Both together link==https://www.hackerearth.

com/practice/notes/heaps-and-priority-
queues/

Question-Implement operations on binary heap.

There are several types of heaps, however in this chapter, we are going to discuss
binary heap.
A binary heap is a data structure, which looks similar to a complete binary tree.
Heap data structure obeys ordering properties discussed below. Generally, a Heap
is represented by an
array. In this chapter, we are representing a heap by H.
As the elements of a heap is stored in an array, considering the starting index as
1, the position of
the parent node of ith element can be found at ⌊ i/2 ⌋ . Left child and right child
of ith node is at
position 2i and 2i + 1.
A binary heap can be classified further as either a max-heap or a min-heap based on
the ordering
property.
Max-Heap
In this heap, the key value of a node is greater than or equal to the key value of
the highest child.
Hence, H[Parent(i)] ≥ H[i]
Min-Heap
In mean-heap, the key value of a node is lesser than or equal to the key value of
the lowest child.
Hence, H[Parent(i)] ≤ H[i]
In this context, basic operations are shown below with respect to Max-Heap.
Insertion and
deletion of elements in and from heaps need rearrangement of elements. Hence,
Heapify function
needs to be called.

------PROGRAM-------
#include <stdio.h>
int size = 0;
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp = *b;
*b = *a;
*a = temp;
}
void heapify(int array[], int size, int i)
{
if (size == 1)
{
printf("Single element in the heap");
}
else
{
int largest = i;
int l = 2 * i + 1;
int r = 2 * i + 2;
if (l < size && array[l] > array[largest])
largest = l;
if (r < size && array[r] > array[largest])
largest = r;
if (largest != i)
{
swap(&array[i], &array[largest]);
heapify(array, size, largest);
}
}
}
void insert(int array[], int newNum)
{
if (size == 0)
{
array[0] = newNum;
size += 1;
}
else
{
array[size] = newNum;
size += 1;
for (int i = size / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(array, size, i);
}
}
}
void deleteRoot(int array[], int num)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
if (num == array[i])
break;
}
swap(&array[i], &array[size - 1]);
size -= 1;
for (int i = size / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(array, size, i);
}
}
void printArray(int array[], int size)
{
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
printf("%d ", array[i]);
printf("\n");
}
int main()
{
int array[10];
insert(array, 3);
insert(array, 4);
insert(array, 9);
insert(array, 5);
insert(array, 2);
printf("Max-Heap array: ");
printArray(array, size);
deleteRoot(array, 4);
printf("After deleting an element: ");
printArray(array, size);
}
OUTPUT
Max-Heap array: 9 5 4 3 2
After deleting an element: 9 5 2 3

======================================
Building Max Heap From An Array Using C
Leave a Comment / Programming Help Services / By Ranjan Avinash
Max Heap

Do you know how to build Max Heap with C programming language? Let’s experience the
method to build Max Heap with C language.

Being the most popular programming language in the world, C programming is learned
by students across the globe. It has many versatile concepts where students get
stuck due to a lack of understanding of the subject knowledge and they look for C
Programming help. So, today we are going to discuss a very common question asked by
students on the Internet. Welcome to CodingZap’s new blog “How to build max heap
from an array using C”.

Let us first discuss the Heap and its properties then we will jump into building
max heap from an array in C programming.

What Is Heap? Read Below

Heap is a type of Data Structure. It is under the non-linear Data Structure. As the
data has been stored there in a non-linear manner. The Heap structure in the Data
Structure is quite likely similar to the Tree structure.

With the Tree in Data Structure, in Heap also, there are Left Child, and Right
Child are available. In Heap, the main node is called the Root as in Tree. The
lowermost child of the Heap is called the Leaf. This means the topmost node is the
Root & the lowermost node is called the Leaf.

In this implementation, I am using a binary tree for simplicity.

How To Represent A Binary Tree As An Array?

Lets take a look at the methods where we represnt a binary tree as an array below:

Root is at index 0 in the array.

