed at a
−6
corner of a cube of side 10 cm. Determine the electric flux
= 3 × 10 Nm2/C Gaussian surface through each face of the cube.
ε0 Sol. Here we will use the symmetry of the situation, which
involves the faces joining at the corner at which the charge
Example 19: If a point charge q is placed at the center of resides.
a cube then find out flux through any one surface of cube. 
E
q
Sol. Flux through 6 surfaces =
ε0
q +
Since all the surfaces are symmetrical
1 q
so, flux through one surface =
6 ∈0
Example 20: The electric field in a region is given by (a) A charge q is placed at the corner of a cube
 3 4
=E E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj with E0 = 2.0 × 103 N/C. Find the flux
5 5
of this field through a rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 q F
parallel to the Y – Z plane. F

  3 4 
Sol. φ= E ⋅ S =  E0 iˆ + E0 ĵ  ⋅ 0.2iˆ
5 5 
( ) F

(b) By surrounding the charge with a series of cubes such

N-m 2 that the charge is at the center of a larger cube, we have
= 240
C created a symmetric arrangement.

Electric Charges and Fields 21

 r
a
The total flux is
q
. So that the flux through each of the ( )
ε0 E 4πr 2 = Q + 4π∫ x 2 dx
x
ε0
q q R
sides of the large cube is and one quarter of that ε E ( 4πr ) =
2
(
Q + 2πa r 2 − R 2 )
6ε0 24ε0 0 R
goes through each of the far sides of the small cube (because  Q − 2πaR  1 2πa 2 O
=
⇒E   2+
the faces of small cube which touch the charge have electric  4πε0  r 4πε0 r
field parallel to them). Numerical evaluation gives For E to be independent of r,
Q = 2paR2
q 1× 10−3 C
φ= = = 5 × 106 Nm 2 /C a
(
24ε0 24 8.85 × 10−12 C2 / Nm 2 ) E=
2ε0
Example 23: Find by direct integration the electric field at the
center of a hemispherical surface of charge having uniform
surface density s.
Sol. Concept Application
10. If an insulated non-conducting sphere of radius R has
charge density r. The electric field at a distance r from
Rd  the center of sphere (r < R) will be
B ρR ρr
 d A (a) (b)
R 3ε0 ε0
O
Consider a ring-shaped element on the surface of the ρr 3ρR
(c) (d)
hemisphere at an angle q as shown. 3ε0 ε0
AB = the radius of the ring = R sin q
Distance of center of ring B from O = R cos q 11. The given figure gives electric lines of force due to two
Charge on the element = dq = s (area) charges q1 and q2. What are the signs of the two charges?
dq = s (2pR sin q) Rdq
Field at O due to this infinitesimal element = dE
( dq )( R cos θ )
dE = q1 q2
4πε0 ( R sin 2 θ + R 2 cos 2 θ )
2 3/ 2

(using the result for the field at axis of a ring)
π/ 2
( )
R sin θ 2πσR 2 cos θ
⇒ E= ∫ dE= ∫ 4πε0 R 3
dθ
0 (a) Both are negative
π/ 2 π/ 2
σ σ sin θ 2
(b) Both are positive
=
2 ε0 ∫ sin θ=
0
cos θdθ
2ε 0 2 0 (c) q1 is positive but q2 is negative
σ (d) q1 is negative but q2 is positive
=
4ε0 12. If electric field is uniform, then the electric lines of forces
Example 24: A system consists of a ball of radius R carrying are
a spherically symmetric charge and the surrounding space (a) Divergent
is filled with a charge of volume density r = a/r where a is (b) Convergent
a constant, r is the distance from the center of ball. Find the (c) Circular
ball’s charge for which the magnitude of the electric field is
(d) Parallel
independent of r outside the ball. How high is this strength?
Sol. Let us consider a spherical surface of radius r(r > R) 13. A non-conducting solid sphere of radius R is uniformly
concentric with the ball and apply Gauss’s Law. charged. The magnitude of the electric field due to the
  sphere at a distance r from its center.
q
∫ E .dA = ε0 (a) Increases as r increases, for r ≤ R
Let Q = Total charge on the ball (b) Decreases as r increases, for 0 < r < ∞.
r (c) Decreases as r increases, for R < r < ∞.
( )
ε0 E 4πr 2 = Q + ∫ ρ 4πx 2 dx
(d) Is discontinuous at r = R
R

22 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 Aarambh (Solved Examples)
1. Four point charges are fixed at the corners of a square of side dy
length a. A positive charge q0 is placed at a distance a from y
P
center of square perpendicular to the plane of square. If point 
 3   a
charge q0 is in equilibrium then its mass m is  a = m  .
 2  k .dq.Q k .Q.q.dy
q0 dF
=
=
y2 y 2l
+q +2q All forces are along the same direction,
a
\ F = ∑ dF . This sum can be calculated using
integration,
a +l a +l
KQqdy KqQ  1 
O therefore F = ∫ y 2l
=
l
= − 
 y a
a
KQ.q  1 1  KQq
+2q +q =  − =

l  a a + l  a(a + l )
2qq0 3 4qq0 3 NOTE: (1) The total charge of the rod cannot be
(a) (b)
9πε0 g 2 9πε0 g 2 considered to be placed at the center of the rod as we
do in mechanics for mass in many problems.
5qq0 3 8 qq0 3 KQq
(c) (d) (2) If a >> l then, F = 2
9πε0 g 2 9 πε0 g 2 a
Sol. FE = mg i.e., behavior of the rod is just like a point charge for very
far away points.
2 ( k )( 2q ) q0 a 2kqq0 a Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
+ mg
=
 2 a2  a2  2 a2  a2 3. Two charges q and 4q are placed at x = 0 and x = L along
 a +  a2 +  a +  a 2 +
 2  2  2  2 x-axis. Where should another particle of charge q, be placed
on x-axis, so that net force on charge at x = 0 becomes zero?
2kqq a
03/2 ( 3) = mg L L
 3a 2  (a) x = (b) x = 2L (c) x = –2L (d) x = −
2 2
 2 
  Sol. The charge 4q repels the charge q towards negative x-axis.
( 2kqq0 ) ( a ) 8  2 × 8  ( qq0 ) 3 So the charge q has to be placed on the left of charge q. Let

=m =   it be placed at x = –r.
9g  4πε0  9 g 2
4qq0 3

m=
9πε0 g 2

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. 
Let F1 be the force on q (at x = 0) due to charge at
2. A thin straight rod of length l carrying a uniformly distributed x = –r, given as
charge q is located in vacuum. Find the magnitude of the
  1  q2
electric force on a point charge ‘Q’ kept as shown in the figure. F1 =   2 iˆ
q
Q  4πε0  r
 
Let F2 be the force on q (at x = 0) due to charge 4q at
a
x = L, given as
KQq KQq KQq KQq
(a) (b) (c) (d)   1  q × 4q ˆ
(a + )
2
a a (a + ) a (a − ) F2 = −   2 i
 4πε0  L
Sol. As the charge on the rod is not point charge, therefore, first we According to the condition given,
have to find force on charge Q due to charge over a very small
part on the length of the rod. This part called element of length,
  q 2 4q 2 L
Net force F1 + F2 ⇒ =2 ⇒ r =
dy can be considered as point charge. r 2
L 2
q −L
Charge on element, dq = ldy = dy \ The charge q should be placed at x = .
l 2
Electric force on ‘Q’ due to element Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

