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PS2 Lecture 4 Unsymmetrical Faults

The document discusses unsymmetrical faults in power systems, focusing on Fortescue's theorem which allows for the resolution of unbalanced phasors into balanced components. It explains the concepts of positive, negative, and zero sequence components and their corresponding impedances, as well as the sequence networks associated with generators and transformers. Additionally, it highlights the behavior of zero sequence currents in different configurations and provides equations for analyzing various unsymmetrical faults.

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sakibul.eee.20210105064
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8 views

PS2 Lecture 4 Unsymmetrical Faults

The document discusses unsymmetrical faults in power systems, focusing on Fortescue's theorem which allows for the resolution of unbalanced phasors into balanced components. It explains the concepts of positive, negative, and zero sequence components and their corresponding impedances, as well as the sequence networks associated with generators and transformers. Additionally, it highlights the behavior of zero sequence currents in different configurations and provides equations for analyzing various unsymmetrical faults.

Uploaded by

sakibul.eee.20210105064
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unsymmetrical Faults in Power

System

Ferdous S. Azad
Assistant Professor,
Department of EEE
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Introduction:
A three-phase system can be analyzed by means of a single-phase equivalent when:
▪ The source voltages are balanced or symmetrical
▪ The electrical parameters of the system are symmetrical
▪ The loads are balanced
Three-phase quantities can be determined from single phase voltages and currents when symmetry is
assumed between phases.
Unbalanced Faults:
Fortescue’s Theorem:
According to Fortescue’s theorem, three unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system
can be resolved into three balanced system of phasors. In other words, any three
unbalanced set of voltages or currents can be resolved into three balanced systems of
voltages or currents, referred to as the system symmetrical components, defined as
follows:
➢Positive Sequence components: three phasors of equal magnitude displaced 120
degrees from each other following the positive sequence
➢Negative Sequence components: three phasors of equal magnitude displaced 120
degrees of each other following the negative sequence.
➢Zero Sequence components: three parallel phasors having equal magnitude and
angle
Fortescue’s Theorem:
The ‘a’ operator:
Symmetrical components in Matrix form:
Symmetrical components for currents:
Symmetrical components for currents:

The neutral current of a 3-φ alternator is equal to the 3 times of its


zero sequence current components.
Power in terms of Symmetrical components:
Power in terms of Symmetrical components:
Sequence Impedances
• Positive sequence impedance : The impedance of a circuit when positive sequence
currents alone are flowing is called the positive sequence impedance.
• Negative sequence impedance: When only negative-sequence currents are present,
the impedance is called the negative sequence impedance.
• Zero sequence impedance: When only zero-sequence currents are present, the
impedance is called the Zero sequence impedance.
• Sequence Network: The single-phase equivalent circuit composed of the
impedances to current of any one sequence only is called the sequence network for
that particular sequence.
• The generated voltages are of positive sequence only, since the generator is
designed to supply balanced three-phase voltages. Therefore, the positive sequence
network is composed of an emf in series with the positive sequence impedance of
the generator.
• The negative- and zero-sequence networks contain no emfs but include the
impedance of the generator to negative sequence and zero sequence currents,
respectively.
Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator:
• Unloaded generator grounded through reactance is
Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator:
Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator:

The equations for the components of voltage drop from point ‘a’ of phase a to the reference bus (or
ground) are, as may be deduced from above figures:
Zero Sequence network of Transformers
• Zero sequence currents can flow in the legs of a star connection only if the star point is
grounded which provides the necessary return path for zero sequence currents.

• No zero sequence currents can flow in the lines connected to a delta connection as no return
path is available for these currents. Zero sequence currents can, however, flow in the legs of a
delta—such currents are caused by the presence of zero sequence voltages in the delta
connection.
Zero Sequence network of Transformers for different configurations:
Zero sequence network related problem:

Example 10.3 of Nagrath book.

Sketch the zero-sequence network for the following Solution:


one-line diagram
Zero sequence network related problem:

one-line diagram

zero-sequence network
Zero sequence network related problem:

Try yourself!!!!
Different Unsymmetrical faults:
• For any type of fault on the terminals of the generator, the following
equation can be used

These equations are referred to as the sequence equations.

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