VIIth International Annual

Symposium-2023

“Environmental Health and

Biosecurity Strategy”
Proceedings Book
May 4th – 5th, 2023

Obuda University
Budapest - Hungary

Page 1
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Proceedings Book

th
VII International Annual
Symposium-2023

“Environmental Health and

Biosecurity Strategy”

May 4th – 5th, 2023

Budapest - Hungary

Page 2
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 2-DAY EVENT Online

VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 on

“Environmental Health and
Biosecurity Strategy”
PROCEEDINGS BOOK
(PROGRAM, ABSTRACT & Full Papers)

Venue:
Obuda University
Budapest -Hungary

Date:
May 04 - 5, 2023
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Page 3
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 on
“Environmental Health and
Biosecurity Strategy”

Considering the unprecedented circumstances, and

the uncertainty due to the travel restrictions
imposed by different countries, the Organizing
Committee has made the decision to hold the VIIth
Symposium virtually.
Online
May 04th – 05th, 2023
RKK – Obuda University
Budapest - Hungary

Page 4
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Content
Introduction 6
Bibliographic information 13
Acknowledgment 14
Impressum 16
Statistical Analysis 19
Symposium: Organization & Committees 20
Principal Publishing Partners 24
Symposium’s Highlight Topics 25
Awards Ceremony of the Best Presentation & Manuscripts 26
Awards Ceremony 28
Scientific Program 35
Table of Publishing Contents 66
Abstracts 75
Manuscripts (oral and Posters) of the Accepted Papers 188
Invitation for the 14th ICEEE International Conference-2023 351

Page 5
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 INTRODUCTION
Dear Distinguish Friends, Guests & Colleagues

According to World Health Organization (2016), around 24% of global deaths are caused by violations
of environmental protocols. People required fresh water to drink, clean air to breathe, and places to live
free of toxic substances and hazards through sustainable environmental practices to secure future growth
potentials and help build prosperous communities.

Currently, we are witnessing global climatic, biological & geological transformations taking place on
the Planet & having a significant impact on all aspects of modern human life. Environmental ecology
changes affect all countries & continents, their negative consequences are felt not only by
underdeveloped states, but also by states that are usually referred to as "post-industrial", i.e. states with
a high level of economic development & advanced technologies.

Based on environmental monitoring data, the current state of the environment is characterized,
especially in areas of intensive industrial production, negative anthropogenic factors are identified that
violate the ecological balance in the territories of active resource extraction, & the environmental threats
arising in this connection. It is noted that in the context of increasing economic activity & global climate
change, compliance with environmental safety requirements becomes a factor capable of ensuring
sustainable economic development.
In the context of large-scale environmental degradation, ensuring sustainable socio-economic
development is impossible without achieving the required level of environmental safety, which allows
carrying out production activities without going beyond the capacity of the biosphere.

The main approaches of the Symposium-2023 are mentioned below.

– Discusses a new environmental strategy based on the biosphere approach & considering the
regularities of biosphere development & includes supplementary material on the influence of
technologies on global climate change, the development of natural disasters & biosphere
degradation.
– Highlights the contradictions between the market economy & ecology as well as the Symposium-
2023 provide new facts about the global environmental crisis to be expected in the following 10
years.
– Ensuring environmental security is among the global strategic tasks. This problem is related to
the rapidly aggravating threats caused by increasing population growth on the Earth, diminishing
life-supporting resources, technologies, global climate change, & escalating natural disasters.
– Environmental safety becomes the most important factor controlling human survival on the
Planet.

The VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 examines the state of natural environment & the causes
of its degradation using the biospheric approach. The increasing human population has resulted in people
being more involved in research & innovation to find means of dealing with the increasing demands for
food.

Page 6
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
The 21st century has witnessed numerous challenges affecting human life. One of these challenges is
problems encountered in achieving food security by many nations across the globe, resulting in many
people being unable to meet their basic human need of access & affordable food. The innovation of

human beings is in increasing food production & ensuring food security through biotechnology. As such
biotechnology plays a part in food security which refers to the secure, adequate supply of food for
everyone.

The COVID-19 pandemic disease now affects the entire world & has many major effects on the global
economy, environment, health, & society. Focusing on the harm COVID-19 poses for human health &
society. The world is unsure about the possible determining factors of the COVID-19 pandemic, which
need to be known through conducting nonlinearity relationships, which caused the pandemic crisis. The
study should examine the nonlinear relationship between COVID-19 cases & carbon damages,
managing financial development, renewable energy consumption & innovative capability in a cross
section of most global countries.

Advances in sector of vaccinology & immunology dependency on innovations in biotechnology,

especially genomics, signature tagged mutagenesis, proteomics, immune modulation, computational
simulations & complicated system analysis. These fields gain experience quickly growing or developing
knowledge which increased realizations of the human immune system & pathogens.

Artificial intelligence is an important field of computer science & engineering to make machine capable
to show intelligence like human. The idea of artificial intelligence is discovered upon the concept which
human think & reasoning procedures is conventionally expressed, collected & conventionally embedded
into machines. Artificial intelligence includes intelligent agents (e.g., systems which recognize their
environment & make decisions & take actions) to execute operation like reasoning, planning, knowledge
extraction, learning, perception, communication, moving & also handling & operating objects.

The field of Artificial intelligence is flourishing thanks to large investments & big companies with heavy
ecological footprints can use it to make their activity more sustainable. This field focuses on multiple
areas where Artificial intelligence can be helpful in achieving such goals. Thanks to the use of artificial
intelligence – specifically relationships between both people & computers (for example, different
elevation or land cover datasets, or hydrologic models, are consistently labelled with clear, uniform &
unambiguous descriptors).
Artificial intelligence plays an important role in achieving not only environmental but all other
Sustainable Development Goals- from ending hunger & poverty to achieving sustainable energy &
gender equality to protecting & preserving biodiversity.

Artificial intelligence has the potential to accelerate global efforts to protect the environment & conserve
resources by detecting energy emission reductions, CO2 removal, helping develop greener transportation
networks, monitoring deforestation, & predicting extreme weather conditions. Artificial intelligence
provides means to tackle the most pressing environmental challenges such as climate change,
biodiversity & conservation, ocean health, water issues, healthy air, weather forecast & disaster
resiliency.

Several studies have demonstrated the negative impacts of environmental pollution on population
health; in general, few studies have examined the potential differential effects on the physical health of
middle-aged & older populations. It is widely recognized that non-communicable chronic diseases have
become more prevalent than infectious diseases in the world. Environmental pollution is associated with
a range of chronic conditions & represents a major public health burden.

Environmentally, problems of air pollution occurred in many of worldwide. Recent studies

demonstrated that environmental pollution significantly increased the number of chronic diseases as

Page 7
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
well as the risk of being sick, thereby highlighting the corrosive effect of pollution on physical health
status. This negative effect was stronger as pollution intensity grew. The growing prevalence of chronic
conditions over the last 20 years has become a serious health problem & the main cause of premature
mortality.

Pollution problems are severe in Worldwide. Presently, air pollution is a burning problem for every part
of the globe. More than 100 pollutants which pollute air have been identified. They may be in the form
of solids, liquids or gases. They differ significantly from place to place depending upon the complex of
contaminant source & atmospheric conditions. The air pollutants emitted from both natural as well as
anthropogenic sources. Air pollution has become a severe environmental stress to crop plants due to
increasing industrialization & urbanization during last few decades.

One way to reduce pollution is through green innovation which is defined as the implementation of new,
or significantly improved, products, processes, marketing methods, organizational structures &
institutional arrangements which, with or without intent, lead to environmental improvements compared
to relevant alternatives. It is one of the most important choices that firms make to deal with
environmental issues & build sustainable development.

Green investment refers to the investment necessary to reduce greenhouse gas & air pollutant emissions,
so green investment is also called environmental protection investment, ecological investment, etc.

In global, groundwater not only provides valuable freshwater resources but also supports agricultural
cultivation & industrial production activities, playing an increasingly important role in human life,
ecosystems, & sustainable development. However, many countries in the world are facing the pressure
of water resources & environmental problems, such as water shortage, water pollution, & frequent
occurrence of extreme hydrological events under the influence of climate change & anthropogenic
activities. Understanding the quality & associated hydrogeochemical evolution process of groundwater
are urgently required for managing & utilizing groundwater resources in the world.

Drainage of treated wastewater to surface water is a severe threat to the health of aquatic organisms. A
major human activity or natural event may cause changes to the surface attributes immediately or after
a period. Water is the source of life.

Facing the increasingly serious shortage of fresh water & pollution of the water, remote sensing-based
monitoring of water has received widespread attention. Urban rivers are closely related to the lives of
urban residents & remote sensing data has also been widely used to monitor changes in water quality of
urban river.

Environmental pollution from petroleum compounds has become a major problem, both biologically &
economically. Oil spills in aquatic ecosystems are among the worst catastrophic events that can affect
& compromise aquatic life. The contamination of aquatic ecosystems with oil may be caused by
accidental oil leakage from petroleum reservoirs & oil deposits, damage to pipelines, oil extraction
platforms, & discharge of effluents from refineries, etc. Crude oil is a toxic compound mixture with a
high potential for bioaccumulation in the body of aquatic organisms.

Plastics continue to have a critical & essential role in human society such as food packing, product
packages & building materials. Plastic waste spreading around our planet has become one of the biggest
concerns of this century. Massive production & use of plastic products bring convenience to people
while leading to the accumulation of plastic pollutants in the environment.

In total, 80% of plastic wastes can accumulate in landfills or be released into natural environments.
Every year, open oceans are dumped with an estimated 4.8 to 12.7 million tons of plastics due to

Page 8
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
improper waste management strategies. The recycling is much less than the generated plastic waste &
accounts for only 9% of the total plastic waste discarded. In the meantime, it has been recognized as a
global sustainability priority to study &mitigate pollution of plastics & the associated unknown impacts
from ultrafine plastic particles.

Microplastics particles, for instance, have been detected in the aquatic environment globally & have
raised scientific interests & environmental concerns. The larger plastics in turn are fragmented by
chemical reactions, UV radiations, wave action & biodegradation to form small plastic pieces, termed
microplastics. Microplastic pollution has gradually become a global problem & attracted much attention

from scientists. Plastic particles have invaded almost every ecosystem of the earth & their significance
can be marked by the fact that they are even seen in drinking water.

The pollution of soils & plants & their location in different climatic, physiographic & geochemical
conditions require not only constant monitoring of the soil condition, but also the development of
differentiated approaches to assess & prevent the risk of pollution. The development of technologies for
the rehabilitation of soil properties, including its fertility is also a challenge.

The problem of soil monitoring & rehabilitation is becoming increasingly topical due to population
expansion to abandoned mining areas & other industrial areas. It was especially important evaluate the
variation & spatial distribution of natural & man-made associations of macro & microelements as a key
to understanding the dynamics of sustainability of natural & anthropogenic substances and their spatial
structures formed in soils that we need to know to return to safe operation of polluted land.

The socio-environmental crisis & the complexity of urban problems highlight the importance of better
understanding the emergence & configuration of social innovation ecosystems & their impact on cities.
The globalization index is composed of economic, social, & political factors. Economic globalization is
generally the combination of financial factors as well as trade dimensions. Many empirical studies
investigated the effects of globalization on the ecological footprint.

In 2018, global energy utilization increased by 2.9% & this rate of increase was almost doubled
compared with the average rate of 1.5% per annum in the preceding 10 years. In addition, the overall
resource consumption has already surpassed the resource generating capacity of the earth causing an
ecological deficit that can have detrimental effects on global population.
Despite the economic development, most world nations could not develop their industrial sector to the
desired extent.

Therefore, the financial sector has an undeniable role in the structural transformation & energy transition
of these nations. This structural transformation helps in the reduction of environmental pressure since
the service sector produces less ecological damages.

