Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci.

14(1)(2022) 155–165
© MatDer
DOI : 10.47000/tjmcs.1004423

A New Approach for Smarandache Curves

Semra Kaya Nurkan1,∗ , Ilkay Arslan Guven2

1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Usak University, 64200, Uşak, Turkey.
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey.

Received: 04-10-2021 • Accepted: 18-05-2022

Abstract. In this paper, we introduce new adjoint curves which are associated curves in Euclidean space of three
dimension. They are generated with the help of integral curves of special Smarandache curves. We attain some
connections between Frenet apparatus of these new adjoint curves and main curve. We characterize these curves in
which conditions they are general helix and slant helix. Finally, we exemplify them with figures.

2010 AMS Classification: 53A04,14H45,14J50

Keywords: Adjoint curve, helix, slant helix.

1. Introduction
In differential geometry, one of the primary study area is the curve theory in 3-dimensional Euclidean space E3 or
other special spaces. The geometric properties of curves are described by the help of calculus of differentiation and
integral. Curves are used in computer graphics and industry, in roads and railways as methodical bends, in canals to
carry through pronged change of direction. They are also rolled in the vertical plane at all changes of stage to prevent
the rapid change of stage at the apex. So, determining new types of curves attaches great importance.
Since helices can be seen in many of areas, the most common way of characterizing curves is to figure out whether
they are general helix, cylindrical helix or slant helix. A curve which is a helix in E3 is defined via the feature that
its tangent vector field constitutes a constant angle with a fixed direction. Lancret’s theorem proves a helix as the
proportion of its torsion and curvature is constant [13]. Helix was generalized by Hayden in [9]. Then by the help of
Killing vector field through a curve, general helix was defined in real space form of three dimension and in this space
form Lancret Theorem was given again for general helices by Barros [3]. Characterizations for a curve which is non-
degenerate general helix in terms of its harmonic curvature were given by Camcı et al in [4]. A new helix type which
is named as slant helix was defined by Izumiya and Takeuchi in Euclidean 3-space [10]. They described it that it is a
curve whose principal normal vector field makes a constant angle with a fixed direction. They also characterized slant
helix with constant geodesic curvature function of the principal image of the principal normal indicatrix [11]. Another
example to classification of curves is associated curve (direction curve, adjoint curve or conjugate mate ) which is
defined by taking integral of a vector field created by one of a given curve’s Frenet vectors. Adjoint curve (or conjugate
mate ) is defined by the help of integral of binormal vector of a curve with any parameter s, in [5–7, 14]. A particular
solution to a differential equation or system of equations describes a curve which is parametrized. This curve is called

*Corresponding Author
Email addresses: [email protected] (S. Kaya Nurkan), [email protected] (I. Arslan Guven)
A New Approach for Smarandache Curves 156

an integral curve. In case of X is a vector field and α(t) is a parametric curve, the solution of the differential equation
α′ (t) = X(α(t)) imputes an integral curve of X.
Smarandache curves are curves which are included in Smarandache geometry. In [18], Smarandache curves in
Minkowski space E14 were described as; Frenet frame vectors on other regular curve constitute the position vector of
it. Also they determined a special case of this type and called it Smarandache T B2 curve. Then, in [2] the author
introduced special curves by Frenet-Serret vector fields in Euclidean space which are called Smarandache T N, NB and
T NB curves. Smarandache curves in reference to Darboux frame in Minkowski space of 3-dimension were investigated
in [1]. They used the known relation between the Darboux and Frenet frame to research special Smarandache curves
of timelike curve which is on timelike surface. Additionally the studies of this type of curve can be found out in
literature [8, 12, 15–17].
Motivated by these ideas, in this work we study new adjoint curves by combining special Smarandache curves and
integral curves. We call these new curves T N-adjoint curve, T B-adjoint curve, NB-adjoint curve and T NB-adjoint
curve. We establish some relations between a Frenet curve and these curves. Additionally, we obtain necessary and
sufficient conditions for these curves to be general helix and slant helix.