Left child of i-th node is at (2*i + 1)th index.
Right child of i-th node is at (2*i + 2)th index.
The parent of the i-th node is at (i-1)/2 index.

What Are The Properties Of Heap?

A heap can be of two types based on either of two heap properties –

Max Heap
A max-heap is a heap in which the value of each node is greater than or equal to
the values of its children.
That means the root node value will always be greater than the Child node Values.
It is not similar to the Binary Tree Data Structure. As in Binary Tree Data
Structure, the Root Node Value will be greater than the Value of the Left Child.
But it should be less than the Right Child value.

But in the case of Max Heap, the Root Node Values of the Tree or Subtree should be
greater than or equal to both of the Child Values. We will build the Max Heap
visualization concept in a better way.

Max Heap
Min-Heap
A min-heap is a heap in which the value of each node is less than or equal to the
values of its children

Here, the Root Node Values will be lower than the values of their Child Node. The
Root may be of the entire tree or maybe a subtree. The Root Node value will be less
than or equal to the value of the Child Node value.

Min Heap

When To Use Min Heap And Max Heap?

After getting the information about the Min Heap & Max Heap, you should also note
the scenarios where the Min & Max Heap should be used. Remember that in Min Heap,
the minimum number is present as the root & for Max Heap, the maximum number occurs
as the root.

This concept is used to categorise a series of numbers. The Min Heap is used to get
the minimum component present in the series of numbers. Whereas the Max Heap is
used to filter the highest number present in any series.

What Is Heapify?

Heapify is the basic building block of the algorithm of creating a heap data
structure from a binary tree.

Heapify is the process by which a Heap is transferred to the Max Heap or the Min
Heap. We build Max Heap with C programming language with the help of the Heapify
process. We can say that Heapify is the small functional unit to build Max Heap
with C programming language.

Heapify goes through a top-down approach and makes every subtree satisfy the max
heap starting from the given node.

For implementing Heapify, there are certain steps to be followed. The algorithm of
Heapify is very simple. Let’s know the steps of the algorithm briefly.

Step 1:

We need to find out the non-last leaf node of the Heap. Non-last Leaf node means
that it must be a Root Node of the Tree itself. Or maybe it can be a Root Node of
the subtree. Suppose, there are three nodes in the Tree. So, the non-last Leaf Node
of the tree will be the Root Node of the Tree.
To find the Non-Last Leaf Node of the Heap, we need to memorize the formula: (n/2)-
1 [Where n is the number of total nodes]

Step 1 of implementing Heapify

Here, in this case, the Root Node having value Zero is the Non-Last Leaf Node.

Step 2:

Then we have to find out the index of the Left and Right Child of the certain node.
To find out the index of the Left and Right Child of the Root Node, we need to go
through the formulas. Finding out the index is very important in the array.
Depending upon the index we will perform the further operation.

Suppose, the index of the Certain Non-Last Leaf Node is: i. Then,

The formula for finding out the Index of Left Child: 2i+1

The formula for finding out the Index of right Child: 2i+2

Step 3:

Among the two children, we need to find out which one is greater compared with the
Non-Last Leaf Node & in between them also. The largest numbered Node will be
swapped with the certain Non-Last Leaf Node.

Here, in this case, the Child Node having value 2 will be swapped with the Non-Last
Leaf Node which is zero. This swapping is known as the Heapify.

Step 3 of implementing Heapify

Step 4:

Now, after successfully swapping, we can build Max Heap with C programming language
also. So, it will now create the Max Heap from the previous Heap.

Step 4 of implementing Heapify

After we build Max Heap time complexity we need to calculate. The programmers build
Max Heap time complexity as it is relatively less than others. The time complexity
of Max Heap is O(N). The above can be a Max Heap example.

How Much Heap Memory Is Available?

Heapify is one of the most expensive processes in terms of memory consumption.

During the checking & reversal of the nodes, the heap consumes some amount of
memory from the device. By default, the computer allows 1/64th memory space of the
total memory for the heap allocation.