The ecological footprint is a strategy advanced by the Global Footprint Network (2020) to quantify
human requirements on natural capital—the number of natural resources required for an individual or
an economy.
The Earth has undergone warming & cooling numerous times since its formation over billions of years
ago. These changes have emanated from several atmospheric & land use systems leading to natural
disasters which are the biggest global, regional & local challenges in recent years.

Climate adaptation & low-carbon investment in areas such as climate change, renewable energy, & clean
technology in green investment. Considering pollution control within environmental protection
investment is green investment in a narrow sense, while a broader definition of green investment should
consider multiple aspects of the environment, the economy, & society.

Page 9
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Climate change has a large impact on tourism activities in terms of the change of spatial & temporal
distribution of temperatures, the availability of beaches for recreation, & the quality of the coastal
environment. Climate change will have far-reaching effects on many aspects of human activity,
including agricultural & industrial productivity, real estate markets, human health, & even recreational
opportunities. Crafting efficient climate policy requires a comprehensive understanding of these many
consequences.

Today, climate change primarily takes the form of an increase in temperature which induces a global
rise in sea level. The low-lying coastal areas, including but not limited to coastal tourism, will be at risk
depending on the preparedness & the resilience of different societies. Coastal tourism is a climate-
dependent industry & is closely linked to natural resources such as climate, beaches & sea.

Global climate has undergone unprecedented changes due to several natural- & human induced factors.
Residents undertake temporal evacuations with financial assistance from local financial institutions.

Global warming has resulted in the formation of several large-scale climate events in the twenty-first
century. Sea level rise has resulted in the submersion of coastal lands. Notable among these is sea level
rise which is an adverse impact of global warming. This has eventually amplified submersion &
occasional flooding tide in low-lying coastal environments.

The coasts of sub-Saharan Africa & those along the Pacific particularly have not been spared from the
harsh effects of climate hazards. For instance, the WHO in 2002 estimated an annual death rate of about
150,000 caused by climate hazards in the sub-Saharan region every year. Concurrently, urbanization is
a sensitive indicator that has exacerbated climate hazards in cities due to poor planning & the changes
done to land cover. In growing coastal cities, sea level rise, inundation & submersion among other
climate hazards have claimed lives & destroyed properties worthy.

This phenomenon is again driven by human activities such as deforestation of mangroves & coconut
trees that play primary roles in carbon sequestration & serve as coastal defence systems. A consistency
ratio of 10% based on pairwise comparisons of risks along with associated impacts show the judgements
from respondents are pragmatic.

Crop productions are highly vulnerable to climatic changes associated with the increase in annual
temperature & changing patterns of rainfall. The increasing average annual temperature change has the
potential to distort the productivity growth of major agricultural crops & aggravate food security
conditions in world.

As biotechnology, phytoremediation uses the potential of plants to remove pollutants & contaminants
from the environment, which occurs through different processes. Most phytoremediation studies for
water purification focus on the use of aquatic macrophytes. These plants species have different levels of
contaminant tolerance & when used in combination in a decontamination system, they provide an
environmentally sustainable & economically viable technology.

Moreover, ornamental plants can be used to compose buffer strips mitigating contamination of rural
areas in the vicinity of contaminant sources & the resulted biomass used for bioenergy production.
However, more studies also need to assess the ornamental quality of plants produced in contaminated
environments as well as the accumulation of contaminants in the marketable organs of ornamental
plants, such as flowers & foliage, aiming to evaluate the feasibility & safety of their commercialization.
Ornamental plants can be used for Phytostabilization, promoting the beautification of contaminated
sites, tourism & environmental education.

Impacts of Eco-Innovation on the Environmental Safety are become modern technology to increase the
development & more biosphere security. The concept of eco-innovation has begun to be considered as

Page 10
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
a solution to preventing environmental damage, especially since the 1990s. Eco-innovation is expected
to reduce amounts of waste, air pollution, & material resource usage.

However, the effect of eco-innovation on environmental & financial performance has received limited
attention. While factors such as global agreements, market conditions, technologies & regulations have
important implications for the environment, eco-friendly investment can still be considered an additional
charge for companies. New technologies have significantly changed production concepts. It has been a
matter of curiosity to us how this situation will change financial & environmental performance.

The use of pesticides, insecticides, & fertilizers has become indispensable in agricultural production for
higher yield of crops to meet the growing demands for food on a global level. Out of the total
consumption of 6 million tons worldwide of these chemicals, only 1% reaches the target pest & the rest
ends up in different environmental segments posing a potential risk to non-target organisms.

There is growing recognition of the potential environmental & socio-economic benefits of applying a
circular approach to urban organic waste management through resource recovery. Decisions around
planning & implementing circular urban waste systems require estimates of the quantity of resources
available in waste streams & their potential market value. However, studies assessing circular economy

potential have so-far been conducted mostly in high-income countries, yet cities in low- & middle-
income countries have different challenges when developing a circular economy.

Global environmental investment, as an effective means of world investment, provides financial &
human support for globe’s green technology innovations that require a large amount of capital
investment. The proportion of global environmental investment reflects the importance that the global
attaches to green technology innovation. Environmental investment & the application of green
technologies is bound to influence global energy efficiency.

Subsequently, energy value & environmental concerns rise to imperil the sustainability of the
developing economy. Oppositely, renewable energy is shaped after topped off natural resources to
upgrade energy security & obliging the issues of environmental change & a worldwide temperature
alteration.

Renewable energy implies a fundamental component for achieving continuous economic advancement.
The energy significantly boosts the level of economic growth according to the energy-led growth
hypothesis & energy reduction policies effectively depressed the level of economic growth. This
relationship is also called unidirectional association between energy & growth; therefore, the energy
acts as the complement of the other inputs & imperative ingredient of the production process.

The VII.th International Annual Symposium-2023 will provide the newest innovate approaches &
methods to prevent the environment & secure the environmental elements (Air, Soil, Water,
Biodiversity, Food, Health, Wastes, etc.) based on research on life sciences, engineering, modern
biotechnology & also provide the platform for all experts from academia, industry & research laboratory
to discuss the latest hot research & achievements.

Based on the huge success of last events, I am strongly confident that the VII.th Symposium-2023 will
be a great success & meet our expectations. Moreover, the VII.th Symposium-2023 offers a valuable
platform to create new contacts in the field of Traditional & Alternative technologies, by providing
valuable networking time for you to meet great personnel in the field.

The above facts indicate that improving environmental quality can significantly reduce health risks &
increase social welfare. Based on the above, the bilateral relationship between these five factors

Page 11
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Environmental Health, Quality, Regulations, Safety, Security level should be considered in the future
of the scientific basic research all over the World.

The International Council of Environmental Engineering Education (ICEEE) & the Obuda
University, Rejto Sandor Faculty of Light Industry & Environmental Engineering (RKK) &
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Natural Sciences have the great pleasure & cordially
thank you to participate in the program of the VIIth. International Annual Symposium-2023 on
“Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy” ONLINE event during 4th and 5th of May
2023 at Obuda University RKK, Budapest - Hungary.

Publication of the abstracts & full papers are published in the ISBN Proceedings book with the code:
978-963-449-324-2.

For more information, please visit the following websites:

– https://www.iceee.hu
– https://www.kti.rkk.uni-obuda.hu

I sincerely look forward to meeting you & your colleagues in next event.

Yours Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
Chair, VIIth International Symposium-2023
Editor, Proceedings Book
Chair of Organizing Committee
Institute of Environmental Engineering &
Natural Sciences
Óbuda University
E-mail: [email protected]
WhatsApp/viber/messenger: +36-30-390-0813

Page 12
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
Editor and
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Natural
affiliation
Sciences
Óbuda University
International Council of Environmental Engineering
Organizations
Education (ICEEE)
Country of
Hungary
Origin
Publication Date 30th of September 2023
Proceedings Book of VIIth International Annual
Product Type
Symposium-2023
Proceedings Book
“Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy”
Title
ISBN 978-963-449-324-2
Number of Pages 351 pages
Language English
ICEEE, KTI, RKK, Óbuda University
Publisher
H-1034 Budapest, Doberdó Str. 6. Hungary
Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda
President of ICEEE
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Natural
Contact us Sciences
Óbuda University
E-mail: [email protected]
WhatsApp/viber/messenger: +36-30-390-0813

Page 13
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Dear Guests and Colleagues

Thank you very much for your attendance in the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023
which was in Budapest during May 4-5, 2023, online in Budapest at Obuda University,
Hungary.

The VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 is a meeting where researchers,

environmentalists, scientists, scholars and students, share their ideas, experiences,
advancements, and research results. There were a plenty of opportunities for organisations,
projects and consortia hold side events (meetings, seminars and workshops) on the Symposium
site to draw insights and encourage collaboration from many topics, disciplines, and
backgrounds, promoting research and education to build a fair global community and more
sustainable societies.
The purpose of the VIIth International Symposium-2023 was to deals with „Environmental
Safety and Biospheret”. Environmental Sustainability is projected to harm human health
through adverse changes in security of the lifestyle.
The VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 bring together plenary, keynote, invited
speakers and international researchers from academia, authorities and industry, to communicate
and share a wide range of highlighting potential issues and paths towards the environmental
health and the sustainable due to climate change at present and future. The themes reflect an
integrated approach to identifying solutions to the complex global challenge of environmental
quality.

The main goals of the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 were to promote research
and developmental activities in Environmental Protection and different fields of Natural
Science; and to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers,
engineers, students, and practitioners working in and around the world.

Here, the organizing committee of the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 identify
opportunities for thanks the international participants from civil society, global partners, and
researchers who contribute to a high quality of global effort towards environmental health
systems.

We, the editor, would like to thank the members of the organizing, scientific, and administrative
committees and all the supporting staff for giving this opportunity. We would also like to extend
our sincere thanks to all the contributors and reviewers who have made this Proceedings Book

Page 14
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
possible. We hope that the papers in this Proceedings Book will inspire further research and
innovation in this important field.

Sincerely,

At the end, the organizing committee of the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 wish
all the best for all the participants and thank their attendance.

Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
Chair, VIIth International Symposium-2023
Editor, Proceedings Book
Chair of Organizing Committee

Page 15
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPRESSUM
For the Program, Abstracts and the Proceedings Book of the papers of the VIIth International
Annual Symposium-2023
– The official language was English.
– The Program, Abstracts and Full papers of the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023
is provided to all registered participants in online (electronic) form.
– All the received papers were reviewed by two of the members of the International Committee
of the Symposium.
– All reviewed papers for the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023 are published in the
Conference Proceedings Book with the ISBN 978-963-449-324-2. in CD-ROM format
and online (electronic) on the website of ICEEE: www.iceee.hu
– The selected high-quality manuscripts will be also published in the online journal.
– The scientific information and quality of the manuscript is due to the corresponding author of
the paper.
– Individual authors at their manuscripts shell be responsible for any possible errors
– The Publisher of the Program, Abstracts and the Proceedings Book of the VIIth International
Annual Symposium-2023, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences,
Rejto Sandor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Obuda
University, Budapest, Hungary.
– Publication year of the Proceedings is 2023.
– Important Website: www.iceee.hu

Attention:
The VII.th Symposium-2023 will be held through Microsoft Teams.
To join the Symposium:
o There is a short guide with useful information about how to use the Microsoft
Teams during the Symposium
o The participants will have the link of the Symposium
o The time of the Symposium is related to the Hungarian time.
Please check the time with your time at home

Time of Oral Presentations Online (Microsoft Teams)

Presentation Type: Total Allotted Time:
• Plenary speaker 25 min
• Keynote speaker 20 min
• Featured speaker 10 min
• Poster 5 min

Page 16
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Please note that:
The time is very limited
The official language of all the presentations including oral or poster speaker is English

For Full paper:

The deadline to send the full paper is the end of June (30th of June 2023) in word document
form.

30th of September 2023.

Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE, Symposium Chairman
Obuda University
Budapest-Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]
Mobile: +36(30)390-0813

Page 17
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 18
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Statistical Analysis of the
VIIth International Symposium-2023
The International Council of Environmental Engineering Education (ICEEE) had the pleasure
to announce about the VIIth International Symposium-2023 Online (Microsoft Teams)
Topic: Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy
Date: May 4th – 5th, 2023
Total given scientific abstracts covering the following technical sessions were 78 classified as
following:
Plenary Lectures: 7
Keynote Lectures: 3
Technical Sessions: 38 Lectures
− Agriculture and Soil Improvement, Food Security and Green Growth
− Water Security: Treatment and Management
− Air Quality, Climatic Changes, Energy Production and Industrial Pollution
− Environmental Risk and Human Health
− Resources and Wastes Management and Recycling
− Social-Ecological Systems Research for Monitoring Sustainable Development
POSTER SESSION: 30 Posters

Before closing the Symposium-2023, a workshop was carried out to discuss the topic: The
Future of our Biosphere.
The participants in this Symposium came from 26 counties covering as examples of Africa,
Asia, Europe

The full articles of the given abstracts well be published in the form of ISBN Proceedings
Book.

Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
Chair, VIIth International Symposium-2023
Institute of Environmental Engineering &
Natural Sciences
Óbuda University
E-mail: [email protected]
WhatsApp/viber/messenger: +36-30-390-0813

Page 19
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 VIIth International Symposium-2023

Organization & Committees

Principal Organisers:

➢ International Council of Environmental Engineering

Education (ICEEE)
➢ Institute of Environmental Engineering & Natural
Sciences (KTI)
➢ Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry & Environmental
Engineering (RKK)
➢ Obuda University (OU)

Page 20
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Presidency of the Symposium-2023

VIIth International Symposium on

Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy
with the following keywords:

Air, Biosphere, Environment, Food, Health, IT, Pollution, Quality,

Safety, Security, Soil, Waste, Water,

is carrying out under the auspices of:

Prof. Dr. Levente KOVÁCS

Rector
Obuda University

Presidency of the Conference:

Dr. László KOLTAI

Dean
Rejto Sandor Faculty of Light Industry & Environmental Engineering

Dr. Rita BODÁNÉ-KENDROVICS

Director, Institute of Environmental Engineering & Natural Sciences

Prof. Dr. Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

President, International Council of Environmental Engineering Education
(ICEEE)
th
Chair, VII International Annual Symposium-2023

Page 21
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Organising Committee
- Prof. Dr. Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Rita BODÁNÉ-KENDROVICS (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Ágnes BÁLINT (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Krisztina DEMÉNY (Óbuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Lóránt SZABÓ (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Csaba ÁGOSTON (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Mr. András SZEDER (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Ms. Zsuzsa TAMÁSSY (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Ms. Júlia KASZÁS (Obuda University, Hungary)

International Scientific Committee

- Prof. Dr. Sadhan Kumar GHOSH (Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India)
- Prof. Dr.h.c. Miroslav BADIDA (Technical University of Košice,
Slovakia)
- Prof. Dr. András MOLNÁR (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Prof. Dr. Nedjima BOUZIDI (University of Bejaia, Algeria)
- Prof. Dr. István PATKÓ (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Prof. Dr. Borbála BIRÓ (Hungarian University of Agriculture & Life
Sciences, Hungary)
- Prof. Dr Bogdana VUJIĆ (University of Novi Sad, Serbia)
- Prof. Dr. Mihály RÉGER (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Prof. Dr. Vasyl LENDYEL (Uzhgorod National University, Ukraine)
- Prof. Dr. József STEIER (Sunwo Plc, Energy Expert, Hungary)
- Prof. Dr. Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Prof. Dr. Maria WACLAWEK (University Opole, Poland)
- Prof. Dr. Ahmed M. MUFTAH (University of Benghazi, Libya)
- Prof. Dr. Lyudmila SYMOCHKO (Uzhgorod National University,
Ukraine)
- Prof. Dr. Léocadie ODOULAMI (University of Abomey-Calavi, Republic
of Benin)
- Prof. Dr. Faissal AZIZ (Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco)

Page 22
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
- Dr. Nabil KHELIFI (Springer Nature, Germany)
- Dr. Enkhtuya OCHIRBAT (Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Mongolia)
- Dr. Abdelwahab TAHSIN (Cairo University, Egypt)
- Dr. Lýdia SOBOTOVÁ (Technical University of Košice, Slovakia)
- Dr. Ágnes BÁLINT (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Csaba CENTERI (Hungarian University of Agriculture & Life
Sciences, Hungary)
- Dr. Ruslan MARIYCHUK (Presov University, Slovakia)
- Dr. Edmond HOXHA (Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania)
- Dr. Zoltán NAÁR (Tokaj-Hegyalja University, Hungary)
- Dr. Edit CSANÁK (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Tünde TAKÁCS (HAS, Institute for Soil Sciences & Agricultural
Chemistry, Hungary)
- Dr. Tibor SZILI-KOVÁCS (HAS, Institute for Soil Sciences &
Agricultural Chemistry, Hungary)
- Dr. Rita BODÁNÉ-KENDROVICS (Obuda University, Hungary)
- Dr. Krisztina DEMÉNY (Obuda University, Hungary)

Page 23
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 VIIth International Annual
Symposium-2023
Principal Publishing Partners:
➢ Tájökológiai Lapok: Hungarian Journal of Landscape
Ecology (SCOPUS)

➢ Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental

Integration (https://www.springer.com/journal/41207)

➢ ISBN Proceedings book (978-963-449-324-2)

Page 24
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SYMPOSIUM’S HIGHLIGHT TOPICS
Form the above-mentioned reasons, the special VIIth. International Annual Symposium-2023 on
Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on
changes in environmental quality affecting ecosystem & human health adopting global perspective
concepts of climate change, modelling, & ecosystem services. For this purpose, valuable studies were
gathered for the special Symposium-2023. Most of the selected papers will be focused on the quality of
environmental elements (air, landscape, soil, water, food, health & waste) as well as treatment & systems
of management.

The VII.th Symposium-2023 provides leading forum for the presentation (plenary, keynote, oral &
poster) of new advances & research results in the fields of on Environmental Health and Biosecurity
Strategy. Accordingly, Topics of interest for paper submission include, but are not limited to:

Session (A): Agriculture and Soil Improvement, Food Security and Green Growth
Session (B): Water Security: Treatment and Management
Session (C): Air Quality, Climatic Changes, Energy Production and Industrial Pollution
Session (D): Environmental Risk and Human Health
Session (E): Resources and Wastes Management and Recycling
Session (F): Social-Ecological Systems Research for Monitoring Sustainable Development:

Page 25
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 AWARDS of the BEST PRESENTATION, POSTER &
MUNSCRIPTS
This award recognizes individuals from poster presenters who have display their outstanding
research & findings for an innovative future. Recipients of the award are the Best Poster
Presenter of the VIIth International Annual Symposium-2023.

Criteria:
o All presented abstracts will automatically be considered for the Award.
o All the presentation will be evaluated in the conference venue
o All the awards will be selected by the judges of the award category
o The winners will be formally announced during the closing ceremony.
o The winners will receive award certificate.
o The awards will be assessed as far as plan & format, intelligence, argumentation
& approach, familiarity with work, engaging quality, message & primary
concerns, parity of content visuals & by & large impression.

VIIth International Symposium-2023 Excellence Awards for best papers & presentation was
instituted sine the year 2010 & have been given to the researchers for significant papers, to
municipalities, temples, industries for their significant achievement in environmental health,
quality, safety, etc. as well as the protection of the environment from pollution. The awards of
the VIIth International Symposium-2023 were given to the most outstanding researchers of the
symposium under below three categories.

SELECTION PROCESS
1. CRITERIA FOR THE SESSION’S BEST ORAl PRESENTATION AWARD
Each & every presentation was evaluated by two evaluators & the average mark of both
evaluators was taken as the final mark. The best presentation from sessions was selected based
on the final mark received from the evaluators & the final decision was given by the
Symposium’s Chair. Below criteria were taken into consideration for this award & marks are
given out of 100.
1. Value of the Content (30%)
2. Clarity of Presentation (20%)
3. Appropriate Audio-Visual Aids (20%)
4. Ability to Connect with the Audience (10%)
5. Proper Timing (20%)

Page 26
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
2. CRITERIA FOR THE BEST POSTER PRESENTATION AWARD
Every poster presentation is evaluated by a special evaluator based on below criteria & the
presentation with the highest mark was selected as the best poster presentation award. The final
mark is given out of 100.
1. Depth of Content (40%)
2. Introduction & Abstract (15%)
3. Content knowledge & organization (20%)
4. Poster Design & Overall Visual Appeal (10%)
5. Verbal Interaction (15%)

3. CRITERIA FOR THE OVERALL BEST PRESENTATION AWARD & BEST

STUDENT PRESENTATION AWARD
Presentations of each technical session with the highest marks were recommended for these two
awards. They were evaluated by a special committee headed by the Symposium’s Chair
according to the below criteria.
1. Total Marks gained in the presentation (100%)
2. Significance of the paper to the field (30%)
3. Theoretical contribution (15%)
4. The ability of practical implementation (20%)
5. Use of appropriate methodological rigor (20%)
6. Originality (15%)

The organizing committee is waiting for your join the atmosphere of the VIIth. International
Annual Symposium-2023 in Budapest & contribute to these exciting debates on the Biosphere
& Environmental Safety to shape the future of our biotic & abiotic factors in our planet!

Based on the huge success of last events, I am strongly confident that the VII.th Symposium-
2023 will be a great success & meet our expectations. Moreover, the VII.th Symposium-2023
offers a valuable platform to create new contacts in the field of Traditional & Alternative
technologies, by providing valuable networking time for you to meet great personnel in the
field.

In case you might have any queries or requirements please do not hesitate to contact me by
replying to this e-mail.

Page 27
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
I sincerely look forward to meeting you & your colleagues in this event.

Yours Sincerely,

Best regards,

Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
Chair, VIIth International Symposium-2023
Editor, Proceedings Book
Chair of Organizing Committee

Page 28
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 AWARDS CEREMONY
List of the Best presentations in VIIth International Annual Symposium-
2023
Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy

Congratulations to all our participants and the

Awards winners in VIIth International Annual Symposium-
2023

PROFESSIONAL RESEARCHERS

1. Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Malika BARKAT, Meriem BENAMARA, Nouha

BOULMAIZE, Raouya MERAGHNI

Physico-Chemical and microbiological characterization of 4 olive pomace

2. Ágnes BÁLINT, Zoltán ANGYAL, Xuechu WANG, Csaba MÉSZÁROS

Analysis of inorganic nitrogen forms and heavy metal concentrations in the Rákos
stream near the wastewater treatment plant in Pécel

3. Iryna GUMENIUK, Olena DEMYANYUK, Alla LEVISHKO, Viktoriya

TSVIGUN, Yeuheniia TKACH

Development of a system of biological indicators for assessing the ecological and

functional soil conditions

4. Sumera ZAIB

Discovery of hydrazone scaffold as potent and selective multi-target-directed

ligands for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: in vitro and in silico
screening

Page 29
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
5. Emőke IMRE, Miklós Juhász, Diego, Lachlan BATES, Stephen FITYUS

Soil profiling from short dissipation CPT data

6. Malika BARKAT, Rym Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Souad CHERRAK, Meriem

BENAMARA

Evaluation of compounds extracted from olive pomace generated by the traditional

process with a view to their valorization

7. Joghi Sivakumar Thatha GOWDER

Environmental chemicals and human risk assessment. a critical overview

8. Ana VUKMIROVIĆ, Boris OBROVSKI, Ivana MIHAJLOVIĆ

Evaluation of water quality assurance parameters to study WWTP performance

Page 30
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 YOUNG RESEARCHERS
1. Monia ENNOURI

Opuntia flowers: A promising medicine and food resources

2. Anirban BHOWMIK, Subhabrata PANDA

Impact of agricultural land use practices and monsoon at micro-watershed level on

soil properties including earthworm population and crop production in red and
laterite agroclimatic zone under moist sub-humid region of West Bengal state in
India