2. Preliminaries
In this part, some basic terms are recollected in relation to differential geometry of space curves in Euclidean space
E3 .
Let α : I −→ E3 be a regular curve and the Frenet frame of α be {T, N, B}. ∥α′ (s)∥ = 1 if and only if the curve α
is a unit speed curve (or has arc-length parametrization s). For a unit speed curve α; T (s) = α′ (s) is called the unit
tangent vector of α. κ(s) = ∥α′′ (s)∥ denotes the curvature of α which measures the amount by which the curve deviates
from being a straight line. The unit principal normal vector N(s) of α is given by α′′ (s) = κ(s)N(s). The unit binormal
vector of α is defined by the vector B(s) = T (s) × N(s). Then, the famous Frenet formula is given as [13]:
T ′ (s) = κ(s)N(s),
′
N (s) = −κ(s)T (s) + τ(s)B(s),
B (s) =
′
−τ(s)N(s),
where τ(s) is the torsion of α and it measures the amount by which the curve deviates from a plane.
The Frenet vectors of an arc-length parametrized curve α can be computed as:
T (s) =α′ (s),
α′′ (s)
N(s) = , (2.1)
∥α′′ (s)∥
B(s) = T (s) × N(s).
The curvature and torsion of α are calculated respectively by:
∥α′ (s) × α′′ (s)∥
κ = ,
∥α′ (s)∥3
 ′′ ′′′

det α′ (s), α (s), α (s)
τ(s) = .
∥α′ (s) × α′′ (s)∥2
A curve is given the name general helix where the angle between its tangent lines and a fixed direction is constant.
This fixed direction is called the axis of the general helix. Lancret expressed the characterization of helix in 1802, that
τ
a curve is a general helix if and only if the harmonic curvature or the ratio is constant, with κ , 0. The general helix
κ
is called circular helix if both κ , 0 and τ , 0 are constants [13].
A slant helix which is defined in [11] has constant geodesic curvature function of the principal image of the principal
normal indicatrix. This constant function is given by
  τ ′ 
κ2
σ(s) = 
 
 (s). (2.2)
κ2 + τ2 2 κ

3
S. Kaya Nurkan, I. Arslan Guven, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(1)(2022), 155–165 157

The Darboux vector of an arc length parametered curve α : I −→ E3 is given by

W(s) = τ(s)T (s) + κ(s)B(s), (2.3)

where T and B are tangent and binormal vectors, κ is the curvature and τ is the torsion of α. The vector of angular
velocity is described with Darboux vector. When an object moves along a curve, a rotation and translation vector depict
its motion. This rotation vector is the Darboux vector.
A curve α : I −→ En with arc length which has the curvature κ , 0 and non zero second derivative is called Frenet
curve.

Definition 2.1 ( [14]). Let α be s arc length parametrized regular curve with nonvanishing torsion and {T α , Nα , Bα } is
the Frenet frame of α. The adjoint curve of α is defined as
Zs
β (s) = Bα (s) ds.
s0

Definition 2.2 ( [2]). Let α be s arc length parametrized regular curve with nonvanishing torsion and {T α , Nα , Bα } is
the Frenet frame of α. Smarandache T N, NB, T NB curves are defined by:
1
β = √ (T α + Nα ) ,
2
1
ζ = √ (Nα + Bα ) ,
2
1
ψ = √ (T α + Nα + Bα ) ,
3
respectively.

Remark 2.3 ( [5]). Let α be s arc length parametrized regular curve and β be the adjoint curve of α. Since β is the
integral curve of α, one can take the adjoint curve’s (β) arc-length parameter s as s = s.

Therefore, in the following sections, we will make calculations based on this remark.

3. New Adjoint Curves in E3

In [2], the author introduced that an arc length parameterized curve in E 3 is called Smarandache curve whose
position vector is generated by Frenet frame vectors on another regular curve.
In this respect,we adapt this definition to regular curves as the integral of Smarandache curves in the Euclidean
3-space in such ways that:

Definition 3.1. Let α : I → E3 be a Frenet curve with Frenet-Serret apparatus {T α , Nα , Bα , κα , τα }. T N-adjoint curve,
T B-adjoint curve, NB-adjoint curve and T NB-adjoint curve of α are defined by:
Z
1
β = √ (T α + Nα ) ds, (3.1)
2
Z
1
γ = √ (T α + Bα ) ds, (3.2)
2
Z
1
ζ = √ (Nα + Bα ) ds, (3.3)
2
Z
1
ψ = √ (T α + Nα + Bα ) ds, (3.4)
3
respectively.
A New Approach for Smarandache Curves 158

3.1. T N-Adjoint Curve.

Theorem 3.2. Let α be arc length parametrized regular curve in E3 with Frenet-Serret apparatus {T α , Nα , Bα , κα , τα }
and β be T N-adjoint curve of α. The Frenet vector fields, curvature and torsion of β are given by
1
Tβ = √ (T α + Nα ) ,
2
1
Nβ = (−T α + Nα + f Bα ) ,
2 + f2
p