26 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 Board Level Problems

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 9. Two identical small conducting balls B1 and B2 are given
–7 pC and + 4 pC charges respectively. They are brought in
1. If a body has positive charge on it, then it means it has
contact with a third identical ball B3 and then separated. If
(a) Gained some protons the final charge on each ball is –2pC. the initial charge on
(b) Lost some protons B3 was
(c) Gained some electrons (a) –2 pC (b) –3 pC (c) –5 pC (d) –15 pC
(d) Lost some electrons 10. The Coulomb force (F) versus (1/r2) graphs for two pairs of
2. Sure check for presence of electric charge is point charges (q1 and q2) and (q2 and q3) are shown in figure.
(a) Process of induction The charge q2 is positive and has least magnitude. Then
(b) Repulsion between bodies F
(q1, q2)
(c) Attraction between bodies +
(d) Frictional force between bodies
3. If a solid and a hollow conducting sphere have same radius 0 1
then r2
(a) Hollow sphere will hold more maximum charge
(b) Solid sphere will hold more maximum charge – (q2, q3)
(c) Both the spheres will hold same maximum charge (a) q1 > q2 > q3 (b) q1 > q3 > q2
(d) Both the sphere can’t hold charge (c) q3 > q2 > q1 (d) q3 > q1 > q2
4. When a conducting soap bubble is negatively charged then Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, printed
as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). While answering these questions,
(a) Its size starts varying arbitrarily
you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(b) It expands (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are True and the Reason
(c) It contracts (R) is a correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
(d) No change in its size takes place (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are True but Reason (R)
5. Consider three-point charges P, Q and R. R and Q repel is not a correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
each other, while P and R attract. What is the nature of force (c) Assertion (A) is True but the Reason (R) is False.
between P and Q? (d) Assertion (A) is False but Reason (R) is True.
(a) Repulsive force (b) Attractive force 11. Assertion (A): Equal amount of positive and negative
(c) No force (d) None of these charges are distributed uniformly on two halves of a thin
6. Which of the following process involves the principle of circular ring as shown in figure. The resultant electric field
electrostatic induction? at the centre O of the ring is along OC.
(a) Pollination (b) Chocolate making Reason (R): It is so because the net potential at O is not
(c) Xerox copying (d) All of these zero.

7. The electric field intensity at a point in vacuum is equal to A

(a) Zero
(b) Force a proton would experience there O
(c) Force an electron would experience there B D
(d) Force a unit positive charge would experience there
8. A sphere of radius R has electric charge uniformly
distributed in its entire volume. At a distance d, from the C
centre inside the sphere, the electric field intensity is directly 12. Assertion (A): Gauss’ theorem is applicable on any closed surface.
proportional to Reason (R): In order to find the value of electric field due
1 1 to a charge distribution, Gauss’ theorem should be applied
(a) (b) (c) d (d) d2
d d2 on a symmetrical closed surface.

30 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 Prarambh (Topicwise)
COULOMB FORCE 8. Two charged particles having charge 2 × 10–8 C each are
joined by an insulating string of length 1m and the system
1. When 1014 electrons are removed from a neutral metal
is kept on a smooth horizontal table, what is the tension in
sphere, the net charge that appears on the sphere is
the string?
(a) 16 mC (b) –16 mC
(a) 3.6 × 10–6N (c) 3.4 × 10–6N
(c) 32 mC (d) –32 mC
(b) 4 × 10–7N (d) 3 × 10–4N
2. Number of electrons in one coulomb of charge will be
(1e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) 9. Point charges +4q, –q and +4q are kept on the X-axis at point
(a) 5.46 × 1029 (b) 6.25 × 1018 x = 0, x = a and x = 2a respectively.
(c) 1.6 × 10 19 (d) 9 × 1011 (a) Only –q is in stable equilibrium
3. The ratio of the forces between two small spheres with (b) All the charges are in stable equilibrium
constant charge in air to that in a medium of dielectric (c) All of the charges are in unstable equilibrium
constant K is (d) None of the charges is in equilibrium
(a) 1 : K (b) K : 1 (c) 1 : K2 (d) K2 : 1 10. Charges on two spheres are +10μC and –5μC respectively.
4. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD, They experience a force F. If each of them is given an
as shown in the adjoining figure. The force on a charge kept additional charge +2μC then new force between them, if
at the center O is kept at the same distance, is
A B 18 F 25
(a) 18F (b) 25F (c) (d) F
+q +2q 25 18

(
11. Two charges each of 1µC are at P 2i + 3 j + kˆ m and )
O ( )
Q i + j − kˆ m . Then the force acting on any one of them is

(a) 50N (b) 10N (c) 104 dyne (d) 100 dyne

–2q +q 12. A charged particle q1 is at position (2, – 1, 3). The electrostatic

force on another charged particle q2 at (0, 0, 0) is
D C
q1 q2
(a) Zero (b) Along the diagonal AC (a) (2 iˆ − ˆj + 3 kˆ)
56 π ∈0
(c) Along the diagonal BD (d) Perpendicular to side AB
(b) 1 q1 q2
5. A total charge Q is broken in two parts Q1 and Q2 and they ( − 2 iˆ + ˆj − 3 kˆ)
are placed at a distance R from each other. The maximum
force of repulsion between them will occur, when
( )
4π∈0 14 3
q1 q2 ˆ
Q Q Q 2Q (c) ( j − 2 iˆ − 3 kˆ)
(a) Q2= , Q1= Q − (b) Q2= , Q1= Q − 56 π ∈0
R R 4 3
q1 q2
Q 3Q Q Q
(d) (2 iˆ − ˆj + 3 kˆ)
(c)=
Q2 = , Q1 (d)
= Q1 = , Q2 56 14 π ∈0
4 4 2 2
13. Two point sized metal spheres of same mass are suspended from
6. Two charged spheres separated by a distance R exert a force
a common point by two light insulating strings. The length of
F on each other. If they are immersed in a liquid of dielectric
each string is same. The spheres are given electric charges +q
constant 5, then what is the new force between them?
on one of them and +4q on the other. Which of the following
F
(a) F (b) F (c) 5F (d) diagrams best shows the resulting positions of spheres?
5 2
7. A charge q is placed at the center of the line joining two
equal charges Q. The system of the three charges will be in (a) (b)
equilibrium, if q is equal to
Q Q
(a) − (b) −
2 4
(c) (d)
Q Q
(c) + (d) + +5q
4 2

32 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 49. A charged particle having mass m and charge q is released 51. The bob of a simple pendulum is hanging vertically down
from rest in a uniform electric field E. The kinetic energy from a fixed identical bob by means of a string of length ‘l’.
of the charged particle moving on a horizontal plane after If both bobs are charged with a charge ‘q’ each, time period
‘t’ seconds is of the pendulum is (ignore the radii of the bobs).
Eq 2 m 2 E 2t 2 E 2 q 2t 2 Eqm
(a) (b) (c) (d) l l
2t 2 3mq 2m t (a) 2π (b) 2π
2
 Kq   Kq 2 
50. A particle having charge q and mass m is projected with g + 2  g − 2 
  l m l m
velocity v= 2iˆ − 3 ˆj in a uniform electric field E = E0 ˆj. What

is the magnitude of change in momentum | ∆P | during any
l l
time interval t? (c) 2π (d) 2π
g  Kq 2 
qE0 t g − 2 
(a) 13 m (b) qE0t (c) (d) Zero
3m  lm 

Prabal (JEE Main Level)

1. Two small balls having equal positive charge Q (Coulomb) 1 2q 1 3q

on each are suspended by two insulating strings of equal (c) (d)
4πε0 3 3R 2 4πε0 2 3R 2
length ‘L’ metre, from a hook fixed to a stand. The whole
setup is taken in a satellite into space where there is no →
gravity (state of weightlessness). Then the angle (q) 5. The direction (θ) of E at point P due to the uniformly
between the two strings is charged finite rod will be
(a) 0º (b) 90º Ey

Ey
(c) 180º (d) 0º < q < 180º d

x
2. Two charges 4q and q are placed 30 cm apart. At what point +
P Ex
the value of electric field will be zero? + 90°
(a) 10 cm away from q and between the charges +
+ 30°
(b) 20 cm away from q and between the charges
+
(c) 10 cm away from q and outside the line joining the
charges (a) At 30° from x-axis (b) At 45° from x-axis
(d) 10 cm away from 4q and outside the line joining the (c) At 60° from x-axis (d) None of these
charges 6. Two point charges a and b, whose magnitudes are same,
3. Two identical point charges are placed at a separation of L. are positioned at a certain distance from each other with a
P is a point on the line joining the charges, at a distance x at origin. Graph is drawn between electric field strength E
from any one charge. The field at P is E. E is plotted against at points between a and b and distance x from a. E is taken
x for values of x from close to zero to slightly less than L. positive if it is along the line joining from a to b. From the
Which of the following best represents the resulting curve? graph, it can be decided that
E E E

(a) (b)
x x x
O L O L a b
E E
(a) a is positive, b is negative
(c) L x (d) L x (b) a and b both are positive
O O
(c) a and b both are negative
(d) a is negative, b is positive
4. The maximum electric field intensity on the axis of a 
7. If E = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3 kˆ then electric flux through a surface
uniformly charged ring of charge q and radius R will be of area 100 m2 lying in the xy plane is (in V-m)
1 q 1 2q
(a) (b) (a) 100 (b) 141.4
4πε0 3 3R 2 4πε0 3R 2
(c) 173.2 (d) 200