3. Sagrario CORRALES MARTINEZ, Tibor SZILI-KOVÁCS, Hosam E.A.F.

BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Comparison of soil biological activities between grassland and arable soil

4. Sunaeda ALJGAMI, Rami WATFA, Tharwat IBRAHIM

Effect of interaction between internal Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and soil

media on some characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana sugar plant, and the
chlorophyll content of its leaves

5. Sihem HEDJAL, Abdelwaheb BENAMARA

Water suitability for irrigation in the Guerbes-Sanhadja wetlands complex

6. Dóra KŐHALMI1, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA1, Tünde TAKÁCS2

Investigation of relationship between soil glomalin-content and land use

7. Kenza IRINISLIMANE

Storage of highly flammable and toxic products

Page 31
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PhD STUDENTS RESEARCHERS

1. Hanane MEROUCHI, Abdelkader BOUDERBALA, Hamida TAIBI

Groundwater recharge estimation using an empirical relationship between soil

permeability and surface electrical resistivity method in the upper cheliff’s alluvial
aquifer Algeria

2. Yara EzAl Deen SULTAN, Kanni Raj Arumugam PILLA

On climatic change: Causes, impacts on wildfires and human health

3. Mythili MADHUSUDHAN, N.K. AMBUJAM

Hydromentality of the region of Chennai, India: social-ecological insights from an

IWRM perspective

4. Lara Rúbia BORGES SILVA, Levente KARDOS

Management methods and challenges for distillery spent wash composting: a

comprehensive review

5. Csenge NAGY-MEZEI, Anikó BEZSENY, Imre GYARMATI2, Levente

KARDOS

Removability of medicines and medicine derivatives from wastewater

6. Elhem BOUCHIBA, Ali ELLAFI, Sonia BEN YOUNES, Mohamed Ali BORGI

Isolation and preliminary identification of extremophile bacterial isolate from

effluents of phosphate fertilizers industry in Southern Tunisian

Page 32
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 7. Attila FŰRÉSZ, Szilárd SZENTES, Zsombor WAGENHOFFER, László SIPOS,
Levente VISZLÓ, Ildikó TURCSÁNYI-JÁRDI, Eszter SALÁTA-FALUSI, Péter
PENKSZA, Márta BAJNOK, Gabriella FINTHA, Károly PENKSZA

Grazing by domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) as a habitat management

and control option against the invasive Solidago gigantea

8. Hamida TAIBI1, Abdelkader BOUDERBALA2

Valorization of irrigation in arid and semi-arid climate areas: case study of upper
Cheliff Plain, Algeria

9. Khalid AZIZ, Mounir EL ACHABY, Rachid MAMOUNI, Nabil SAFFAJ,

Faissal AZIZ

A New micro-composite-based copper-doped Mollusca shells@Alginate beads for

highly pesticide sorption from wastewater

Budapest, 9th of May 2023.

Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
Chair, VIth International Symposium-2023
Institute of Environmental Engineering &
Natural Sciences
Óbuda University
E-mail: [email protected]
WhatsApp/viber/messenger: +36-30-390-0813

The certificates will be sent to all the awardees in e-mail by 30th of September 2023. In case
of non-receipt of the certificate, please write to us with your contact details to:
[email protected]
Page 33
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 34
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Online
Scientific Program of the
VIIth International Annual
Symposium-2023

Environmental Health and

Biosecurity Strategy
May 4th – 5th, 2023
Obuda University
Budapest - Hungary

Page 35
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 4th of May 2023 (Thursday)

09:00 a.m. – 09:30 a.m. Opening Ceremony

Prof. Dr. Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA
President, International Council of Environmental
Engineering Education (ICEEE)
Symposium Chair

Dr. Rita BODÁNÉ-KENDROVICS

Director, Institute of Environmental Engineering &
Natural Sciences

Dr. Csanák Edit

Vice-Dean, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry &
Environmental Engineering

Prof. Dr. László Gulácsi

Vice-Rector, Óbuda University

Honour guest of the Symposium:

− Prof. Dr. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
− Prof. Dr. Ahmed KETTAB
− Prof. Dr. Gamal Abdalla ELBADRI
− Prof. Dr. Barkat MALIKA
− Prof. Dr. Larbi DJABRI
− Prof. Dr. Borbála Biró
− Prof. Dr. Bhanu Singh PANWAR

Page 36
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
09:30 – 11:35 Plenary Session

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

PL1 09:30 – 09:55

Sadhan Kumar GHOSH1,2
1
Director General, Sustainable Development and Circular Economy Research Centre,
2
International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW), India
Decarbonisation of the industrial processes

PL2 09:55 – 10:20

Gamal Abdalla ELBADRI 1,2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata India, 2School
of Energy Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India,
2
International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water
Control of root-knot nematodes using plant extracts

PL3 10:20 – 10:45

Ahmed KETTAB
National Polytechnic School of Algiers
Water resources, climate change and water stress in the world:
realities, issues, conflicts; strategies; policies challenges and
prospects

PL4 10:45 – 11:10

Larbi DJABRI1, Saad BOUHSINA2, Cheseddine FEHDI3, Linda ACHOU4
1
Laboratoire Ressource en Eau et Développement Durable, Université Badji Mokhtar,
Annaba, Algérie. 2Vice Président Délégué, directeur du pole universitaire de
Dunkerque. 220 Avenue de l’université. Bp 5526 Dunkerque. Cedex01. France.
3
Laboratoire Eau & Environnement. Université de Tébessa, Algérie4Université
Houari Boumediene-Alger. Algérie
Participatory management: a guarantee of water saving in a
context of acute climate change

Page 37
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
PL5 11:10 – 11:35
Ágnes BÁLINT1, Zoltán ANGYAL2, Xuechu WANG2, Csaba MÉSZÁROS2
1
Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary,
Analysis of inorganic nitrogen forms and heavy metal
concentrations in the Rákos stream near the wastewater treatment
plant in Pécel

11:35– 11:45 Break

Page 38
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
11:45 – 12:45 Technical Session A1

AGRICULTURE AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT, FOOD SECURITY AND

GREEN GROWTH

Chair of the Session: Ágnes BÁLINT

Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Maya KECHID, Abdelhamid DJEKOUN

GBBV, freres MENTOURI University Constantine 1, 25000 Ain El Bey, Constantine,
Algeria
Bacteria associated with lentil for a less fertilizer-dependent crop

Souha CHOKRI1,2, Ali ELLAFI1,3, Ahmed Slaheddine MASMOUDI2, Sonia

BEN YOUNES1,4
¹Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences - University campus of Ahmed
Zarroug, 2112, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
²Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Biogéoressources à l’Institut Supérieur de
Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet (ISBST) LR11ES31, Sidi Thabet-Tunisie.
3
Laboratory of Analysis, treatment and valorisation of environment pollutants and products,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia.
4
Unit Research n°17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 rue Jebbel Lakhdar, University
of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
Evaluation of the anti-oxidant activity of three polysaccharides
extracted from Tunisian plants

Hamida TAIBI1, Abdelkader BOUDERBALA2

1
Water, Rock and Plant research laboratory. University of Djilali Bounaama, Khemis
Miliana, Algeria.
Valorization of irrigation in arid and semi-arid climate areas: case
study of upper Cheliff Plain, Algeria

Monia ENNOURI
Olive tree institute Sfax, University of Sfax, TUNISIA
Opuntia flowers: A promising medicine and food resources

Page 39
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Maya KECHID1,2, Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL1,2, Nassira RIAH1, Kaouthar
RAMMECHE2, Issra Karawan BECHOUA2, Zakaria Larbi
BENLABIOD1, Charaf Eddine BELHADEF1, Abdelhamid DJEKOUN1
1
GBBV laboratory, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Algeria
2
BIOQUAL laboratory, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1 Algeria
Effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains inoculation on Durum
wheat growth

Iryna GUMENIUK, Olena DEMYANYUK, Alla LEVISHKO, Viktoriya

TSVIGUN, Yeuheniia TKACH
Department of Agroecology and Biosafety, Institute of Agroecology and
Environmental Management of NAAS, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Development of a system of biological indicators for assessing the
ecological and functional soil conditions

12:45 – 13:00 Lunch time

Page 40
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
13:00 – 14:00 Technical Session A2
AGRICULTURE AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT, FOOD SECURITY AND
GREEN GROWTH

Chair of the Session: Csaba ÁGOSTON

Loucif CHEMACHE1, Farida KEHAL1, Olivier LECOQ2, Hacène

NAMOUNE1, Driss OULAHNA2
1
Laboratoire de Nutrition et Technologie Alimentaire (LNTA), Institut de la Nutrition, de
l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Université des Frères
Mentouri Constantine 1, 25000, Constantine, Algérie.
2
Centre Rapsodee, IMT Mines-Albi. Campus Jarlard, 81000 Albi, France.
Impact of hydration water salinity and incorporation of soft wheat
flour on the wet agglomeration properties of durum wheat
semolina for couscous production

Tadesse Endale TEFERRA

Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
Investigating effect of eggshell ash and crushed stone powder on
geotechnical properties of expansive soil: In case of Dukem town,
Ethiopia

Anirban BHOWMIK1, Subhabrata PANDA1,2

1
Department of Soil and Water Conservation, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India,
2
AICRP on Agroforestry, Regional Research Station (Red & Laterite Zone), BCKV,
Jhargram, West Bengal, India,
Impact of agricultural land use practices and monsoon at micro-
watershed level on soil properties including earthworm population
and crop production in red and laterite agroclimatic zone under
moist sub-humid region of West Bengal state in India

Page 41
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Sagrario CORRALES MARTINEZ1, Tibor SZILI-KOVÁCS2, Hosam
E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA1
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
2
Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
Comparison of soil biological activities between grassland and
arable soil

Ágnes BÁLINT1, Duan ZHENGQI1, Xuechu WANG2

1
Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary,
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
Nitrate content in fruits and vegetables

Éva Rakó GUZMICSNÉ, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Effect of environmental contamination with pesticides on plant
growth

Page 42
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
11:45 – 12:45 Technical Session B1
WATER SECURITY: TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Hanane MEROUCHI, Abdelkader BOUDERBALA, Hamida TAIBI

Plant chemistry – water- energy research laboratory. Hydraulics Department, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Hassiba Ben Bouaali University, Chlef, Algeria.
Groundwater recharge estimation using an empirical relationship
between soil permeability and surface electrical resistivity method
in the upper cheliff’s alluvial aquifer Algeria

Salah DIF 1,2, Yamina ELMEDDAHI1,2, Salim HEDDAM3

1
Department of Hydraulic, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, University of Hassiba
Benbouali, Chlef, Algeria
2
Vegetal Chemistry -Water-Energy Laboratory (LCV2E), Chlef, Algeria
3
Faculty of Science, Agronomy Department, Hydraulics Division, University 20 Août 1955,
Skikda, Algeria
Monthly streamflow prediction using hybrid extreme learning
machine optimized by bat algorithm: case study of Tiguiguest
Basin, Northern Algeria

Mehr ANGAIZ
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Increasing the efficiency of wastewater treatment operations. The
effect of salinity on the use of polymers
Ana VUKMIROVIĆ, Boris OBROVSKI, Ivana MIHAJLOVIĆ
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000
Novi Sad, Serbia,
Evaluation of water quality assurance parameters to study
WWTP performance

Page 43
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Osamah J. AL-SAREJIa,b, Mónika MEICZINGERa, Viola SOMOGYIa,
Ruqayah Ali GRMASHAb,c, Khalid S. HASHIMd,e
a
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia,
Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary
b
Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq
c
University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group
of Limnology, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
d
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
e
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon,
Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq
The synergistic effect of granular activated carbon in the removal
of pollutants: adsorption and degradation study comparison