1
Bβ = ( f T α − f Nα + 2Bα ) , (3.5)
4 + 2f2
p

1
q
κβ = √ κα 2 + f 2 ,
2
√ ′
1 2f
τβ = √ ατ + ,
2 2 + f2
τα
where f = .
κα
Proof. By differentiating equation (3.1) and using Frenet formulas, we compute
′ 1
β (s) = √ (T α + Nα ) ,
2
1
T β = √ (T α + Nα ) .
2
In order to obtain the principal normal vector and the curvature of β, we have
′ 1
T β = √ (−κα T α + κα Nα + τα Bα ) .
2
Then by using equation (2.1) and definition of curvature, we obtain them as:
1
q
′
κβ = T β = √ 2κα2 + τ2α
2
and
1
Nβ = p (−κα T α + κα Nα + τα Bα ) .
2κα2 + τ2α
Beside this, we express
1 1
T β × Nβ = √ (T α + Nα ) × p (−κα T α + κα Nα + τα Bα ) .
2 2κα + τ2α
2

Thus, the binormal vector is

1
Bβ = p (τα T α − τα Nα + 2κα Bα ) .
+ 2τ2α
4κα2
In order to find the torsion of β, we differentiate Nβ and use the relation τβ = ⟨Nβ′ , Bβ ⟩. Then, we have
!′
τα
1 √ κα
τβ = √ τα + 2 !2 .
2 τα
2+
κα
τα
Assuming f = κα and arranging the expressions,we reach the result. □

The following two corollaries are consequences of Theorem 3.2.

S. Kaya Nurkan, I. Arslan Guven, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(1)(2022), 155–165 159

Corollary 3.3. Let a Frenet curve α : I → E3 be general helix. Then, the Darboux vectors of both α and T N-adjoint
curve of α are equal.
Proof. Let β be T N-adjoint curve of α. By using equations (2.3) and (3.5), we have
Wβ = τβ (s)T β (s) + κβ (s)Bβ (s)
 √ ′ !
 1 2 f  1
=  √ τα +  √ (T α + Nα )
2 + f2

2 2
! 
1 1
q
+ √ κα 2 + f 2  p ( f T α − f Nα + 2Bα ) .


 
2 4 + 2f2
Then, we make some appropriate calculations, and get
′
f
Wβ = τα (s)T α (s) + κα (s)Bα (s) + (T α + Nα )
2 + f2
′
f
Wβ = Wα + (T α + Nα ) .
2 + f2
′
In the last equation since α is general helix, we have f = 0 which means the Darboux vectors of α and β are equal. □

Corollary 3.4. Let a Frenet curve α : I → E3 be general helix. Then, T N-adjoint curve of α is general helix.
Proof. If we compute the quotient of the torsion and curvature of T N-adjoint curve of α which are in Theorem 3.2, we
have
√ ′
2f
√ τα +
1
τβ 2 2 + f2
= .
κβ √1 κα 2 + f 2
p
2
′
Assuming that α is general helix, then f = 0. So, we get
τβ f
= p
κβ 2 + f2
τβ
which means κβ is constant. □

3.2. T B-Adjoint Curve.

Theorem 3.5. Let α be arc length parametrized regular curve in E3 with Frenet-Serret apparatus {T α , Nα , Bα , κα , τα }
and γ be T B-adjoint curve of α. The Frenet vector fields, curvature and torsion of γ are given by
1
Tγ = √ (T α + Bα ) ,
2
Nγ = Nα ,
1
Bγ = √ (−T α + Bα ) , (3.6)
2
1
κγ = √ κα (1 − f ) ,
2
1
τγ = √ κα (1 + f ) .
2
Proof. The relation between Ferret-Serret invariants of T B-adjoint curve and α can be easily obtained by using equation
(3.3) and Frenet formulas of α. □

Corollary 3.6. The Darboux vectors of a Frenet curve α : I → E3 and T B-adjoint curve of α are equal.
A New Approach for Smarandache Curves 160