36 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 PYQ’s (Past Year Questions)

COULOMB FORCE 8. If two charges q1 and q2 are separated with distance ‘d’ and
placed in a medium of dielectric constant K. What will be
1. Force between two point charges q1 and q2 placed in vacuum the equivalent distance between charges in air for the same
at ‘r’ cm apart is F. Force between them when placed in a electrostatic force? [24 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]
medium having dielectric constant = 5 at ‘r/5’ cm apart will
(a) d k (b) k d (c) 1.5 d k (d) 2 d k
be: [31 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]
9. As shown in the figure. a configuration of two equal point
(a) F/25 (b) 5F (c) F/5 (d) 25F
charges (q0= +2m C) is placed on an inclined plane. Mass
2. Two identical charged spheres are suspended by strings of equal of each point charge is 20 g. Assume that there is no friction
lengths. The strings make an angle q with each other. When between charge and plane. For the system of two point
suspended in water the angle remains the same. If density of charges to be in equilibrium (at rest) the height h = x × 10–3 m
the material of the sphere is 1.5 g/cc, the dielectric constant of The value of x is ______ mm.
water will be ________ [30 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] 1
(Take 9 × 109 N m 2 C −2, g =
= 10 ms −1 )
3. Two identical charged spheres are suspended by strings of 4πε 0
equal lengths. The strings make an angle of 37° with each other.  [11 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
When suspended in a liquid of density 0.7 g/cm3, the angle q0
remains same. If density of material of the sphere is 1.4 g/cm3,
h
the dielectric constant of the liquid is _________.  tan 37  3 
  30º q0
 4
10. Three identical charged balls each of charge 2C are
 [30 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)] suspended from a common point P by silk threads of 2 m
4. A thin metallic wire having cross sectional area of 10–4 m2 each (as shown in figure). They form an equilateral triangle
is used to make a ring of radius 30 cm. A positive charge of of side 1 m.
2p C is uniformly distributed over the ring, while another The ratio of net force on a charged ball to the force between
positive charge of 30 pC is kept at the centre of the ring. The any two charged balls will be [27 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]
p
tension in the ring is ______ N; provided that the ring does
not get deformed (neglect the influence of gravity).
1
2m 2m 2m
(given = 9×109 SI units)
B3
4π ∈0
1m 1m
 [27 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] 1m B2
B1
5. Suppose a uniformly charged wall provides a uniform
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 1
electric field of 2 × 104 N/C normally. A charged particle
of mass 2 g being suspended through a silk thread of length 11. A disk of radius R with uniform positive charge density σ
20 cm and remain stayed at a distance of 10 cm from the is placed on the xy plane with its center at the origin. The
Coulomb potential along the z-axis is
1
wall. Then the charge on the particle will be
x =______. [use g = 10 m/s2] x
µC where
=V ( z)
σ
2 ∈0 (R2 + z 2 − z )
 [1 Feb, 2024 (Shift-II)] A particle of positive charge q is placed initially at rest at
6. In hydrogen like system the ratio of coulombian force and a point on the z axis with z = z0 and z0 > 0. In addition
gravitational force between an electron and a proton is of to the Coulomb force, the particle experiences a vertical
 2c ∈0
the order of: [05 April, 2024 (Shift-I)] force F = −ckˆ with c > 0. Let β = . Which of the
(a) 1039 (b) 1019 qσ
(c) 1029 (d) 1036 following statements is (are) correct? [JEE Adv, 2022]
1 25
7. Two identical conducting spheres P and S with charge Q on (a)= For β = and z0 R , the particle reaches the origin
each, repel each other with a force 16N. A third identical 4 7
uncharged conducting sphere R is successively brought in 1 3
(b)= For β =and z0 R , the particle reaches the origin
contact with the two spheres. The new force of repulsion 4 7
between P and S is: [06 April, 2024 (Shift-II)] 1 R
(c)=
For β =and z0 , the particle returns back to z = z0
(a) 4 N (b) 6 N 4 3
(c) 1 N (d) 12 N (d) For b > 1 and z0 > 0, the particle always reaches the origin
Electric Charges and Fields 49
 48. A charge q is surrounded by a closed surface consisting 51. A circular disc of radius R carries surface charge density
of an inverted cone of height h and base radius R,  r
and a hemisphere of radius R as shown in the figure. σ0 1 −  , where s 0 is a constant and r is the
σ( r ) =
 R
nq
The electric flux through the conical surface is distance from the center of the disc. Electric flux through
6 ∈0
a large spherical surface that encloses the charged disc
(in SI units). The value of n is _______. [JEE Adv, 2022] completely is f0. Electric flux through another spherical
49. The electric field in a region is given by R
 3 4 N surface of radius and concentric with the disc is f. Then

= E  E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj  . The ratio of flux of reported field 4
5 5 c φ0
through the rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 (parallel to the ratio is ..... [JEE Adv, 2020]
φ
y – z plane) to that of the surface of area 0.3 m2 (parallel
to x – z plane) is a:b, where a = __________ (round off to 52. A charged shell of radius R carries a total charge Q. Given
nearest integer) [Here iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are unit vectors along x, y f as the flux of electric field through a closed cylindrical
and z-axes respectively] [25 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)] surface of height h, radius r and with its center same as that
 of the shell. Here, center of the cylinder is a point on the axis
50. An electric field E = 4 xiˆ − ( y + 1) ˆj N/C passes through
2

the box shown in figure. The flux of the electric field of the cylinder which is equidistant from its top and bottom
through surface ABCD and BCGF and marked as fI and fII surfaces. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct?
respectively. The difference between (fI – fII) is (in Nm2/C) [e0 is the permittivity of free space] [JEE Adv, 2019]
 [9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)] Q
(a) If h > 2R and r > R then φ =
Z ε0
3R
A(0,0,2) B(3,0,2) (b) If h < 8 R and r = then φ = 0
5 5
D(0,2,2)
(c) If h > 2R and r = 4 R then φ = Q
C(3,2,2)
E
5
X
H(0,2,0)
(0,0,0) F(3,0,0) 5 ε0
G(3,2,0)
3R Q
(d) If h > 2R and r = then φ =
Y 5 5 ε0

PW Challengers
1. Charge q is uniformly distributed over the circumference of section 3 has magnitude E and is opposite to the direction
a ring of radius R. The electric field at a distance r from the of initial velocity while it is in direction of initial velocity
center of ring and in the plane of ring is (r << R) [Hint: You and of magnitude 2E in the second section. Assume charge
may use Gauss's law] distribution of the rod to be uniform. The minimum velocity
q u with which rod should be projected so that it passes through
all the three sections is:
r P d d d

R E 2E E
u
l = 4d
qr 3qr
(a) (b) B q A
4πε0 R 3 4πε0 R 3 1 2 3
x
qr 3qr
(c) (d) 3qE 5qE
8πε0 R 3 8πε0 R 3 (a) d (b) d
2ml 2ml
2. A thin insulator rod of mass m and length l = 4d carrying a
uniform positive charge q, moving with velocity u enters a 7 qE 9qE
three section region of electric field. All the three sections (c) d (d) d
2ml 2ml
are of equal thickness d each. Electric field in section 1 and

54 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 ANSWER KEY

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b, c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a, c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c)

BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 24. (i)-(b), (ii)-(b) 25. (i)-(a), (ii)-(a)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (c)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a, b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. [9]
31. [3] 32. [72] 33. [9] 34. [8] 35. [2] 36. [148] 37. [9] 38. [208]

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (b,d) 2. (a,d) 3. (a,b,c,d) 4. (b,c) 5. (a,b,c) 6. (a, c) 7. (a,b,c,d) 8. (b,c) 9. (a,b,d) 10. (b,c)
11. (a,b,c) 12. (a,c) 13. (c,d) 14. (b,c) 15. (a,c) 16. (a,c) 17. (a,c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. [0.33] 28. [208.33] 29. [4.25] 30. [0.50]
31. [9.30] 32. [2.08] 33. [0.65] 34. [100] 35. [24] 36. [5] 37. [7] 38. [10] 39. [4] 40. [3]
41. [648] 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (a)

PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (b) 2. [3] 3. [2] 4. [3] 5. [3] 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. [300] 10. (d)
11. (a,c,d) 12. (b) 13. (a,c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. [5] 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. [2] 23. [16] 24. (c) 25. [6] 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. [8]
31. (c) 32. [8] 33. (b) 34. [1] 35. (b, c) 36. [6] 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (16) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. [12] 45. (b) 46. (16) 47. [640] 48. [3] 49. [1] 50. [–48]
51. [6.40] 52. (a, b, d)

PW CHALLENGERS
η3
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a,b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. t0
ab

56 JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS PW

 LAKSHYA JEE
CLASS-XII

MATHEMATICS
¤ Matrices and Determinants
¤ Relations and Functions
¤ Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Module-1

ISBN 978-93-48141-99-6

MATHEMATICS
SKU Code - 51b3e58c-15f1-4f75-8327-683f281f9015
Module 1
 CHAPTER
Matrices and
1
m n 
M= 
 o p
Determinants | M | = mp – no

Topicwise Weightage of JEE Main 6 Years Paper (124 Sets)

Properties of Determinants
Definition, Types of Matrices, Trace of
a Matrix, Equality of Matrices, Addition
20% and Subtraction of Matrices, Properties of
25% Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Adjoint of a Square Matrix, Inverse

of A Matrix, Properties of Adjoint 18%
and Inverse of Matrix

37% System of Linear Equations in Three

Unknowns

“How’s the Josh?” for these Topics: Mark your confidence level in the blank space around the topic (Low-L, Medium-M, High-H)

INTRODUCTION The general m × n matrix is

A matrix is a definite collection of quantities like numbers,  a11 a12 a13 ...... a1 j ..... a1n 
symbols, or expressions, arranged in a tabular form of rows and a
 21 a22 a23 ...... a2 j ..... a2 n 
columns. Basically it is ordered arrangement of data.
The order of a matrix is written as the number of rows by the  ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A= 
number of columns.  ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ...... aij ...... ain 
For e.g. a 2 × 2 matrix consists of 2 rows and 2 columns. It has a  ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
total of 4 elements.  
If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is  am1 am 2 am 3 ..... amj ..... amn 
written as m × n and we call it as order m by n
where aij denote the element of ith row and jth column. The above
matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m×n.
Matrix Elements Now any matrix of order m × n will have the notation [aij]m×n.
i.e., A = [aij]m×n or (aij)m×n or ||aij||m×n
row 1→ a 11 a 12

row 2→ a 21 a 22 it is trivial that 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n

row 3→ a 31 a 32 3 4  a b c
e.g., A =
=  ,B  ,
↑ ↑ 5 6  d e f 
column 1 column 2
 −1 3 c 
• Dimension of the matrix → m × n = C =  , D [1, 4,9]
 2 9 4
• Entries of the aij
matrix PTR (Points to Remember):
←

row column
• row column 1. Generally capital letters of English alphabets are used to
↑

m × n Matrix denote matrices.

2. The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value.
 TYPES OF MATRIX
Train Your Brain
Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row
Example 1: Consider a 3 × 4 matrix A = [aij], whose vector). General form of row matrix is
elements are given by aij = 2i + 3j, then A = A = [a11 a12 a13 ... a1n]
 5 8 11 14   5 8 11 14  This is a matrix of order “1 × n” (or a row matrix of order n).
7 10 13 16  14 10 13 16 
(a)   (b)   Column Matrix
9 12 15 18   9 12 15 18  A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix
(or column vector).
 5 8 11 14   5 8 11 14 
(c) 14 10 8 16  (d) 14 10 8 5   a11 
    a 
 9 12 15 18   9 12 15 18  Column matrix is of the form A =   .
21

 ... 
Sol. In this problem, i and j are the number of rows and  
 am1 
columns respectively. By substituting the respective values
This is a matrix of order “m × 1” (or a column matrix of order m).
of rows and columns in aij = 2i + 3j we can construct the
required matrix. Zero or Null Matrix
A = [aij]m×n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0 ∀ i and j.
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
a 0 0 0
We have A =  21 a22 a23 a24  ; 0 0 0  
 a31
e.g., (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
a32 a33 a34  0 0 0  0 0 0 

all = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5; a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8
Similarly, a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13, Singleton Matrix
a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12,a33 = 15, a34 = 18 If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton
matrix. Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1.
 5 8 11 14  E.g. [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.
7 10 13 16 
∴ A=
 
9 12 15 18  Horizontal Matrix
A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m;
Example 2: Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are
1 2 3 4 
1 E.g.  
given by: aij = | −3i + j | 2 5 1 1
2

 1 1 Vertical Matrix
1 2
0
2 2 5
  1
5 3 1 
Sol. A =  2 1
 A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n; E.g. 
2 2 3 6
   
7 5 2 4
4 3 Square Matrix
 2 2  A matrix in which number of rows and columns are equal is called
a square matrix. The general form of a square matrix is
 a11 a12 ....... a1n 
a a22 ........ a2 n 
Concept Application A =  21
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an 2 ....... ann 
 3 −1 5 
1. The order of   matrix is ______ . which we denote as A = [aij]n× n
6 2 −7  This is a matrix of order “n × n” (or a square matrix of order n).
2. The number of different possible orders of matrices Diagonal Elements: An element of a matrix A = [aij] is said to be
having 18 identical elements are ______ . diagonal element if i = j. Thus an element whose row suffix equals
to the column suffix is a diagonal element e.g., a11, a22, a33, ... are
all diagonal element.

2 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 3. k(A + B) = kA + kB here k is any scalar.
4. A + O = O + A = A, here O (null matrix) will be additive 9. If 3A – 2B + X = 0, where
identity.
4 2  −2 1 
5. If A be a given matrix then the matrix − A is the additive
=A =  ;B   , than find x.
inverse of A i.e. A + (−A) = O (null matrix). 1 3   3 2

6. If A, B and C be three matrices of the same type  −16 −4   −16 −4 

(a)  1 3  (b)  3 −5 
then A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (Left Cancellation Law)   

and B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C (Right Cancellation Law)  −4 −4   −4 −4 

(c)   (d)  
 3 −5   3 −8 

Train Your Brain

Multiplication of Matrices
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of
1 a   2 3   1 3
Example 6: If X =   and 3 X −  =  A is same as number of rows of B i.e.,
0 1   0 2   0 1
then a is equal to A = [aij]m×p & B = [bij]p×n,
(a) 1 (b) 2 p

(c) 0 (d) –2 Then AB = [cij]m×n where cij = ∑a

k =1
b , which is the dot product
ik kj

 3 3a 
Sol. 3 X =   of ith row vector of A and jth column vector of B.
0 3 
3 − 2 3a − 3 1 3a − 3 Notes: The product AB is defined iff the number of columns
⇒ L.H.S.
=  =   of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A is called as
0 − 0 3 − 2  0 1 
premultiplier and B is called as post multiplier. AB is
Now by equality of two matrices, we have 3a – 3 = 3 defined ⇒ BA is defined.
⇒ a = 2.
Example 7: Find the value of x and y if
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
2 + =
0 x   1 2  1 8 
 7 8
1 2 3 58 64
Sol. Using the method of multiplication and addition of × 9 10 =
matrices, then equating the corresponding elements of 4 5 6 139 154
11 12
L.H.S. and R.H.S, we can easily get the required values of
x and y,
(1, 2, 3) (7, 9, 11) = 1 × 7 + 2 × 9 + 3 × 11= 58
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
2 + = 
 0 x   1 2  1 8  Fig. 1
 2 + y 6 + 0  5 6 
⇒ =  B
 0 + 1 2 x + 2  1 8 
Equating the corresponding elements, a11 and a22, we b1,1 b1,2 b1,3
get b2,1 b2,2 b2,3
2 + y = 5 ⇒ y = 3; 2x + 2 = 8
Hence x = 3 and y = 3.
a1,1 a1,2
a2,1 a2,2
Concept Application A
a3,1 a3,2

8. If X + Y = 7 0  and X − Y =  3 0  , then the sum a4,1 a4,2

 2 5  0 3 
of the elements of the matrix 3X – 4Y is equal to
Fig. 2

6 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Aarambh (Solved Examples)

{
2, when i = j
1. If A = [a ij ] 3×3 , such that aij = 0, when i = ,
≠ j then 4. If P =
 cos(π / 6) sin(π / 6) 