12:45 – 13:00 Lunch time

Page 44
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
15:00 – 16:00 Session (C)
AIR QUALITY, CLIMATIC CHANGES, ENERGY PRODUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Yara EzAl Deen SULTAN1, Kanni Raj Arumugam PILLA2

1
Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Humanities, Vel Tech
Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai-600062, Tamil
Nadu, India
2
Professor, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Humanities, Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
On climatic change: Causes, impacts on wildfires and human
health
Brahim LOUATI1,2
1
Faculty of Light Industry & Environmental Engineering (RKK), Institute of Environmental
Engineering & Natural Sciences – Óbuda University. Budapest – Hungary
2
Water Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Badji
Mokhtar University Badji Mokhtar BP 12 Annaba –Algeria
Impact of effluents olive oil on the surface waters of middle
Seybouse
Yanina ROMERO1, Janette BESSEMBINDER2, Nick van DE GIESEN3,
Frans van DE VEN3
1
Beuningen, The Netherlands,
2
Climate Services, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The
Netherlands
3
Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
A relation between extreme daily precipitation and extreme short-
term precipitation

Page 45
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Sara ALKHALDI1, Katalin A. FŐGLEIN2, Krisztina DEMÉNY1
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
2K
TI Institute for Transport Sciences Nonprofit Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
Environmental assessment of electrical vehicles

Page 46
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
14:00 – 15:00 Technical Session (D)
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND HUMAN HEALTH:

Chair of the Session: Sándor J. ZSARNÓCZAI

Asmaa RHAZOUANI1,2,3, Halima GAMRANI,3, Faissal AZIZ1,2

1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Change, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 2390,
40000 Marrakech, Morocco
2
National Centre for Studies and Research on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, B. P 511, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Clinical, Experimental and Environmental Neurosciences, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco
Toxicity of graphene oxide nanoparticles in male mice via
intraperitoneal injection: a biochemical and histopathological
study

Sumera ZAIB
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
Discovery of hydrazone scaffold as potent and selective multi-
target-directed ligands for the treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders: in vitro and in silico screening

Joghi Sivakumar Thatha GOWDER

King Faisal University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahsa, KSA.
Environmental chemicals and human risk assessment. a critical
overview

Fouzia HIZIR1, Abderrezak KRIKA2

1
Geological Engineering Laboratory (LGG), University ofMohamed SeddikBenyahia, Jijel,
Algeria
2
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University of Mohamed
SeddikBenyahia, Jijel, Algeria
Influence of anthropic activities on the degradation of the quality
of surface waters: case of the RHUMEL Wadi (NORTHEAST
ALGERIA)

Page 47
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Fouzia HIZIR1, Abderrezak KRIKA2
1
Geological Engineering Laboratory (LGG), University ofMohamed SeddikBenyahia, Jijel,
Algeria
2
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University of Mohamed
SeddikBenyahia, Jijel, Algeria
Study of the metallic contamination of the surface sediments of
the Oued Rhumel (NORTHEAST ALGERIA)

Page 48
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
15:00 – 16:30 Technical Sessions

SESSION (E):
RESOURCES AND WASTES MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING
SESSION (F):
SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR MONITORING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Sándor J. ZSARNÓCZAI1,2, Csaba LENTNER2

1
University of Public Service, Budapest, Faculty of Governmental and International Studies,
Kálmán Széll Public Finance Pub, Ludovika tér 2., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Doberdó u. 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary,
2
University of Public Service, Budapest, Faculty of Governmental and International Studies,
Kálmán Széll Public Finance Pub, Ludovika tér 2., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
Main economic features of France between 2019 And 2023

Ali Dawood SALMAN1,2

1
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Refning Engineering, College of Oil and Gas
Engineering, Basra University for Oil and Gas, Basra, Iraq
Recover scandium element from Hungarian bauxite residue:
treasure from the waste

Mythili MADHUSUDHAN1, N.K. AMBUJAM2

1
School of Architecture, Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai, India,
2
Retd., Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, India,
Hydromentality of the region of Chennai, India: social-ecological
insights from an IWRM perspective

Kenza IRINISLIMANE
Mechanical engineering department, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
The migration of pollutants into the soil

Page 49
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Lara Rúbia BORGES SILVA, Levente KARDOS
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences,
Department of Agro-environmental Studies, Budapest, Hungary
Management methods and challenges for distillery spent wash
composting: a comprehensive review

Ruqayah Ali GRMASHA1,2, Csilla STENGER-KOVÁCS1,3, Osamah J. AL-

SAREJI2,4, Raed A. AL-JUBOORI5,6, Mónika MEICZINGER4, Marwan H.
ABDULAMEER7, Zaid AL-GAZALI8, Khalid S. HASHIM9,10
1
University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research
Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprém, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary
2
Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq
3
ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, H-8200 Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10. Hungary
4
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia,
Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary
5
NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, P.O.
Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
6
Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment,
Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
7
College of Environmental Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq
8
Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital, Ministry of health, Al-Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
9
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
10
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon,
Al-Hillah, Iraq
The level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the main
water bodies in Iraq: An update status

Csenge NAGY-MEZEI1;2, Anikó BEZSENYI2, Imre GYARMATI2, Levente

KARDOS1
1
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
2
Budapest Sewage Works Pte Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
Removability of medicines and medicine derivatives from
wastewater

Page 50
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Afef SAII1,2, Ali ELLAFI1,3, Younes MOUSSAOUI4, Mohamed Ali
BORGI1,2, Sonia BEN YOUNES1,5
¹Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences - University campus of Ahmed
Zarroug, 2112, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
²Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems
(LBBEEO), Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia.
3
Laboratory of Analysis, treatment and valorisation of environment pollutants and products,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia.
4
Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
5
Unit Research n°17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 rue Jebbel Lakhdar, University
of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
Contamination evaluation and environmental risks of trace metals
from phosphate wastewater in Gafsa Metlaoui ore

Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Relationship between soil respiration and application of
fungicides in agricultural land

Page 51
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 POSTER SESSION (A, B, C, D, E & F)
16:30 – 180:30

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Viktor GRÓNÁS, Márk PÁLFI, Csaba CENTERI1, Zsolt BIRÓ

Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
Comparison of pedological characteristics of two solar parks for
planning biodiversity management

Abdousalam A. ALGAIDI, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA2, Ibrahim

Issa ABDELMOULA3
1
Sabha University, Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, Sabha, Libya,
2
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
3
Sirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Sirt, Libya,
Effect of Heavy Metals and Temperature on Nitric Oxide and
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cultivated Soil

Emőke IMRE1,2, Péter FELKER1, Tamás WEIDINGER6, Martin

MAYER3, Tibor PÁLINKÁS1, Gábor MILE4, Bálint SINKOVICS5, Lily
TANUI7, Ulsbold AYURZANA7, Delphin. KABEY2, Ágnes BÁLINT2,
László ARADI9, Zoltán KAPROS10
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
4
FKF Zrt., Budapest, Hungary 5Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
6
Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
7
Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University, 8Rejtő
Sándor Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
9
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Hungary 10Ministry
of Construction and Transport, Hungary
Solar irradiance measurement in a landfill site

Page 52
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Emőke IMRE1,2, László TÓTH2, Péter FELKER1, Ákos NEMCSICS2,5, A.
ÜRMÖS2,5, Tamás WEIDINGER6, Martin MAYER3, Tibor PÁLINKÁS1,
Gábor MILE4, Lily TANUI7, Ulsbold AYURZANA7, Delphin KABEY2,
Ágnes BÁLINT2, Zoltán KAPROS10
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
4
FKF Zrt., Budapest, Hungary
5
Kandó Kálmán Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
6
Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
7
Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University 8Rejtő
Sándor Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
9
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Hungary 10Ministry
of Construction and Transport, Hungary
Wind velocity measurement in a landfill site

Emőke IMRE1,2, Miklós Juhász56, Diego3, Lachlan BATES4, Stephen

FITYUS2
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
5
Studio Prof. Marchetti Italy
3
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
4
Debrecen University, Hungary
Soil profiling from short dissipation CPT data

Emőke IMRE1,2, Tibor FIRGI2,3, Delphin KABEY2,4, Ágnes BÁLINT2,5,

László RADI9, Daniel ARRETO7
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Ybl Miklós Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
4
Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University 5Rejtő
Sándor Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
6
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Hungary
7
Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom
A parameter identification in relation to the water retention curve
and the grading curve of sands

Page 53
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Farida KEHAL1,2, Loucif CHEMACHE2, Esra CAPANOGLU3, Malika
BARKAT1
1
Laboratoire de recherche Biotechnologie et Qualité des Aliments (BIOQUAL), Institut de la
Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Université
Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain-El-Bey 25000, Constantine, Algérie
2
Laboratoire de Nutrition et Technologie Alimentaire (LNTA), Institut de la Nutrition, de
l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères Mentouri
Constantine 1, Route de Ain-El-Bey 25000, Constantine, Algérie. . 3Department of Food
Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
Effect of solar drying on phenolic profile and antioxidant activity
of figs (Ficus carica) azanjar variety

Tünde TAKÁCS, Péter JUHÁSZ, Sándor PABAR, Katica KOCSIS, Anna

FÜZY
Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
Impact of soil tillage and fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi produced glomalin

Sihem Hedjal1, Abdelwaheb Benamara2

1
MAB, Department of Geological Sciences. Mentouri Brothers University. Constantine1,
2
Water Science Research Laboratory National Polytechnic School of Algiers
Water suitability for irrigation in the Guerbes-Sanhadja wetlands
complex
Dóra KŐHALMI1, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA1, Tünde
TAKÁCS2
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
2
Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
Investigation of relationship between soil glomalin-content and
land use

Page 54
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Lida Alikhani
University of Tabriz, Iran
Modelling technical efficiency and production risk
(case study: cold water fish farms in the Kurdistan of Iran)

Abdelali EL MAALLEM1, Sara El HAMJI2,3, Said GHARBY4, Khalid

MAJOURHAT1, Faissal AZIZ2,3 Karim SBIHI2
1
Laboratory of Geo-Bio-Environmental Engineering and Innovation Faculty Polydisciplinary
of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
2
National Center for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi
Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco 3Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes,
Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, Marrakech, Morocco
4
Laboratory Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment,
Biotechnology, Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of
Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
5
Laboratory of Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment,
Natural Substances, Health and Environment Team, Polydisciplinaire Faculty of Taroudant,
University Ibn Zohr, Morocco
Identifications, growths, biochemical characterizations and
antioxidant activities of three benthic diatoms for applications as
food supplement

Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Malika BARKAT, Meriem BENAMARA,

Nouha BOULMAIZE, Raouya MERAGHNI
BIOQUAL, INATAA, freres MENTOURI University Constantine 1, 25000 Ain El Bey,
Constantine, Algeria
Physico-Chemical and microbiological characterization of 4 olive
pomace

Malika BARKAT, Rym Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Souad CHERRAK, Meriem

BENAMARA
Biotechnology and Food Quality Laboratory (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and
Agro-Food Technologies (INATAA), Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, 7 km, 25000
Route de Sétif. Constantine, Algeria
Evaluation of compounds extracted from olive pomace generated
by the traditional process with a view to their valorization

Page 55
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Abdelkader BOUDERBALA
PRAVDURN research laboratory. Department of Earth Sciences, Djilali Bounaama
University of Khemis Miliana, Algeria
Impact of agricultural activities on groundwater quality in coastal
aquifer of Nador in Tipaza, Algeria

Fatima ZOHRA MAKHLOUF1,2, Malika BARKAT1, Antonella

PASQUALONE3, Giacomo SQUEO3, Francesco CAPONIO3
1
BIOQUAL, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine1, Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000
Constantine, Algeria
2
Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biotechnologie, Nouveau pôle universitaire Ali Mendjli
BP E66 25100 Constantine, Algeria
3
Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Food Science and Technology Unit, University
of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
Valorization of underexploited bioresource to produce a
functional biscuit: acorn flour

Zoltán NAÁR
Tokaj-Hegyalja University, Sárospatak, Hungary,
Changes in the colony morphology of filamentous fungi caused by
heavy metals in vitro