However, the memory allocation is not a static one. The memory space can be
increased further using some internal commands which is completely another topic.
But in such cases, the heap can utilize the 1/4th memory space of the device
without having an issue.
PseudoCode Of Heap :

indexOfNode is the root of a subtree

Heapify(array , sizeOfArray , indexOfNode)

Largest = findMaximum of ( indexOfNode , leftChild , rightChild )

If Largest != indexOfNode i.e the root

Swap ( Largest with indexOfNode )

Heapify( array , sizeOfArray , Largest )

code 1

How To Make A Max Heap: The Process For Building Max Heap?

If we start making subtree heaps from down to the bottom, eventually the whole tree
will become a heap.

The Build Heap function will loop starting from the last non-leaf node to the root
node, and call the Heapify function on each. So that each node satisfies the max
heap property. Similarly implementing stack in C is easy if you follow the right
steps. Have you heard of tree traversal? You can learn this topic as well.

Coming to our topic, we are starting from the last non-leaf node because leaves are
already heaps.

To find an index of the Last Non-leaf Node,

index of Last Non Leaf Node = (n/2) – 1

where n is the number of nodes in a tree

code 2

Supporting Functions

These functions will help with basic utilities for

Printing an array
Swapping two variables
code3

Driver Code
In general Driver code is written to test your developed program and in the below
screenshot, you can find the driver code. If it’s not written well, it might flag
an error in the C programming project.

This will run our code.

code 4
Final Code Of How To Build Heap From Unsorted Array

We have written the final code for building the max heap. You can refer to this
code and practice by yourself. Our codes are very well-commented and written as per
college standards.

You can run this code to get the correct output shown below:

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++This Program to be executed++++++++++

// Build a Heap from an Array with C
#include <stdio.h>

// swap function

void swap(int *a, int *b)

{
int temp = *b;
*b = *a;
*a = temp;
}

// Function to print the Heap as array

// will print as - 'message array[]\n'

void printArray(char message[], int arr[], int n)

{

printf("%s ",message);

for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)

{
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

printf("\n");
}

// To heapify a subtree with node i as root

// Size of heap is n
void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i)
{
int largest = i; // Initialize largest as root
int leftChild = 2 * i + 1; // left child = 2*i + 1
int rightChild = 2 * i + 2; // right child = 2*i + 2

// If left child is greater than root

if (leftChild < n && arr[leftChild] > arr[largest])

largest = leftChild;

// If right child is greater than new largest

if (rightChild < n && arr[rightChild] > arr[largest])

largest = rightChild;

// If largest is not the root

if (largest != i)
{
// swap root with the new largest

swap(&arr[i], &arr[largest]);

// Recursively heapify the affected sub-tree i.e, subtree with root as largest
heapify(arr, n, largest);
}
}

// Function to build a Max-Heap from a given array

void buildHeap(int arr[], int n)

{
// Index of last non-leaf node
int lastNonLeafNode = (n / 2) - 1;

// Perform level order traversal in reverse from last non-leaf node to the root
node and heapify each node
for (int i = lastNonLeafNode; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(arr, n, i);
}
}
// Driver Code

void main()
{
// Array
int arr[] = {4, 18, 17, 10, 19, 20, 14, 8, 3, 12};

// Size of array
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

printArray("Array is : ", arr, n);

buildHeap(arr, n);
printArray("Array representation of Heap is : ", arr, n);
}
Output:

Output of building heap from unsorted array

Input Array :

/ \

18 17

/ \ / \

10 19 20 14

/\. /

8 3 12

Output Max Heap :

20

/ \

19 17

/ \ / \

10 18 4 14

/\ /

8 3 12

As we can see every node is greater than its child nodes ( max heap property ).
Didn’t understand the code? No issues, You can always ask for programming help from
experts at CodingZap.

Time & Space Complexity:

When we are discussing an important Data Structure concept that is also parallelly
utilized in the algorithm process, the discussion of Time and Space Complexity
becomes inevitable. The Heapify process takes O(logn) time to complete an
iteration. The same amount is consumed as Space Complexity.