 − sin(π / 6) cos(π / 6) 
1 1
,A   and Q = PAP′
0 1
log1/2det(adj (adj (A)) = then P′Q2009 P is equal to
(a) –12 (b) –10
(c) –13 (d) –11 1 3 / 2 1 2009 
(a)   (b) 
0 2009  0 1 
Sol. A = [aij]

aij = 2, i = j = 0 i ≠ j
|A| = 8  3 / 2 2009   3 / 2 −1/ 2 
(c)   (d)  
Now, det (adj (adj (A)) = (8)4 = 212  0 1   1 2009 
log1/2(212) = –12
 3 −1   3 1 
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 
Sol. Now, P ′P =  2 2  2 2 
 
2. Find c2 + x2 + y2 if the matrix A given by  1 3   −1 3
 2 2   2 2 
 a 2 / 3 2 / 3

A =  2 / 3 1/ 3 b  - is orthogonal.
1 0 
⇒ P ′P = ⇒ P′P = Ι ⇒ P′ = P–1
 c x y  0 1 
 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3 Since Q = PAP′
Sol. It is given that the matrix A is orthogonal. Therefore, ∴ P′Q2009 P
AA′ = I = P′[(PAP′) (PAP′) ... 2009 times]P
 a 2 / 3 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 c  1 0 0 
2 / 3 1 / 3 b   2 / 3 1/ 3 x  = 0 1 0 
  (P P)A(P′ P)A(P′ P)A...(P′ P)A(P′ P)
=′
 
 c x y   2 / 3 b y  0 0 1  2009 times

Comparing the element in the 3rd column of 3rd row, we get = IA2009 = A2009

c2 + x2 + y2 = 1.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 
∴ A=  ⇒ A2 =
0 1=
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.    
  0 1 0 1 0 1 
3. Let t be the trace of the matrix
1 2  1 1 1 3
=A3 =     ⇒ = A2009 = (I + B)2009
 | x+ y|  0 1  0 1 0 1
 α1 β1 
| x | + | y |  0 1 
 | y+z|  where B =  . As B2 = O, we get Br = O
A= α2 β2  , then  0 0 
| y|+|z| 
∀ r ≥ 2.
 
 |z+x| 
 α3 β3  Thus, by binomial theorem
| z | + | x |

1 2009 
(a) 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 (b) 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 A2009 = 
0 1 
(c) 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 (d) –1 ≤ t ≤ 1
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
Sol. Now, |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|
5. If Tp, Tq, Tr are the pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P., then
| x+ y|
⇒ ≤1 Tp Tq Tr
|x|+| y|

p q r equals
Hence, t ≤ 3
1 1 1
Also among the diagonal elements, at least one of the element
must be 1. (a) 1 (b) –1
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. (c) 0 (d) p + q + r

30 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Board Level Problems
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 8. The equations x + 2y + 3z = 1, x – y + 4z = 0, 2x + y + 7z = 1
have
1. If a matrix has 36 elements, the number of possible orders
it can have, is: (a) Only one solution (b) Two solutions
(a) 13 (b) 3 (c) No solution (d) Infinitely many solutions
(c) 5 (d) 9 9. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and
 −a b c  ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a, is
 a −b c 
2. If   = kabc, then the value of k is: (a) –1 (b) 1
 a b −c  (c) 0 (d) No real values
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
 tan x 1 
10. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it
3. If for the matrix A =   , A + A' = 2 3I , then
 −1 tan x  can have? What if it has 2027 elements?
 π
the value of x ∈ 0,  is:  1 cot x 
 2 11. If A =  , show that
π  − cot x 1 
(a) 0 (b)
4
π π  − cos 2 x − sin 2 x 
(c) (d) A'A–1 = 

3 6  sin 2 x − cos 2 x 
4. If A = [aij] is an identity matrix, then which of the following 2 4 2x 4
is true? 12. Find values of x, if =
5 1 6 x
0, if i= j
(a) aij =  (b) aij= 1, ∀i, j 3 5
1, if i≠ j 0 −1
13. Find |AB|, if A =   and B = 0 0  .
0, if i≠ j 0 2   
(c) aij= 0, ∀i, j (d) aij = 
1, if i= j
0 1 −1
5. Let A = 
a b  14. Verify that A2 A  4 −3 4  .
= I when= 
 be a square matrix such that adj A = A.
c d  3 −3 4 
Then, (a + b + c + d) is equal to:
1 5  9 1 
(a) 2a (b) 2b 15. If A =   and B =   , find a matrix C such that
7 12  7 8
(c) 2c (d) 0 3A + 5B + 2C is a null matrix.
1 3 1
x y x+ y
6. If k 0 1 = ± 6, then the value of k is:
16. Evaluate y x+ y x
0 0 1
x+ y x y
(a) 2 (b) –2
(c) ±2 (d) 2
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
a c 0
  1 −2 0 
7. If  b d 0  is a scalar matrix, then the value of a + 2b +  
 0 0 5  17. If A =  2 −1 −1 , find A –1 and use it to solve the
 0 −2 1 
3c + 4d is:
(a) 0 (b) 5 following system of equations:

(c) 10 (d) 25
x – 2y = 10, 2x – y – z = 8, –2y + z = 7

Matrices and Determinants 35

 18. Solve the following system of equations, using matrices: On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20 22. |adj (adj A)| is equal to
+ + = 4, − + = 1, + − = 2
x y z x y z x y z (a) 102 (b) 1003
where x, y, z ≠ 0
(c) 104 (d) None of these
x sinθ cosθ
23. |adj (AB) | is equal to
19. Prove that the determinant −sinθ − x 1
cosθ 1 x (a) 100
(b) 1000
is independent of q.
(c) 104
 2 1 −3
  (d) None of these
20. If A =  3 2 1  , find A–1 and hence solve the following
1 2 −1 Case Study-II
system of equaitons: Let A and B are two matrices of same order i.e. 3×3 where
2x + y – 3z = 13
3x + 2y + z = 4 1 −3 2   2 1 3
   4 2 4
x + 2y – z = 8 A = 2 k 5  B =  
 3 1  4 2 1   3 3 5 
21. Consider the matrix A =   and find k such that
A2 = kA – 7I.  −1 2  On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS 24. If k = 2 then tr(AB) + tr(BA) is equal to

(a) 66 (b) 42
Case Study-I
If A and B are square matrix of order 3 given by (c) 84 (d) 63

1 2 4 1 2 3 25. If C = A + 3B and tr(C) = 0, then k is equal to

4 5 6
A= 4 3 5,B=   (a) –10 (b) –20
 
 2 4 6   7 8 9  (c) –29 (d) –39

Prarambh (Topicwise)

TYPES OF MATRICES, ADDITION, 4. Which of the following is a diagonal matrix

SUBTRACTION AND EQUALITY OF MATRICES  2 0 2  2 0 0

1. The number of different possible orders of matrices having (a)  0 2 0  (b)  0 2 0 
12 identical elements is  0 0 2   0 0 2 
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2  2 2 0
2. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements (c)  2 0 0  (d) None of these
 
aij = 0 for  0 0 0 
(a) i < j (b) i = j (c) i > j (d) i ≤ j
TRACE OF MATRIX
 x2 + x x   0 −1 0 −2 
3.  + =  2 + x 3 4
 3 2   − x + 1 x  5 1 
5. If trace of matrix A=  1 −1 2  is 5 then x is

then x is equal to  −5 1 x 
(a) – 1
(b) 2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 1
(d) No value of x (c) 3 (d) 4
36 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES AND TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES AND OTHER
IDENTITY MATRIX PROPERTIES
 3 1  5 −1  0 1 −2 
6. If   X =  2 3  , then X =
4 1 13. If A =  −1 0 5  , then
     
 2 −5 0 
 −3 4   3 −4 
(a)   (b)   (a) A′ = A (b) A′ = –A
14 −13  −14 13  (c) A′ = 2A (d) A′ = –2A
3 4  −3 4 
(c)   (d)  
14 13  −14 13 1 2 3
14. For the matrix  4 5 6  to be non-singular, λ should not
 