Meriem BENAMARA-BELLAGHA, Rym MAOUGAL, Ines SALHI,

Maroua ZERIBA, Malika BARKAT
Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality (BIOQUAL), INATAA, University of
Constantine, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
Encapsulation of natural pigments from beet root peel (Beta
vulgaris)

Sunaeda ALJGAMI, Rami WATFA, Tharwat IBRAHIM

Damascus university, Damascus, Syria
Effect of interaction between internal Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi and soil media on some characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana
sugar plant, and the chlorophyll content of its leaves

Page 56
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Sunaeda ALJGAMI, Rami WATFA, Tharwat IBRAHIM
Damascus university, Damascus, Syria
Effect of mycorrhiza and different soil media (pumice and peat
moss) on some growth parameters of Stevia rebaudiana (bert.)
bertoni

Issam BOUDRAA1,2, Hassan A YADI2,3, Badreddine BOUDIAF3, Sabrina

HALLADJA3
1
Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux Avancés, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique de
Constantine, Algérie.
2
Unité de Recherche de Chimie de l’Environnement Moléculaire Structurale, Université
Frères Mentouri - Constantine 1, Algérie.
3
Département de chimie, Université 20 août 1955 Skikda, Algérie.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of ZnO-Go/NiO.5
MnO.5Fe2O4 for application in dye removal

Elhem BOUCHIBA1,2, Ali ELLAFI1,3, Sonia BEN YOUNES1,4, Mohamed

Ali BORGI1,2
¹Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences - University campus of Ahmed
Zarroug, 2112, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
²Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bio-monitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems
(LBBEEO), Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia.
3
Laboratory of Analysis, treatment and valorisation of environment pollutants and products,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia.
4
Unit Research n°17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 rue Jebbel Lakhdar, University
of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
Isolation and preliminary identification of extremophile bacterial
isolate from effluents of phosphate fertilizers industry in Southern
Tunisian

Kenza IRINISLIMANE
Mechanical engineering department, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
Storage of highly flammable and toxic products

Page 57
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Malika BARKAT, Louiza HIMED, Lamia ZOUBIRI, Fatima Zohra
MAKHLOUF, Imen LAIB, Farida KEHAL
Biotechnology and Food Quality Laboratory (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and
Agro-Food Technologies (INATAA), Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, 7 km, 25000
Route de Sétif, Constantine, Algeria.
Effect of variety and cooking on crude fiber, total polyphenols,
and free radical scavenging activity of eggplant

Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Relationship between soil microbial biomass and application of
fungicides in agricultural land

Karim SBIHI1,2, Abdelali EL MAALLEM3, Sara El HAMJI2,4 Siham

LGHOUL5, Faissal AZIZ2
1
Laboratory Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment,
Biotechnology, Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of
Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
2
National Center for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi
Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Geo-Bio-Environmental Engineering and Innovation Faculty Polydisciplinary
of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
4
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, B
Marrakech, Morocco, 5Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and
Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco.
Bibliometric analysis of microalgae biosorption of chromium
using web of science database

Page 58
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Siham LGHOUL1, Karim SBIHI2,3, Abdelhafid BENKSIM4, Mohamed
LOUKID1, Faissal AZIZ3,5
1
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Faculty of
Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco.
2
Laboratory of Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment,
Natural Substances, Health and Environment Team, Polydisciplinaire Faculty of Taroudant,
University Ibn Zohr, Morocco
3
National Center for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi
Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
4
High Institute of Nursing and Technical Health, Marrakesh, Morocco.
5
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, B.P.
2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
Premenstrual syndrome, seasonal and other associated factors
(female adolescents)

Csaba CENTERI, Viktória VONA, Márton VONA, Zsolt BIRÓ

Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
Effects of common mole (Talpa europaea) on the diversity of soil
properties in urban landscapes

Attila FŰRÉSZ1, Szilárd SZENTES2, Zsombor WAGENHOFFER2, László

SIPOS3,4, Levente VISZLÓ5, Ildikó TURCSÁNYI-JÁRDI1, Eszter
SALÁTA-FALUSI1, Péter PENKSZA3, Márta BAJNOK2, Gabriella
FINTHA1,6, Károly PENKSZA1
1
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Agronomy, Gödöllő,
Hungary,
2
University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory
Animal Science Department, Budapest, Hungary
3
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Food Science and
Technology, Budapest, Hungary
4
Institute of Economics, Centre of Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest, Hungary
5
Pro Vértes Nature Conservation Foundation, Csákvár, Hungary
6
Eszterházy Károly University, MTA-EKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research
Group, Eger, Hungary
Grazing by domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) as a
habitat management and control option against the invasive
Solidago gigantea

Page 59
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Zsófia Kiss1, Dávid Pilling2, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA1
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
2
Richter Gedeon NyRt, Budapest, Hungary.
The future of solvent regeneration at Richter Gedeon NyRt's
Dorog site

Page 60
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 5th of May 2023 (Friday)
09:00 – 09:50 Plenary Session
Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Pl6: 09:00 – 09:25

Bhanu Singh PANWAR1, Vikas AHLAWAT2, Olha KHLIESTOVA3,4,
Katarzyna Ewa BUCZKOWSKA3,5, Iryna GUMENIUK6
1
Department of Soil Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
2
Agriculture Manager, Haryana Co-operative Bank, Hisar, Haryana, India
3
Department of Material Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University
of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic.
4
Department of Primary Science Institute of Modern Technologies, Pryazovskyi State
Technical University, Dnipro, Ukraine.
5
Department of Materials Technology and Production Systems, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
6
Department of Agroecology and Biosafety, Institute of Agroecology and Environmental
Management of NAAS, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Nickel: Beneficial or toxic element in soil-plants

Pl7 09:25 – 09:50

Borbála BIRÓ1, Zsolt KOTROCZÓ1, Tamás KOCSIS2, Hosam E.A.F.
BAYOUMI HAMUDA3
1
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Agri-environmental
Studies,
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life, Department of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, MATE, Budapest
3
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Soil-Health parameters and potential risk of food-safety
important microbes at sewage sludge applied soils in a model
experiment

Page 61
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
10:00 – 11:30 Technical Session (A, B, & C)

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Keynote:
1. Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA:
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Microbial indicators for soil quality under salt stress

2. Faissal AZIZ 1,2*

1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi
Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
2
National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
Biobased fertilizers for a smart and sustained agriculture

3. Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA:

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Assessing the impacts of climate change on the economic growth,
availability of fossil fuels and opportunities for achieving
environmental sustainability in the worldwide countries

Following the posters and lectures as well as the open discussion

Page 62
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
11:30 – 13:15 Continuing the
Technical Session (A, B, C, D, E & F)

Chair of the Session: Hosam BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Khalid AZIZ1, Mounir EL ACHABY2, Rachid MAMOUNI1, Nabil

SAFFAJ1, Faissal AZIZ3,4
1
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr
University, Agadir, Morocco.
2
Materials Science and Nano-engineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic
University (UM6P), Lot 660 – Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi
Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco.
4
National Centre for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi
Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco.
A New micro-composite-based copper-doped Mollusca
shells@Alginate beads for highly pesticide sorption from
wastewater

Imane HAYDARI1,2, Khalid AZIZ3, Naaila OUAZZANI1,2, Laila MANDI1,2,

Faissal AZIZ1,2
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi
Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
2
National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
3
Laboratory of Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir,
Morocco.
New green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide and their use for
column adsorption of phenol from olive mill wastewater

Page 63
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Ghizlane AKHOUY1,2, Salima ATLAS3, Majdouline BELAQZIZ1 , Yasin
AKGUL4, Mehmet DURMUS Calisir5, Faissal AZIZ1,2
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi
Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
2
National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
3
Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
4
Karabuk University Iron and Steel Institute, KARABÜK, Turkey
5
Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Transforming waste into value: developing active packaging
materials from olive pomace biopolymers

Closing the Symposium with workshop:

THE FUTURE OF OUR BIOSPHERE

13:15 Closing the Symposium

Page 64
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Acknowledgement
We, the editor, would like to thank the members of the organizing, scientific, and administrative
committees and all the supporting staff for giving this opportunity. We would also like to extend
our sincere thanks to all the contributors and reviewers who have made this Proceedings Book
possible. We hope that the papers in this Proceedings Book will inspire further research and
innovation in this important field.

Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda

President of ICEEE
th
Chair, VII International Symposium-2023
Editor, Proceedings Book

Page 65
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table of Publishing
Contents

Page 66
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 TABLE OF PUBLISHING CONTENTS
Page Number
Author(S) Presentation Title
Abstract Full Paper

Plenary Lectures
Decarbonisation of the industrial
Sadhan Kumar GHOSH 77
processes
Control of root-knot nematodes
Gamal Abdalla ELBADRI 78
using plant extracts
Water resources, climate change
and water stress in the world:
Ahmed KETTAB realities, issues, conflicts; 79
strategies; policies challenges and
prospects
Larbi DJABRI, Saad Participatory management: a
BOUHSINA, Cheseddine guarantee of water saving in a 81 190
FEHDI, Linda ACHOU context of acute climate change
Analysis of inorganic nitrogen
Ágnes BÁLINT, Zoltán forms and heavy metal
ANGYAL, Xuechu WANG, concentrations in the Rákos 83 204
Csaba MÉSZÁROS stream near the wastewater
treatment plant in Pécel
Bhanu Singh PANWAR,
Vikas AHLAWAT, Olha
Nickel: Beneficial or toxic
KHLIESTOVA, Katarzyna 85
element in soil-plants
Ewa BUCZKOWSKA, Iryna
GUMENIUK
Soil-Health parameters and
Borbála BIRÓ, Zsolt
potential risk of food-safety
KOTROCZÓ, Tamás
important microbes at sewage 89
KOCSIS, Hosam E.A.F.
sludge applied soils in a model
BAYOUMI HAMUDA
experiment

Keynote Lectures
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI Microbial indicators for soil
91
HAMUDA quality under salt stress
Biobased fertilizers for a smart
Faissal AZIZ 93
and sustained agriculture

Page 67
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Assessing the impacts of climate
change on the economic growth,
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI availability of fossil fuels and
94
HAMUDA opportunities for achieving
environmental sustainability in the
worldwide countries

Oral Presentation Sessions

Agriculture and Soil Improvement, Food Security and Green
Technical Session A1 Growth
Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL,
Bacteria associated with lentil for
Maya KECHID, Abdelhamid 99
a less fertilizer-dependent crop
DJEKOUN
Souha CHOKRI, Ali
Evaluation of the anti-oxidant
ELLAFI, Ahmed Slaheddine
activity of three polysaccharides 100
MASMOUDI, Sonia BEN
extracted from Tunisian plants
YOUNES
Valorization of irrigation in arid
Hamida TAIBI1, Abdelkader and semi-arid climate areas: case
101
BOUDERBALA study of upper Cheliff Plain,
Algeria
Opuntia flowers: A promising
Monia ENNOURI 102
medicine and food resources
Maya KECHID, Rim
Tinhinen MAOUGAL,
Nassira RIAH, Kaouthar
Effect of Rhizobium
RAMMECHE, Issra
leguminosarum strains inoculation 103
Karawan BECHOUA,
on Durum wheat growth
Zakaria Larbi BENLABIOD,
Charaf Eddine BELHADEF,
Abdelhamid DJEKOUN
Iryna GUMENIUK, Olena
Development of a system of
DEMYANYUK, Alla
biological indicators for assessing
LEVISHKO, Viktoriya 104
the ecological and functional soil
TSVIGUN, Yeuheniia
conditions
TKACH

Agriculture and Soil Improvement, Food Security and Green

Technical Session A2 Growth

Impact of hydration water salinity

Loucif CHEMACHE, Farida
and incorporation of soft wheat
KEHAL, Olivier LECOQ,
flour on the wet agglomeration 107
Hacène NAMOUNE, Driss
properties of durum wheat
OULAHNA
semolina for couscous production
Investigating effect of eggshell
ash and crushed stone powder on
Tadesse Endale TEFERRA geotechnical properties of 108
expansive soil: In case of Dukem
town, Ethiopia