Now, if we are talking about the Time Complexity of Max Heap where the n terms of
the array are inevitable, then it becomes O(n*logn). In that case, the Space
Complexity becomes a constant one that is indicated with O(1).

Heap Data Structure Applications:

Priority queue.
Dijkstra’s Algorithm
Heap Sort
Conclusion:
As we saw, knowing how to build Max Heap with C programming language is very
important.

We should clear the basics of recursion & function calling to learn how to build
Max Heap with C programming language.

We should clear the heapify method. That is very important among all the functions
while building Max Heap with C programming language.

===========================================

Min-Heap Code Implementation in C

This video explains Min-Heap Code implementation using Array in C
Implemenation Of A Min Heap Using An Array

Question:
As I work on my program to display the minimum Heap using an array , I am utilizing
a tree-like data structure called a min heap. This structure ensures that the root
node is always smaller than its child nodes. Below is the code I am using:

# include
# include
int leftChild(int i)
{
return 2 * i + 1;
}
int rightChild(int i)
{
return 2 * i + 2;
}
void minHeap(int Arr[], int n, int i)
{
int l, r, Least;
l = leftChild(i);
r = rightChild(i);
Least = i;
if(l < n && Arr[l] < Arr[Least])
Least = l;
 if(r < n && Arr[r] < Arr[Least])
Least = r;
if(Least != i)
{
int Temp = Arr[i];
Arr[i] = Arr[Least];
Arr[Least] = Temp;
minHeap(Arr, n, Least);
}
}
int main(void)
{
int n;
printf("\nEnter number of elements : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nEnter The Elements : ");
int Arr[n];
for(int i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &Arr[i]);
}
for(int i = n / 2 - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--)
minHeap(Arr, n, i);
printf("\nMin Heap : ");
for(int i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
printf("%d ", Arr[i]);
return 0;
}
Input :
Enter number of elements : 5
Enter the elements : 90 70 10 30 50
Output : 10 30 90 70 50
However, when attempting to construct the heap manually, the resulting output is as
follows:

Ezoic
Expected Output : 10 30 70 90 50
Could someone identify the mistake for me?

Solution 1:

Your code has produced a legitimate output.

Upon adding each element to the min heap individually, you shall receive your
Expected Output .

The reason for your confusion is that you attempted it on the entire array.

Your confusion arose from two different scenarios: individually adding each element
to a min heap, and heapifying the entire array as a whole.

Solution 2:

Your code is functioning properly, but the error lies in your computation. Here is
a straightforward illustration of the process.

90 heapify(Arr,1)
/ \ swap(1,3)
 >70 10
/ \
30 50
>90 heapify(Arr,0)
/ \ swap(0,2)
30 10
/ \
70 50
10
/ \
30 90
/ \
70 50
10 30 90 70 50 should be the minheap that is obtained.

Binary Heap - GeeksforGeeks, A Binary Heap is a Binary Tree with following

properties. 1) It’s a complete tree (All levels are completely filled except
possibly the last level and the last level has all keys as left as possible). This
property of Binary Heap makes them suitable to be stored in an array. 2) A Binary
Heap is either Min Heap or Max Heap.
Implementing Min Heap in C
Question:
My objective is to gain knowledge on utilizing a min-heap to address a specific
issue in C programming. The problem involves generating doubles in a loop and
subsequently adding them to sorted array .

Ezoic
Initially, I arrange a collection of doubles, sorted in ascending order. After
that, I produce pairs of numbers (which could be randomized) and must include them
into the set while preserving the order. Furthermore, whenever a new double is
added, I eliminate the tiniest double from the set.

( Revision: The set does not necessarily have to be completely arranged. The
objective is to be capable of searching and eliminating the smallest element
following each insertion of a double. Preserving the set's order was my initial,
unsophisticated approach. )

It appears to be the exact task for which a min-heap was designed.