Proof. Let γ be T B-adjoint curve of α. By using equations (2.3) and (3.6), we have
Wγ =
τγ (s)T γ (s) + κγ (s)Bγ (s)
! ! ! !
1 1 1 1
= √ κα (1 + f ) √ (T α + Bα ) + √ κα (1 − f ) √ (−T α + Bα ) .
2 2 2 2
Then, we make some calculations and get
Wγ = τα (s)T α (s) + κα (s)Bα (s) = Wα .
□
Corollary 3.7. A Frenet curve α : I → E3 is general helix if and only if T B-adjoint curve of α is general helix.
Proof. If we compute the quotient of the torsion and curvature of T B-adjoint curve of α which are in Theorem 3.5, we
have
√1 κα (1 + f )
τγ 2
=
κγ √1 κα (1 − f )
2
(1 + f )
= .
(1 − f )
Thus, in all cases where the value of the f is not equal to one; if f is constant, the result is apparent. □
Corollary 3.8. A Frenet curve α : I → E3 is a slant helix if and only if T B-adjoint curve of α is a slant helix.
Proof. In the face of equation (2.2), the geodesic curvature function of the spherical image of the principal normal
indicatrix of γ is given by:
κγ2 τγ ′
!
δγ = . .
(κγ2 + τ2γ ) 2 κγ
3

We take into account that κγ = √12 κα (1 − f ) and τγ = √1 κα

2
(1 + f ), then put these equations in expression of δγ .
Therefore, we clearly find δγ = δα . □

Corollary 3.9. A Frenet curve α : I → E3 and T B-adjoint curve of α are Bertrand mate curves.
Proof. From equation (3.6), we found that Nγ = Nα , which means the principal normal vector fields of α and T B-
adjoint curve of α are linearly dependent. So, they are Bertrand mates. □
3.3. NB-Adjoint Curve.
Theorem 3.10. Let α be arc length parametrized regular curve in E3 with Frenet-Serret apparatus {T α , Nα , Bα , κα , τα }
and ζ be NB-adjoint curve of α. The Frenet vector fields, curvature and torsion of ζ are given by
1
Tζ = √ (Nα + Bα ) ,
2
1
Nζ = (−T α − f Nα + f Bα ) ,
1 + 2f2
p

1
Bζ = (2 f T α − Nα + Bα ) , (3.7)
2 + 4f2
p

1
q
κζ = √ κα 1 + 2 f 2 ,
2
′
1 √ f
τζ = √ κα + 2 .
2 1 + 2f2
Proof. The relation between Frenet-Serret invariants of NB-adjoint curve and α can be easily obtained by using equa-
tion (3.3) and Frenet formulas of α. □
S. Kaya Nurkan, I. Arslan Guven, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(1)(2022), 155–165 161

Corollary 3.11. Let a Frenet curve α : I → E3 be general helix. Then, the Darboux vectors of both α and NB-adjoint
curve of α are equal.
Proof. By using equations (2.3) and (3.7), we have
Wζ = τζ (s)T ζ (s) + κζ (s)Bζ (s)
′
√
! !
1 f 1
= √ κα + 2 √ (Nα + Bα )
2 1 + 2f2 2
!  
1 1
q
+ √ κα 1 + 2 f 2  p (2 f T α − Nα + Bα ) .


 
2 2 + 4f2
Then, we make some appropriate calculations and get
′
f
Wζ = τα (s)T α (s) + κα (s)Bα (s) + (Nα + Bα )
1 + 2f2
′
f
Wζ = Wα + (Nα + Bα ) .
1 + 2f2
′
In the last equation since α is general helix, we have f = 0 which means the Darboux vectors of α and ζ are equal. □
Corollary 3.12. Let a Frenet curve α : I → E3 be general helix. Then, NB-adjoint curve of α is general helix.
Proof. If we compute the quotient of the torsion and curvature of NB-adjoint curve of α which are in Theorem 3.10,
we have
√ f′
√1 κα +
τζ 2
2 1+2 f 2
= .
κζ √1 κα 1 + 2 f 2
p
2
′
Assuming that α is general helix, then f = 0. So, we get
τζ 1
= p
κζ 1 + 2f2
τζ
which means κζ is constant. □

