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Detailed_Cell_The_Unit_of_Life_Summary

The document provides a comprehensive overview of cells, defining key concepts such as cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and their structures and functions. It outlines various organelles, their roles, and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of features like the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of diagrams for understanding cell structure and offers revision tips.

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6 views

Detailed_Cell_The_Unit_of_Life_Summary

The document provides a comprehensive overview of cells, defining key concepts such as cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and their structures and functions. It outlines various organelles, their roles, and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of features like the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of diagrams for understanding cell structure and offers revision tips.

Uploaded by

eeien.luna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biology Summary Sheet: Cell - The Unit of Life

Key Definitions

- Cell: The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, capable of independent existence.

- Cell Theory: Proposed by Schleiden and Schwann; states that all living organisms are composed of cells,

and all cells arise from pre-existing cells (Virchow).

- Prokaryotic Cell: Lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Example: Bacteria.

- Eukaryotic Cell: Has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples: Plant and Animal cells.

Cell Structure and Organization

- Prokaryotic Cell: Simple structure, includes plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (nucleoid), ribosomes, and

cell wall.

- Eukaryotic Cell: Complex, includes nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, endomembrane system.

Cell Organelles and Their Functions

1. Nucleus: Contains DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope with pores. Contains nucleolus.

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum:

- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

- Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.

3. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

4. Lysosomes: Contain hydrolytic enzymes, digest waste.

5. Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration, ATP production.

6. Plastids:

- Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis.

- Chromoplasts: Pigments.

- Leucoplasts: Storage of starch, oils.

7. Ribosomes: Protein synthesis, found in cytoplasm or on RER.

8. Centrosome: With centrioles, helps in cell division.


Biology Summary Sheet: Cell - The Unit of Life

9. Cilia and Flagella: Cell movement.

10. Vacuole: Storage, large in plant cells.

Plasma Membrane and Transport Mechanisms

- Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane made of lipid bilayer with proteins.

- Fluid Mosaic Model: Proposed by Singer and Nicolson; membrane is a fluid structure with proteins

embedded.

- Transport Mechanisms:

- Passive Transport: Diffusion, osmosis.

- Active Transport: Requires ATP.

Comparison: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

| Feature | Prokaryotic Cell | Eukaryotic Cell |

|-------------------|------------------------|--------------------------|

| Nucleus | Absent | Present |

| Membrane-bound Organelle | Absent | Present |

| Cell Wall | Peptidoglycan (in bacteria) | Cellulose (plants) |

| Ribosomes | 70S | 80S |

| Cell Division | Binary fission | Mitosis/Meiosis |

Special Features of Cells

- Plasmids: Small circular DNA in bacteria.

- Mesosome: Infoldings of plasma membrane in prokaryotes.

- Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments for cell shape and movement.

Important Diagrams to Practice


Biology Summary Sheet: Cell - The Unit of Life

Important diagrams to practice:

- Structure of Prokaryotic Cell

- Structure of Eukaryotic Cell (Plant and Animal)

- Detailed structure of Nucleus

- Ultrastructure of Mitochondria and Chloroplast

- Endomembrane system flow

Tips for Revision

Focus on diagrams, understand organelle functions, and practice NCERT questions thoroughly.

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