Chap5 Evv Larp
Chap5 Evv Larp
Eigenvectors
CS6015/LARP
• There are two eigen values, because a quadratic has two roots.
• The values 𝜆 = −1 and 𝜆 = 2 lead to a solution of 𝐴𝑥 = 𝜆𝑥 or
(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑥 = 0.
The Solution of 𝑨𝒙 = 𝝀𝒙
In both matrices, the columns are multiples of each
other, so either column can be used; Eigenvectors ??
Thus, (1, -2) can be taken as an eigenvector associated
with the eigenvalue -2; and (3, -1) as an eigenvector
associated with the eigenvalue 3, as can be verified by
multiplying them by A. (read Cayley–Hamilton theorem).
The Solution of 𝑨𝒙 = 𝝀𝒙
3 1
• It is zero if 𝜆 = 1, 𝜆 = , 𝑜𝑟 𝜆 =
4 2
𝜆 = 0 is a double eigenvalue—its
algebraic multiplicity is 2. But the
geometric multiplicity is 1—there is
only one independent eigenvector.
We can’t construct 𝑺.
Diagonalization of a Matrix (REMARKS)
= ??
How can a vector be rotated and still have its direction unchanged?
Thus 𝑥 and 𝐵𝑥 are both eigenvectors of 𝐴, sharing the same 𝜆 (or else
𝐵𝑥 = 0).
Complex Matrices
The real numbers 𝑎 and the imaginary numbers 𝑖𝑏 are special cases of
complex numbers; they lie on the axes
Important properties:
1. The conjugate of a product equals the product of the conjugates:
Two analogies:
1. A Hermitian (or symmetric) matrix can be compared to a real
number.
2. A unitary (or orthogonal) matrix can be compared to a number on
the unit circle.
Unitary Matrices
• Example:
• Skew-symmetric matrix: 𝑲𝑻 = −𝑲
• Skew-Hermitian matrix: 𝑲𝑯 = −𝑲