1 2 
 3 λ 5 
2
7. If M =   and M − λM − I 2 = O , then l =
2 3
be equal to
(a) –2 (b) 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) –4 (d) 4
2 1
 x 1  1 −2 1
and B =  3 2  , then (AB)T =
8. If A =  2
1 0  and A is the identity matrix, then x = 15. If A =  
   2 1 3 1 1 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

cos α − sin α  cos β − sin β   −3 −2   −3 10 

9. If A =  and B =   , then the (a)   (b)  
  −2 7 
 sin α cos α   sin β cos β  10 7 
correct relation is  −3 10   3 10 
(c)   (d)  
(a) A2 = B2  7 −2  2 7 
(b) A + B = B – A 16. Which of the following is incorrect?
(c) AB = BA (a) A2 − B 2 = ( A + B)( A − B)
(d) AB = 0 (b) ( AT )T = A
(c) ( AB) n = An B n , where A, B commute
 4 2
10. If A =   and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then (d) ( A − I )( I + A) =O ⇔ A2 = I
 −1 1 
(A – 2I) (A – 3I) =
SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
(a) I (b) O
17. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix of odd order, then trace of
1 0  0 0  A is
(c)   (d)  
0 0  0 1  (a) 1 (b) –1 (c) |A| (d) 2

11. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and  0 1 −2 

18. For what value of x, is the matrix A =  −1 0 3 
BA = A, then A2 + B2 =  
a skew-symmetric matrix?  x −3 0 
(a) 2AB (b) 2BA
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) A + B (d) AB
(c) 3 (d) 4
1 2 1  19. Out of the following a skew-symmetric matrix is
12.
= If A 0 1 −1 , then
 3 −1 1  0 4 5 1 4 5
(a)  −4 0 −6  (b)  −4 1 −6 
 
(a) A3 + 3A2 + A – 9I3 = 0  −5 6 0   −5 6 1 
(b) A3 – 3A2 + A + 9I3 = 0
 1 4 5 i + 1 4 5 
(c) A3 + 3A2 – A + 9I3 = 0 (c)  −4 2 −6  (d)  −4 i −6 
   
(d) A3 – 3A2 – A + 9I3 = 0  −5 6 3   −5 6 i 

Matrices and Determinants 37

 66. If f r (x), g r (x), h r (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials
sin 2 x log cos x log tan x
in x such that f r (a) = g r (a) = h r (a), r = 1, 2, 3 and
62. If=
∆( x) n2 2n − 1 2n + 1 then evaluate
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
1 −2 log 2 0
F ( x) = g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x) then value of F′(x) at
π/ 2
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)
∫ ∆( x)dx
0 x = a is
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
f ( x)
63. Let lim then find CRAMER’S RULE: SYSTEM OF LINEAR
x →∞ x2
EQUATIONS
x( x + 1) x 2 − 1 x 2 + 5 x + 6
67. x + ky – z = 0, 3x – ky – z = 0 and x – 3y + z = 0 has non-zero
f ( x) = 1 2 3
solution for k =
1 –1 1
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4 68. The number of solutions of equations x + 4y – z = 0,
3x – 4y – z – 0, x – 3y + z = 0 is
cos(θ + φ) − sin(θ + φ) cos 2φ
(a) 0 (b) 1
64. The determinant sin θ cos θ sin φ is
(c) 2 (d) Infinite
− cos θ sin θ cos φ
69. If the system of equations, x + 2y – 3z = 1, (k + 3)z = 3,
(a) 0 (2k + 1)x + z = 0 is inconsistent, then the value of k is
(b) independent of θ (a) –3 (b) 1/2
(c) independent of φ (c) 0 (d) 2
(d) independent of θ and φ both 70. If the system of equation 3x – 2y + z = 0, lx – 14y + 15z
65. If l + m + n =
2 2 2
1 and lilj + mimj + ninj = 0 ∀ i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}, = 0, x + 2y + 3z = 0 have a non-trivial solution, then l =
i i i
(a) 5 (b) –5
l1 m1 n1
(c) –29 (d) 29
i ≠ j and ∆ = l 2 m2 n2 then
l3 m3 n3 71. The existence of the unique solution of the system x + y + z
= l, 5x – y + mz = 10, 2x + 3y – z = 6 depends on
(a) |∆| = 3 (b) |∆| = 2 (a) µ only (b) λ only
(c) |∆| = 1 (d) ∆=0 (c) λ and µ both (d) Neither λ nor µ

Prabal (JEE Main Level)

1. If α and β are the roots of the equation (a) 729 (b) 189

7 3
4 (c) 162 (d) 27
2 − 2
 1 3   19 19   1 3   x − 5 x + 5
2
3. If A1, A3, .......... A2n – 1 are n skew-symmetric matrices of
[1 5]        = [−4]
 −4 7   4 1   −4 7   −3  n
 19 19  =
same order, then B ∑ (2r − 1) (A 2r −1 )2r −1 will be
r =1
then the value of (2 – α) (2 – β) is (a) Symmetric
(a) 51 (b) –12 (b) Skew-symmetric
(c) 12 (d) –7 (c) Neither sysmmetric nor skew-symmetric
(d) Data is insufficient
 a11 a12 a13  
   4. A skew-symmetric matrix A satisfies the relation
2. Let S =  a21 a22 a23  : aij ∈ {−1, 0, 1}
 a   A2 + I = O, where I is a unit matrix. Then A is
 31 a32 a33  
then the number of symmetric matrices with trace equals (a) Idempotent matrix (b) Orthogonal matrix
zero, is (c) Nilpotent matrix (d) Non-periodic matrix
Matrices and Determinants 41
 LAKSHYA JEE
CLASS-XII

CHEMISTRY
¤ Solutions
¤ Electrochemistry
¤ Chemical Kinetics

Module-1

ISBN 978-93-48141-23-1

CHEMISTRY
SKU Code - fccfb25b-4ca5-447e-8a7e-775eb41e1fc1
Module 1
 CHAPTER

1 Solutions

Topicwise Weightage of JEE Main 6 Years Paper (124 Sets)

Solubility and Vapour Pressure Expressing Concentrations

of Liquid Solutions of Solutions
31%
17%

Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions 2%

50%

Colligative Properties and

Abnormal Molar Mass

“How’s the Josh?” for these Topics: Mark your confidence level in the blank space around the topic (Low-L, Medium-M, High-H)

INTRODUCTION other is called solute. Example, alcohol in water, benzene

A solution may be defined as a homogeneous mixture of a single in toluene etc.
phase containing two or more of the chemical species dispersed Types of Solution
on a molecular scale. The characteristics of any one section of
the homogeneous solution will be completely identical to those S.No. Solvent Solute Examples
of any other section of the solution. Depending upon the number 1. Gas Gas Mixture of gases, air.
of total constituents present in the solution, it is called binary 2. Gas Liquid Water vapour in air, mist.
solution (two constituents), ternary solution (three constituents), Sublimation of a solid into a gas,
quaternary solution (four constituents) and so on. 3. Gas Solid
smoke storms.
(i) Solvent: The liquid or medium of dissolution which allows CO2 gas dissolve in water (aerated
the solute to dissolve in it so as to form a solution is called 4. Liquid Gas
drink), soda water.
a solvent.
Mixture of miscible liquids e.g.
(ii) Solute: The substance which dissolves or disappears in the 5. Liquid Liquid
alcohol in water.
solvent to form a solution is called solute.
6. Liquid Solid Salt in water, sugar in water.
Solute + Solvent = Solution.
Adsorption of gases over metals,
(iii) The component which has the same physical state in pure 7. Solid Gas
hydrogen over palladium.
form as the solution is called solvent and the other is called
Mercury in zinc, mercury in gold
solute. Example, in case of solution of sugar and water, 8. Solid Liquid
i.e. all amalgams.
sugar is the solute and water is solvent.
Homogeneous mixture of two
(iv) If both the components have same state as the solution, the
9. Solid Solid or more metals (i.e. alloys) e.g.
one component which is in excess is called solvent and the
copper In gold. zinc In copper.
 2. Molality and mole fraction: Consider a binary solution M ×1000
consisting of two components A (Solute) and B (Solvent). 7. Molarity into Molality m =
1000d - MM 2
Let XA & XB are the mole fraction of A & B respectively. M1 and M2 are molar masses of solvent and solute.
nA nB Molarity = M mole of solute in 1000 ml of solution
XA = , XB =
nA + nB nA + nB moles of solute = M & weight of solute = MM2
weight of solution = 1000d
If molality of solution be m then:
mass of solvent = 1000d – MM2
nA nA M × 1000
=m
× 1000 = × 1000 molality =
mass of solvent nB × MB 1000d − MM 2
where MB is the molecular wt. of the solvent B.
1 M 
mole fraction of A 1000 =
on simplifying d M + 2 
X A 1000 ×  m 1000 