3.4. T NB-Adjoint Curve.

Theorem 3.13. Let α be arc length parametered regular curve in E 3 with Frenet-Serret apparatus {T α , Nα , Bα , κα , τα }
and ψ be T NB-adjoint curve of α. The Frenet vector fields, curvature and torsion of ψ are given by
1
Tψ = √ (T α + Nα + Bα ) ,
3
1 1
Nψ = √ p (−T α + (1 − f ) Nα + f Bα ) ,
2 1 − f + f2
!
1 1 (2 f − 1) T α
Bψ = √ p , (3.8)
6 1 − f + f 2 − (1 + f ) Nα + (2 − f ) Bα
√
6
q
κψ = κα 1 − f + f 2 ,
3
√ ′
1 3 f
τψ = √ κα (1 + f ) +
.
3 2 1 − f + f2
Proof. The relation between Frenet-Serret invariants of T NB-adjoint curve and α can be easily obtained by using
equation (3.4) and Frenet formulas of α. □
Corollary 3.14. Let a Frenet curve α : I → E3 be general helix. Then, the Darboux vectors of both α and T NB-adjoint
curve of α are equal.
A New Approach for Smarandache Curves 162

Proof. By using equations (2.3) and (3.8), we have

Wψ = τψ (s)T ψ (s) + κψ (s)Bψ (s)
 √ ′  !
 1 3 f  1
=  √ κα (1 + f ) +
 √ (T α + Nα + B α )
2 f2 − f + 1

3 3
√   !
 6 q 2   1 1 (2 f − 1) T α
+  κα f − f + 1  √ p

 .
3 6 f 2 − f + 1 − (1 + f ) Nα + (2 − f ) Bα
Then, we make some appropriate calculations and get
′
f
Wβ = τα (s)T α (s) + κα (s)Bα (s) +
(T α + Nα + Bα )
2 f2 − f + 1
′
f
= Wα +
(T α + Nα + Bα ) .
2 f2 − f + 1
′
In the last equation since α is general helix, we have f = 0 which means the Darboux vectors of α and ψ are equal. □

Corollary 3.15. Let a Frenet curve α : I → E3 be general helix. Then, T NB-adjoint curve of α is general helix.
Proof. If we compute the quotient of the torsion and curvature of T NB-adjoint curve of α which are in Theorem 3.13,
we have √ ′
f
√1 κα (1 + f ) + 3
τψ 3 2 (1− f + f 2 )
= √ .
κψ
3 κα 1 − f + f
6
p
2
′
Assuming that α is general helix, then f = 0. So, we get
τψ 1 (1 + f )
= √ p
κψ 2 1 − f + f2
τψ
which means κψ is constant. □

Example 3.16. Consider the unit speed curve α : (−π, π) → E 3 given by

!
3 cos (3s) sin (3s) 2 cos (s)
α(s) = cos (s) + , sin (s) + ,− √ .
4 9 9 3
The tangent, principal, binormal vectors, the curvature and the torsion were found in [7]. Now let’s find T N, T B, NB, T NB
adjoint curves of α. By using the definitions of these curves, we obtained respectively;
 √ 
 3 cos (s) + 1 cos (3s) − 3 sin (2s) , 
1  4 12 √4
β(s) = √  34 sin (s) + 12 sin (3s) + 43 cos (2s) ,  + (c1 , c2 , c3 ),
 
1
2  − 2 cos(s)
√ + 2s

3

cos (s) + 12
3 1
cos (3s) + 34 sin (s) − 12 1
sin (3s) , 
 
 4
1  3 (s)
sin (s) + 19 sin (3s) −√ cos (s) + cos3 ,

γ(s) = √   + (c1 , c2 , c3 ),
2 

− √3 + 2 sin (s)
2 cos(s) 3

 √3
 − 4 sin (2s) + 34 sin (s) − 12 sin (3s) , 
1

1  √
ζ(s) = √   + (c1 , c2 , c3 ),
3
(s) + cos3 (s) ,
3

(2s)
4 cos √ − cos
2  
3
2 sin
(s) + 2 s

√
 4 cos (s) + 12 cos (3s) + 43 √sin (2s) + 34 sin (s) − 12 sin (3s) , 
 3 1 1

1  3
ψ(s) = √  (s) + 12 sin (3s) + 43 cos√(2s) + cos3 (s) − cos (s) ,  + (c1 , c2 , c3 ),
 3 1

4 sin
2  
− √ + 2 + 2 sin (s)
2 cos(s)
3
s 3
S. Kaya Nurkan, I. Arslan Guven, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(1)(2022), 155–165 163

where c1 , c2 , c3 are constants. The curve α and T N, T B, NB, T NB adjoint curves of α are shown in the following
computer generated graphs. In the graphs, red, green, yellow, blue and purple curves indicate α, T N, T B, NB, T NB
adjoint curves of α, respectively.
In Figure 1, we have shown α and the T N-adjoint curve of α. In Figure 2, we have shown α and the T B-adjoint
curve of α. In Figure 3, we have shown α and the NB-adjoint curve of α. In Figure 4, we have shown α and the
T NB-adjoint curve of α. In Figure 5, we have shown α and the adjoint curves of α.