Page 68
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Impact of agricultural land use
practices and monsoon at micro-
watershed level on soil properties
Anirban BHOWMIK, including earthworm population
110 218
Subhabrata PANDA and crop production in red and
laterite agroclimatic zone under
moist sub-humid region of West
Bengal state in India
Sagrario CORRALES
Comparison of soil biological
MARTINEZ1, Tibor SZILI-
activities between grassland and 112 234
KOVÁCS2, Hosam E.A.F.
arable soil
BAYOUMI HAMUDA
Ágnes BÁLINT, Duan Nitrate content in fruits and
113
ZHENGQI, Xuechu WANG vegetables
Éva Rakó GUZMICSNÉ, Effect of environmental
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI contamination with pesticides on 114
HAMUDA plant growth
Technical Session B1 Water Security: Treatment and Management
Groundwater recharge estimation
using an empirical relationship
Hanane MEROUCHI,
between soil permeability and
Abdelkader BOUDERBALA, 117
surface electrical resistivity
Hamida TAIBI
method in the upper cheliff’s
alluvial aquifer Algeria
Monthly streamflow prediction
using hybrid extreme learning
Salah DIF, Yamina
machine optimized by bat
ELMEDDAHI, Salim 118
algorithm: case study of
HEDDAM
Tiguiguest Basin, Northern
Algeria
Increasing the efficiency of
wastewater treatment operations.
Mehr ANGAIZ 119
The effect of salinity on the use of
polymers
Ana VUKMIROVIĆ, Boris Evaluation of water quality
OBROVSKI, Ivana assurance parameters to study 120
MIHAJLOVIĆ WWTP performance
Osamah J. AL-SAREJI,
The synergistic effect of granular
Mónika MEICZINGER,
activated carbon in the removal of
Viola SOMOGYI, Ruqayah 122
pollutants: adsorption and
Ali GRMASHA, Khalid S.
degradation study comparison
HASHIM

Air Quality, Climatic Changes, Energy Production and Industrial

Session (C) Pollution
Yara EzADeen SULTAN, On climatic change: Causes,
Kanni Raj Arumugam impacts on wildfires and human 124 253
PILLA health
Impact of effluents olive oil on
Brahim LOUATI the surface waters of middle 125
Seybouse

Page 69
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Yanina ROMERO, Janette
A relation between extreme daily
BESSEMBINDER, Nick van
precipitation and extreme short- 126 260
DE GIESEN, Frans van DE
term precipitation
VEN
Sara ALKHALDI, Katalin A.
Environmental assessment of
FŐGLEIN, Krisztina 127
electrical vehicles
DEMÉNY

Session (D) Environmental Risk and Human Health

Toxicity of graphene oxide
Asmaa RHAZOUANI, nanoparticles in male mice via
Halima GAMRAN, Faissal intraperitoneal injection: a 129
AZIZ biochemical and histopathological
study
Discovery of hydrazone scaffold
as potent and selective multi-
target-directed ligands for the
Sumera ZAIB 130
treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders: in vitro and in silico
screening
Environmental chemicals and
Joghi Sivakumar Thatha
human risk assessment. a critical 132
GOWDER
overview
Influence of anthropic activities
on the degradation of the quality
Fouzia HIZIR, Abderrezak
of surface waters: case of the 133
KRIKA
RHUMEL Wadi (NORTHEAST
ALGERIA)
Study of the metallic
Fouzia HIZIR1, Abderrezak contamination of the surface
134
KRIKA2 sediments of the Oued Rhumel
(NORTHEAST ALGERIA)

Session (E) Resources and Wastes Management and Recycling

Social-Ecological Systems Research for Monitoring Sustainable
Session (F): Development

Sándor J. ZSARNÓCZAI, Main economic features of France

136
Csaba LENTNER between 2019 And 2023
Recover scandium element from
Ali Dawood SALMAN1 Hungarian bauxite residue: 138
treasure from the waste
Hydromentality of the region of
Mythili MADHUSUDHAN, Chennai, India: social-ecological
139
N.K. AMBUJAM insights from an IWRM
perspective
The migration of pollutants into
Kenza IRINISLIMANE 140 310
the soil
Management methods and
Lara Rúbia BORGES challenges for distillery spent
141 293
SILVA, Levente KARDOS wash composting: a
comprehensive review

Page 70
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Ruqayah Ali GRMASHA,
Csilla STENGER-KOVÁCS,
Osamah J. AL-SAREJI, The level of polycyclic aromatic
Raed A. AL-JUBOORI, hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the main
142
Mónika MEICZINGER, water bodies in Iraq: An update
Marwan H. ABDULAMEER, status
Zaid AL-GAZALI, Khalid S.
HASHIM
Csenge NAGY-MEZEI,
Removability of medicines and
Anikó BEZSENYI, Imre
medicine derivatives from 144
GYARMATI, Levente
wastewater
KARDOS
Afef SAII, Ali ELLAFI, Contamination evaluation and
Younes MOUSSAOUI, environmental risks of trace
145
Mohamed Ali BORGI, Sonia metals from phosphate wastewater
BEN YOUNES in Gafsa Metlaoui ore
Relationship between soil
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI
respiration and application of 146
HAMUDA
fungicides in agricultural land

POSTER SESSION (A, B, C, D, E and F)

Comparison of pedological
Viktor GRÓNÁS, Márk
characteristics of two solar parks
PÁLFI, Csaba CENTERI1, 152
for planning biodiversity
Zsolt BIRÓ
management
Abdousalam A. ALGAIDI, Effect of Heavy Metals and
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI Temperature on Nitric Oxide and
153
HAMUDA, Ibrahim Issa Carbon Dioxide Emissions from
ABDELMOULA Cultivated Soil
Emőke IMRE, Péter
FELKER, Tamás
WEIDINGER, Martin
MAYER, Tibor PÁLINKÁS,
Gábor MILE, Bálint Solar irradiance measurement in a
154
SINKOVICS, Lily TANUI, landfill site
Ulsbold AYURZANA,
Delphin KABEY, Ágnes
BÁLINT, László ARADI,
Zoltán KAPROS
Emőke IMRE, László TÓTH,
Péter FELKER, Ákos
NEMCSICS, A. ÜRMÖS,
Tamás WEIDINGER,
Martin MAYER, Tibor Wind velocity measurement in a
155
PÁLINKÁS, Gábor MILE, landfill site
Lily TANUI, Ulsbold
AYURZANA, Delphin
KABEY, Ágnes BÁLINT,
Zoltán KAPROS0

Page 71
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Emőke IMRE, Miklós
Soil profiling from short
Juhász, Diego, Lachlan 156
dissipation CPT data
BATES, Stephen FITYUS
Emőke IMRE, Tibor FIRG, A parameter identification in
Delphin KABEY, Ágnes relation to the water retention
157
BÁLINT, László RADI, curve and the grading curve of
Daniel ARRETO sands
Farida KEHAL, Loucif
Effect of solar drying on phenolic
CHEMACHE, Esra
profile and antioxidant activity of 158
CAPANOGLU, Malika
figs (Ficus carica) azanjar variety
BARKAT
Impact of soil tillage and
Tünde TAKÁCS, Péter
fertilization on arbuscular
JUHÁSZ, Sándor PABAR, 159
mycorrhizal fungi produced
Katica KOCSIS, Anna FÜZY
glomalin
Water suitability for irrigation in
Sihem HEDJAL,
the Guerbes-Sanhadja wetlands 160
Abdelwaheb BENAMARA
complex
Dóra KŐHALMI, Hosam Investigation of relationship
E.A.F. BAYOUMI between soil glomalin-content and 161
HAMUDA, Tünde TAKÁCS land use
Modelling technical efficiency
and production risk (case study:
Lida Alikhani 162 335
cold water fish farms in the
Kurdistan of Iran)
Abdelali EL MAALLEM, Identifications, growths,
Sara El HAMJI, Said biochemical characterizations and
GHARBY, Khalid antioxidant activities of three 163
MAJOURHAT, Faissal benthic diatoms for applications
AZIZ, Karim SBIHI as food supplement
Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL,
Malika BARKAT, Meriem Physico-Chemical and
BENAMARA, Nouha microbiological characterization 165 327
BOULMAIZE, Raouya of 4 olive pomace
MERAGHNI
Evaluation of compounds
Malika BARKAT, Rym
extracted from olive pomace
Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Souad
generated by the traditional 166
CHERRAK, Meriem
process with a view to their
BENAMARA
valorization
Impact of agricultural activities on
groundwater quality in coastal
Abdelkader BOUDERBALA 167
aquifer of Nador in Tipaza,
Algeria
Fatima ZOHRA
MAKHLOUF, Malika
Valorization of underexploited
BARKAT, Antonella
bioresource to produce a 168
PASQUALONE, Giacomo
functional biscuit: acorn flour
SQUEO, Francesco
CAPONIO
Changes in the colony
Zoltán NAÁR morphology of filamentous fungi 169
caused by heavy metals in vitro

Page 72
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Meriem BENAMARA-
BELLAGHA, Rym Encapsulation of natural pigments
MAOUGAL, Ines SALHI, from beet root peel (Beta 170
Maroua ZERIBA, Malika vulgaris)
BARKAT
Effect of interaction between
internal Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Sunaeda ALJGAMI, Rami
Fungi and soil media on some
WATFA, Tharwat 171
characteristics of Stevia
IBRAHIM
rebaudiana sugar plant, and the
chlorophyll content of its leaves
Effect of mycorrhiza and different
Sunaeda ALJGAMI, Rami soil media (pumice and peat
WATFA, Tharwat moss) on some growth parameters 173
IBRAHIM of Stevia rebaudiana (bert.)
bertoni
Storage of highly flammable and
Kenza IRINISLIMANE 174 343
toxic products
Issam BOUDRAA, Hassan A Synthesis, characterization, and
YADI, Badreddine properties of ZnO-Go/NiO.5
175
BOUDIAF, Sabrina MnO.5Fe2O4 for application in
HALLADJA dye removal
Isolation and preliminary
Elhem BOUCHIBA, Ali
identification of extremophile
ELLAFI, Sonia BEN
bacterial isolate from effluents of 176
YOUNES, Mohamed Ali
phosphate fertilizers industry in
BORG
Southern Tunisian
Malika BARKAT, Louiza Effect of variety and cooking on
HIMED, Lamia ZOUBIRI, crude fiber, total polyphenols, and
177
Fatima Zohra MAKHLOUF, free radical scavenging activity of
Imen LAIB, Farida KEHAL eggplant
Relationship between soil
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI
microbial biomass and application 178
HAMUDA
of fungicides in agricultural land
Karim SBIHI, Abdelali EL Bibliometric analysis of
MAALLEM, Sara El microalgae biosorption of
180
HAMJI, Siham LGHOUL, chromium using web of science
Faissal AZIZ database
Siham LGHOUL, Karim
Premenstrual syndrome, seasonal
SBIHI, Abdelhafid
and other associated factors 182
BENKSIM, Mohamed
(female adolescents)
LOUKID, Faissal AZIZ
Csaba CENTERI, Viktória Effects of common mole (Talpa
VONA, Márton VONA, Zsolt europaea) on the diversity of soil 183
BIRÓ properties in urban landscapes
Attila FŰRÉSZ, Szilárd
SZENTES, Zsombor Grazing by domestic water
WAGENHOFFER, László buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) as a
SIPOS, Levente VISZLÓ, habitat management and control 184
Ildikó TURCSÁNYI-JÁRDI, option against the invasive
Eszter SALÁTA-FALUSI1, Solidago gigantea
Péter PENKSZA, Márta

Page 73
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 BAJNOK, Gabriella
FINTHA, Károly PENKSZA
Zsófia KISS, Dávid The future of solvent regeneration
PILLING, Hosam E.A.F. at Richter Gedeon NyRt's Dorog 186
BAYOUMI HAMUDA site