m
= × ⇒m=
XB MB mole fraction of B M B
Dilution & Mixing of two Liquids
mole fraction of solute 1000 ™ Upon dilution no. of moles of solute remains constant. If a
m ×
mole fraction of solvent molecular wt. of solvent particular solution having volume V1 mL and molarity M1 is
diluted upto volume V2 mL.
3. Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution
M1V1 = M2V2
X 2 d ×1000
M= M2 : final molarity
X1 M1 + M 2 X 2
™ If a solution having volume V1 and molarity M1 is mixed
Mole fraction of solvent and solute are X1 and X2 so X1 + X2 = 1 with another solution of same solute having volume V2 &
Suppose total mole of solution is = 1 then mole of solute and molarity M2 then M1V1 + M2V2 = MR (V1 + V2)
solute and solvent are X2 & X1 respectively M V +M 2 V2
MR = Resultant molarity = 1 1
weight of solute = X2M2, weight of solvent = X1M1 V1 +V2
& total wt. of solution = X1M1 + X2M2
X1M1 + X 2 M 2 X M + X2M2 Train Your Brain
volume of solution = ml = 1 1 L
d d × 1000
X 2 × d × 1000 Example 1: If we have 6% w/w urea solution with density
molarity (M) =
X1M1 + X 2 M 2 1.060 g/mL, then calculate its strength in g/L.
4. Molarity into mole fraction X2 = 1000M/ [1000d– MM2] Sol. 6 g urea is present in 100 gm solution.
Molarity = M moles solute in 1000 ml of solution 100  mass 
So, moles of solute = M & mass of solution = d × 1000 6 g in mL  density = 
1.060  volume 
wt. of solute = MM2 & wt. of solvent = (1000d – MM2)
Where M2 is molar mass of solute 100
mL → 6 gm
mole fraction of solute = 1000M / [1000d – MM2] 1.060
mM1 6
5. Molality into mole fraction X2 = ∴ 1000 mL = × 1.060 × 1000
1000 + mM1 100
Molality = moles of solute in 1000 gm of solvent = m = 10.6 × 6= 63.6 g/L
1000 Example 2:
moles of solvent = where M1 is molar mass of solvent
M1
(i) Which type of solution is milk?
m mM1 (ii) Name a solid - solid type solution.
mole fraction X2 = =
1000 1000 + mM1 (iii) Which type of solution is smoke?
+m
M1 Identify the correct matching
md ×1000
6. Molality into molarity M = (i) (ii) (iii)
1000 + mM 2
Molality = m moles of solute in 1000 gm of solvent (a) Liquid in solid Atmosphere Gas in liquid
mole of solute = m & weight of solute = mM2 (b) Liquid in gas Alloys Liquid in solid
Weight of solution = 1000 + mM2
1000 + mM 2 (c) Liquid in liquid Rubber Solid in gas
volume of solution = mL = 1000 + mM 2 L
d d × 1000 (d) Gas in liquid Rubber Liquid in liquid
m × d × 1000
molarity = Sol. (c) Liquid in liquid – Rubber – Solid in gas
1000 + mM 2

Solutions 3
 (iii) Factors affecting solubility:
Example 3: A storage battery contains a solution of H2SO4 (a) Nature of solute and solvent: Like dissolves like.
30% by weight. Find Polar solutes dissolves in polar solvents and non polar
(i) Molality (ii) Molarity solutes dissolve in non polar solvents. NaCl dissolves
(iii) Normality (iv) Mole fraction of H2SO4 in water because NaCl and water both are polar. CS2
dissolves in benzene because CS2 and C6H6 both are
 (Given density of solution = 1.2 gm/cm3)
non polar.
Sol. 30% by weight ⇒ Wsolute = 30 gm, Wsolution = 100 gm, (b) Size of solute particles: Dissolution is a surface
Wsolvent = 70 gm phenomenon like the evaporation. So, increase
100 of surface area of the solute increases the rate of
Vsolution = mL
1.2 dissolution. The surface area of a solid solute can be
30 70 increased by converting it into powder. The powdered
nsolute = = 0.306 nsolvent = = 3.889 solute dissolves more easily than the large crystals,
98 18
as in the former case, larger surface area is in contact
n solute × 1000 0.306 × 1000 with the solvent.
(i) Molality = = = 4.37 m
Wsolvent 70 (c) Effect of Temperature: Solubility may increase or
n solute × 1000 0.306 × 1000 decrease with increase of temperature. This depend
(ii) Molarity = = = 3.67 M on the enthalpy change of the solution. If the solute
Vsolution 100
dissolves with the evolution of heat, solubility
1.2
decreases with increase of temperature. On the other
(iii) Normality = W solute × 1000 30 × 1000 = 7.34 N hand if the solute dissolves with the absorption of
=
Esolute × Vsolution 100 heat, solubility increases with rise in temperature.
49 ×
1.2 Example: When ammonium chloride or silver nitrate
Alternatively
is dissolved in water, the solution gets cooled.
Normality = n-factor × Molarity
= 2 × 3.67 = 7.34 NH 4 Cl(s) + H 2 O()  → NH 4 Cl(s) − heat

X H 2SO4 0.306 For such solutions, solubility increases on increase of

(iv) X H 2SO4 n=
=
0.306 + 3.889 = 0.073
temperature.
H 2SO 4 + n H 2 O
Example: When calcium oxide or lithium carbonate
is placed in water the solution gets heated.
CaO(s) + H 2 O  → Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + Heat

Concept Application For such solutions, solubility decreases on increase of

temperature.

1. A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.8 g/mL) is labelled as Key Note

74.66% by weight. What is the molarity of acid?
The amount of heat change during the formation of a solution
(a) 15.2 M (b) 16.3 M
depends mainly on two factors:
(c) 17.5 M (d) 13.7 M
™Lattice energy: It is the amount of heat required to
separate one mole of the ionic substances into its
component positive and negative ions. This is an
SOLUTIONS OF SOLID/ LIQUID IN LIQUID endothermic process.
™ Heat of hydration: These ions get hydrated. The ions
Solubility of a solid in liquid
hold the water molecules by ion dipole attraction. Heat
(i) Introduction: Different solutes dissolve to a different
is liberated during the process of hydration. Thus it is an
extent in the same mass of a solvent i.e., they have different exothermic process.
solubilities. Solubility is thus the ability of a solute to (a) If lattice energy > hydration energy, the system cools
dissolve in a particular solvent. down.
(ii) Definition: The solubility of a particular solute in a solvent Examples: NaNO3, KNO3, KCl, NH4Cl etc,
is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in 100 g (solubility increases with rise in temperature are).
solvent. (b) If lattice energy < hydration energy, the system heats up.
Wt. of solute Examples: NaOH, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, all gases, etc,
Solubility = × 100 (solubility decreases with rise in temperature are).
Wt. of solvent

4 JEE (XII) Module-1 CHEMISTRY PW

 Aarambh (Solved Examples)