Figure 2. α and the T B-adjoint

Figure 1. α and the T N-adjoint
curve of α
curve of α

Figure 3. α and the NB-adjoint Figure 4. α and the T NB-adjoint

curve of α curve of α
A New Approach for Smarandache Curves 164

Figure 5. α and its adjoint curves of α

4. Conclusion
In this study, we construct new adjoint curves by combining special Smarandache curves and integral curves. We
call these new curves T N-adjoint curve, T B-adjoint curve, NB-adjoint curve and T NB-adjoint curve. We establish
some relations between a Frenet curve and these curves. Furthermore, the idea analyzing the trajectory ruled surfaces
that are examined with the help of new adjoint curves which still is an open problem.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the reviewers for their detailed comments and suggestions for the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Authors Contribution Statement

All authors have contributed sufficiently to the planning, execution, or analysis of this study to be included as
authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

References
[1] Abdel-Aziz, H.S., Khalifa Saad, M., Computation of Smarandache curves according to Darboux frame in Minkowski 3-space, J. of Egyptian
Math. Society, 25(4), (2017), 382–390.
[2] Ali, A.T., Special Smarandache curves in the Euclidean space, International J. Math. Combin., 2(2010), 30–36.
[3] Barros, M., General helices and a theorem of Lancret, Proc. Am. Math. Society, 125(5)(1997), 1503–1509.
[4] Camcı, Ç. , İlarslan, K., Kula, L., Hacısalihoğlu, H.H., Harmonic curvatures and generalized helices in E n , Chaos- Solutions and Fractals,
40(5)(2009), 2590–2596.
[5] Choi, J.H., Kim, Y.H., Associated curves of a Frenet curve and their applications, Applied Math. and Comp.,218(2012), 9116–9124.
[6] Choi, J.H., Kim, Y.H., Ali, A.T., Some associated curves of Frenet non-lightlike curves in E13 , J. Math. Anal. Appl., 394(2012), 712–723.
[7] Deshmukh, S., Chen, B.Y., Algehanemi, A., Natural Mates of Frenet Curves in Euclidean 3-space, Turk. J. of Math.,42(2018), 2826–2840.
[8] Elzawy, M., Mosa, S., Smarandache curves in the Galilean 4-space G4 , J. of Egyptian Math. Society, 25(1)(2017), 53–56.
[9] Hayden, H.A., On a general helix in Riemannian n-space, Proc. London Math. Society, 32(2)(1931), 37–45.
[10] Izumiya, S., Takeuchi, N., Special curves and ruled surfaces, Beitrage zur Alg. und Geo. Contributions to Alg. and Geo., 44(1)(2003), 203–212.
[11] Izumiya, S., Takeuchi, N., New special curves and developable surfaces, Turk J. Math., 28(2)(2004), 153–163.
[12] Kahraman, T., Ugurlu, H.H., Dual Smarandache curves and Smarandache ruled surfaces, Mathematical Sciences and Applications E-Notes,
2(1)(2014), 83–98.
[13] Millman, R.S., Parker, G.D., Elements of Differential Geometry, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, Prentice Hall, 1977.
[14] Nurkan, S.K., Güven, İ.A., Karacan, M.K., Characterizations of adjoint curves in Euclidean 3-space, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 89(1)(2019), 155–161.
S. Kaya Nurkan, I. Arslan Guven, Turk. J. Math. Comput. Sci., 14(1)(2022), 155–165 165

[15] Solouma, E.M., Special equiform Smarandache curves in Minkowski space-time, J. of Egyptian Math. Society, 25(3)(2017), 319–325.
[16] Şenyurt, S., Çalışkan, A., Smarandache curves of Mannheim curve couple according to Frenet frame , Mathematical Sciences and Applications
E-Notes, 5(1)(2017), 122–136.
[17] Taşköprü, K., Tosun, M., Smarandache curves on S 2 , Bol. Soc. Paran. Mat., 32(1)(2014), 51–59.
[18] Turgut, M., Yılmaz, S., Smarandache curves in Minkowski space time, International J. Math. Combin., 3(2008), 51–55.