1. If 20 mL of 0.5 M Na2SO4 is mixed with 50 mL of Sol. Let V = 1 lt, then moles of solute = 6.9
0.2 M H2SO4 and 30 mL of 0.4 M Al2(SO4)3 solution. wt. of solute = 6.9 × 56 gm
Calculate [Na+], [H+], [Al3+], and [SO42–]. [Assuming
M solute
100% dissociation] % by mass = × 100
M solution
moles 6.9 × 56
Sol. Molarity = So, = × 100 = 30
volume d × 1000
(i) Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + SO42– d = 1.288 g/mL
10 m mol Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
— 20 10
4. The density of 3M solution of Na2S2O3 is 1.25 g mL–1.
Total volume = 100 mL Calculate.
20 (a) The % by weight of Na2S2O3
∴ [Na+] = = 0.2 M
100 (b) Mole fraction of Na2S2O3
(ii) H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42– Sol. (a) mass of solution = 1000 × 1.25 = 1250 gm
10 m mol mass of Na2S2O3 = 3 × 158 = 474
— 20 10 474
% (w/w) = × 100 = 37.92
Total volume = 100 mL 1250
20 Therefore, 37.92 is the correct answer.
[H+] = = 0.2 M
100 3
(b) X Na 2S2O3 = = 0.065.
(iii) Al2(SO4)3 → 2Al3+ + 3SO42– 3 + 43.11
12 m mol 1250 − 474
Mole of water solvent = = 43.11
— 24 36 18
Therefore, 43.11 is the correct answer.
Total volume = 100 mL
5. Calculate molality of aqueous urea solution which has
24 Xurea = 0.2.
[Al3+] = = 0.24 M
100 (a) 15.99 (b) 13.88
(iv) Total m mol of SO42– = m.m of SO42– from (Na2SO4 + H2SO4 (c) 10.99 (d) 19.76
+ Al2(SO4)3) = (10 + 10 + 36) = 56
Sol. Xu + Xw = 1
Total volume = 100 mL Xw = 1–0.2 = 0.8
10 + 10 + 36 56 Let total moles = 1
[SO42–] = = = 0.56 M nu = 0.2
100 100
nw = 0.8
2. Calculate molality of 1.2 M H2SO4 solution. If its density
(ρ) = 1.4 g/mL? wwater = 0.8 × 18 = 14.4
(a) 0.936 (b) 0.562 Number of moles of solute
Molality (m) =
(c) 0.386 (d) 0.425 Weight of solvent (kg)
1.2 × 1000 0.2
Sol. Molality = = 0.936 = = 13.88
1000 × 1.4 −1.2 × 98 14.4 / 1000
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
3. A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water has 30% by weight of 6. 10 gm of a solute is dissolved in 80 gm of acetone. Vapour
KOH. Calculate density of solution (in g/mL). pressure of this solution = 271 mm of Hg. If vapour pressure
(a) 9.345 g/mL of pure acetone is 283 mm of Hg, then calculate molar mass
(b) 2.445 g/mL of solute?
(c) 5.852 g/mL (a) 173 g/mol (b) 163 g/mol
(d) 1.288 g/mL (c) 143 g/mol (d) 183 g/mol
Solutions 21
 Board Level Problems

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 7. Van’t Hoff factor for Na2SO4.10H2O solution, assuming
complete ionization is
1. A 1% solution of solute 'X' is isotonic with a 6% solution
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 13 (d) 2
of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol–1). The molar mass of
solute 'X' is: 8. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A’,
(a) 34.2 g mol–1 (b) 57 g mol–1 ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations 0.1M, 0.01M and 0.001M,
respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for these
(c) 114 g mol–1 (d) 3.42 g mol–1 solutions will be in the order______.
2. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of (a) i A < i B < i C (b) i A > iB > iC
people living at high altitudes is due to:
(c) i A = i B = i C (d) i A < i B > i C
(a) Low temperature
(b) Low atmospheric pressure 9. The relative lowering of vapour pressure of an aqueous
solution containing non-volatile solute is 0.0225. The mole
(c) High atmospheric pressure fraction of the non-volatile solute is:
(d) High temperature (a) 0.80 (b) 0.725 (c) 0.15 (d) 0.0225
3. Which of the following solutions would have the highest 10. Which of the following statements is false?
osmotic pressure:
(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality
M M prepared in different solvents will have the same
(a) NaCl (b) Urea
10 10 depression in freezing point.
M M (b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the
(c) BaCl2 (d) Glucose equation Π = CRT ( where C is the molarity of the
10 10
solution).
4. For an electrolyte undergoing association in a solvent, the (c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous
van't Hoff factor: solutions of barium chloride, potassium chloride, acetic
(a) is always greater than one acid and sucrose is BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(b) has negative value (d) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted
(c) has zero value by a volatile component of a solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
(d) is always less than one
5. Henry’s law constant K of CO2 in water at 25°C is 3 × 10–2 ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
mol/L atm–1. Calculation the mass of CO2 present in 100 L
of soft drink bottled with a partial pressure of CO2 of 4 atm
QUESTIONS
at the same temperature. 11. Assertion : Addition of ethylene glycol to water lowers its
(a) 5.28 g (b) 12.0 g (c) 428 g (d) 528 g freezing point.
6. Consider the following figure and mark the correct option. Reason : Ethylene glycol is insoluble in water due to lack
of its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Piston (A) Piston (B)
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct
SPM explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a
correct explanation of Assertion.
Concentrated
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Fresh water (A) sodium chloride
solution in (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
water (B) 12. Assertion: When NaCl is added to water a depression in
freezing point is observed.
(a) Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure Reason: The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes
lower than osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B). depression in the freezing point.
(b) Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct
greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B). explanation of Assertion.
(c) Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a
equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B). correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (A). (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.

24 JEE (XII) Module-1 CHEMISTRY PW

 several applications such as freeze concentration of liquid II. Colligative properties are:
food and to find the molar mass of an unknown solute in (a) Dependent only on the concentration of the solute and
the solution. Freeze concentration is a high quality liquid independent of the solvent’s and solute’s identity.
food concentration method where water is removed by (b) Dependent only on the identity of the solute and the
forming ice crystals. This is done by cooling the liquid concentration of the solute and independent of the
food below the freezing point of the solution. The freezing solvent’s identity.
point depression is referred as a colligative property and it is (c) Dependent on the identity of the solvent and solute and
proportional to the molar concentration of the solution (m), thus on the concentration of the solute.
along with vapour pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, (d) Dependent only on the identity of the solvent and the
and osmotic pressure. These are physical characteristics of concentration of the solute and independent of the
solutions that depend only on the identity of the solvent solute’s identity.
and the concentration of the solute. The characters are not III. Assume three samples of juices A, B and C have glucose as
depending on the solute’s identity. (Jayawardena, J. A. E. C., the only sugar present in them. The concentration of sample
Vanniarachchi, M. P. G. & Wansapala, M. A. J. (2017). A, B and C are 0.1M, .5M and 0.2 M respectively. Freezing
Freezing point depression of different Sucrose solutions and point will be highest for the fruit juice:
coconut water.) (a) A
I. When a non volatile solid is added to pure water it (b) B
will: (c) C
(a) Boil above 100°C and freeze above 0°C (d) All have same freezing point
(b) Boil below 100°C and freeze above 0°C IV. Identify which of the following is a colligative property:
(c) Boil below 100°C and freeze below 0°C (a) Freezing point (b) Boiling point
(d) Boil above 100°C and freeze below 0°C (c) Osmotic pressure (d) All of the above

Prarambh (Topicwise)
CONCENTRATION TERMS HENRY’S LAW AND BASICS OF VAPOUR
(REVISION OF MOLE) PRESSURE
1. The amount of anhydrous Na2CO3 present in 250 mL of 6. Calculate the solubility of gaseous oxygen in water at a
0.25 M solution is temperature of 293 K when the partial pressure exerted by
(a) 225 g (b) 66.25 g O2 is 1 bar. (Given: KH for O2 34840 bar L mol–1)
(c) 6.0 g (d) 6.625 g (a) 2.87 × 10–5 mol/L (b) 4 × 10–4 mol/L
2. 2.0 molar solution is obtained, when 0.5 mole solute is (c) 2.87 × 10–4 mol/L (d) 5 × 10–4 mol/L
dissolved in 7. Solubility of gas in water is x g/cm3 at 300 K temperature.
(a) 250 mL solvent (b) 250 g solvent When temperature increases to 400 K, then solubility of gas
(c) 250 mL solution (d) 1000 mL solvent (a) Increases (b) Decreases
3. 36 g of water and 828 g of ethyl alcohol form an ideal 1
solution. The mole fraction of water in it, is (c) Remain same (d) x
2
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.7
8. Which one of the following gases has the lowest value of
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.1
Henry’s law constant?
4. An X molal solution of a compound in benzene has mole (a) N2 (b) He
fraction of solute equal to 0.2. The value of X is
(c) H2 (d) CO2
(a) 14 (b) 3.2
9. The vapour pressure of water depends upon
(c) 4 (d) 2
(a) Surface area of container
5. 4.0 gm of NaOH is contained in one decilitre of solution. Its
molarity would be (b) Volume of container
(a) 4 M (b) 2 M (c) Temperature
(c) 1 M (d) 1.5 M (d) All of these

26 JEE (XII) Module-1 CHEMISTRY PW

 LAKSHYA JEE
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