Oral Session A, B, and C

A New micro-composite-based
Khalid AZIZ, Mounir EL
copper-doped Mollusca
ACHABY, Rachid
shells@Alginate beads for highly 148
MAMOUNI, Nabil SAFFAJ,
pesticide sorption from
Faissal AZIZ
wastewater
New green synthesis of reduced
Imane HAYDARI, Khalid
graphene oxide and their use for
AZIZ, Naaila OUAZZANI, 149
column adsorption of phenol from
Laila MANDI, Faissal AZIZ
olive mill wastewater
Ghizlane AKHOUY, Salima
Transforming waste into value:
ATLAS, Majdouline
developing active packaging
BELAQZIZ, Yasin AKGUL, 150
materials from olive pomace
Mehmet DURMUS Calisir,
biopolymers
Faissal AZIZ

Page 74
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ABSTRACTS

Page 75
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Plenary Session

Page 76
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 DECARBONISATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

Sadhan Kumar GHOSH1,2

1
Director General, Sustainable Development and Circular Economy Research Centre,
2
International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW), India
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Green industrial revolution is the focal point of the nations in the globe at present. The nations have
been trying to reduce the global extraction rates of natural resources, climate actions and
decarbonisation in all the industrial processes. Researchers, policy makers, NGOs, and governments
led by the United Nations have been holding the meetings like conference of the parties (COP),
about the climate change and how countries are planning to tackle it who signed the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - a treaty agreed in 1994. Green movement
for economic success and environmental responsibility go hand in hand. Environmental calamities,
e.g., climate change, extreme weather, loss of biodiversity, extracted ocean and eroded soil - stem
from the collision of two systems: Earth’s natural system and humankind’s economic system. In the
global perspective, presently we have entered the Anthropocene era, where humans have become the
single most influential species on the planet, causing significant global warming and other changes
to land, environment, water, organisms, and the atmosphere. All these pushes to a critical juncture of
humanity. Scientists have alerted that the current economic model has been pushing the carrying
capacity of Earth’s systems to their limits, and that unless the course is changed, the global
community will be thrown into unprecedented uncertainty. Tackling the climate requires total systems
transformation, from the energy sector to food, cities and production, and consumption. The way our
societies and businesses are organized, massive changes are essential to have a transition to
sustainable development. Most of the industrial processed progressed based on the extract-produce-
consume-dispose-deplete (epcd2), the linear economy concept that will lead the processes
decarbonised. We must act to decarbonise the processes which will definitely help reducing carbon
footprints. We must change and act now immediately and generate awareness among the researchers
and policy makers.

Keywords: Decarbonisation, Circular Economy, Industries, Eepcd2, carbon footprints.

Biography
Prof. Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Director General, Sustainable Development and
Circular Economy Research Centre, of the International Society of Waste
Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW), India. He is the Founder & the
President, ISWMAW & IPLA Global Secretariat, chairman and editor in chief,
IconSWM-CE, project leader, Global status of implementation of circular
economy. He serves as the Editor-in-chief, Journal of Solid Waste Technology
and Management, and Associate Editor, International Journal of Materials
Cycles and Waste Management. He was the Professor & Former Head,
Mechanical Engineering Dept., and the Dean of Faculty of Engg & Technology,
Jadavpur University, India. He has collaboration with more than 45 countries.

Page 77
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 CONTROL OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES USING PLANT
EXTRACTS

Gamal Abdalla ELBADRI

Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani –Sudan
E-mail: [email protected], Mobile: 00966532410975

Abstract:
The mortality of the juveniles of root knot nematodes found to increase with the increased with exposure
time. The nematicidal substances found in the seeds more than in leaves. Thus, we can conclude that
flora extracts and/or powders can control plant parasitic nematodes. This result can serve many
purposes like e.g. Manage plant parasitic nematodes and decrease the population inoculum in the soil,
especially if the method is repeated many times in addition some of them can add some fertility to be
absorbed by the plant. Saving the ecosystem from applying toxic nematicides like e.g. Temik, Furadan
and other fumigants and conserve the Ozone layer”. This is a very cheap easy methods and practical
for small farmers especially for fresh eaten vegetables. This beside we can use conserve the natural
flora found in the roadside and ignored by researcher. Many of these extracts can be further studied
and the nematicidal substance (s) can be utilized for industry of commercial bionematicides for global
use.

Keywords: not more 6 words: Herbal extracts, Root-knot nematodes- Vegetables -Biocontrol

Biography
Gamal A. Elbadri graduated in crop protection from the Gezira university in 1984. I
joined the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), (In the field of plant pathology)
in 1986 after 2 years' experience in the Rahad Agricultural Scheme as a field
inspector. Then I received the first master’s in technology of crop protection in 1991
from New Castle Upon Tyne, UK; and my second master’s in biology 1997 from Gent
University (Belgium). PhD in Biology (Nematology) in 2000 from Gent University. I
came to Sudan, to work as research scientist in Plant pathology section then headed
the section from 2006-20010. During 2006-2007, I did my post-doctoral fellowship
in Biology from S. Korea in Gyeongsang National University. In 2010-2012, I was
appointed as a director of Gezira Research Station (GRS). In 2012 (End of the year
I was appointed as a director of Crop Protection Research Center at the ARC until
2014. Currently, working as a Professor of Biology at Bisha University, Faculty of
Science teaching invertebrates' biology courses, parasitology, histology, genetics,
human physiology, chordata, ...etc. My research is focused on the Plant parasitic
nematodes on Banana and vegetables (Biology and control, including taxonomy).
During my stay in the ARC, I attended four workshops on Research management from
PICO team (In Kenya, Sudan). I contributed in many national and international
conferences and workshops having more than 60 contributions. As well having
published 45 papers in International and National, scientific Journals Currently
having six PhD students from different universities in Sudan. AS major supervisor. I
worked for university of Bisha as full Professor of Biology for 9 years. Contact:
[email protected], Mobile: 00966532410975

Page 78
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 WATER RESOURCES, CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER STRESS IN
THE WORLD: REALITIES, ISSUES, CONFLICTS; STRATEGIES;
POLICIES CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Ahmed KETTAB
National Polytechnic School of Algiers
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract:
Water is an essential and irreplaceable resource. So far, none of the current technologies allows water
production and nothing can be a substitute for it. It must therefore be protected by strict regulations and
considered as a very precious commodity because it is increasingly rare. Water, an increasingly scarce
natural resource, is part of the national and human heritage. The preservation, enrichment, and
development of accessible resources within the framework of natural balances are the main axes of
national and international action. We must respect this value and consider water as an economic and
social treasure of which the access is a common right for every individual. It is true that the right to
water is an absolute prerogative, but our duty is not to pollute it, or waste it. This is why several
international organizations such as the UN, the World Water Council, the African Union, UNESCO,
FAO, WHO, etc. are carrying out in-depth reflection on policies for sustainable resources management
and on the rules of its governance towards sustainability. It is now widely accepted that the
establishment of sustainable development requires equating social, economic, and environmental
concerns, considering the essential and limiting factor that is water. Water has become a major issue
and only those nations that have managed to preserve their water potentialities will be able to survive.
African countries mostly considered water-deficient will increasingly face water scarcity, as the demand
from agriculture, industry and populations is significant and growing. In this context, water has socio-
economic, environmental, and geopolitical significance. Technical and economic solutions imply, in
fact, solidarity between regions and states. The COP21 held in December 2015 in Paris-France; and
the various COPs that followed showed that climate change is an additional constraint on water since
the problems raised (floods, droughts, increase in sea level, temperature, etc.) and all the debates on
climate change are in fact about water and its cycle. Water is a common heritage of humankind.
Individual and collective health depends on it; agriculture, industry and domestic life are linked to it.
There is no access to prosperity without access to water. Every member of the human community has
the right to water especially drinking water, with decent quality and quantity for life and economic
activity. Water is therefore essential for humanity and for life in general. It has always played an
important role in the history of humankind and its civilization. As source of life, it is also a source of
conflict in many regions around the world. The sustainable management of water must primarily
consider security issues and for this a certain number of agreements and conventions are essential. In
this conference, realities and challenges will be developed; strategies, challenges, and prospects in
Africa and worldwide, but also recommendations for sustainable development in Africa by 2030/2050
concerning:
• The current state of water resources, the future issues and challenges.
• The various evaluation indicators, noting their usefulness and their limitations.
• Climate change, floods; drought.
• Major water transfers: a necessity?

Page 79
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 • Management policy: institution, regulation, legislation
• The right to water and sanitation: myth or reality?
• Scientific research, training, capacity building
• Wastewater treatment and its reuse
• The consumption model: awareness, water pricing ...
• Integrated water resources management and good governance: attempts!
• Transboundary water management and possible conflicts.

Keywords: Water, World, right to water, sustainable development, organization, strategies, issues,
Conflicts

Biography
Laureate of the third edition of Scopus Awards Algeria 2013 (Environmental
Science)
INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANT/EXPERT
Research professor at the National Polytechnic School of Algiers (Ecole
Nationale Polytechnique (E.N.P) d’Alger)
International lecturer: water, strategies; hydro-politics, hydro-diplomacy.
Member of the African Water Association (AFE)
Member of the French Water Academy
Member of the Mediterranean Water Institute (IME)
Member of the International Union of Engineers and Scientists using the French
language-UISF
Founding member of the Arab Water Council
Member of the French Water Partnership (PFE)
Coordinator of a Mediterranean Water Action Group
Member of scientific committees of several renowned international journals.
Planner of several international seminars and symposiums Honorary Editor- in-
chief of the journal ALJEST: www.aljest.webs.com Associate editor of the
journal LJEE: www.ensh.dz
Mobile: +213 6 61 52 95 24 Mail: [email protected] [email protected]
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A_Kettab

Page 80
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT: A GUARANTEE OF WATER
SAVING IN A CONTEXT OF ACUTE CLIMATE CHANGE

Larbi DJABRI1, Saad BOUHSINA2, Cheseddine FEHDI3, Linda

ACHOU4
1
Laboratoire Ressource en Eau et Développement Durable, Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba,
Algérie.
2
Vice Président Délégué, directeur du pole universitaire de Dunkerque. 220 Avenue de l’université.
Bp 5526 Dunkerque. Cedex01. France.
3
Laboratoire Eau & Environnement. Université de Tébessa, Algérie
4
Université Houari Boumediene-Alger. Algérie
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The aquifer contract is a design allowing controlled water management. This management involves
the participation of all water users. The elaboration of a water table contract goes in the direction of
improving the efficiency of the use of water resources to guarantee the quantity, quality and
sustainability of groundwater resources, according to the evolution (climatic; industrial;
demographic and agricultural). Therefore, the purpose of the implementation of the contract is to
guarantee sustainable environmental and socio-economic development, it is a question of:
- Rebalancing the balance of the water table and restoring the flow rates of the springs; lakes;
securing the water drinking.
- Protect and preserve ecological systems and ensure the development of tourism sectors; industrial,
economic, environmental, and particularly that of agriculture knowing that it is the sector that
consumes a large quantity of water resources.
The establishment of a water table contract requires the involvement of citizens who will benefit from
this management method. The area targeted by our project is that of Drean, located 25 kilometers
south of Annaba and conceals in its basement a significant water table known as the "gravel
tablecloth", it is free to the south and therefore susceptible to be polluted and is captive in the north
and therefore protected. It has the particularity of being overexploited. The establishment of the
aquifer contract is an opportunity to identify the users and especially the quantities taken by each of
them and this within a legal framework. The committees involving all the parties will ensure the
smooth running of the operations, which will firstly result in perfect knowledge of the water inflows
and outflows, and therefore knowledge of the groundwater balance. In the second part, we must make
users pay the appropriate sums (according to the quantities used), which will limit waste. Concise
and factual. It should briefly state the purpose of the research, the principal results, and major
conclusions.

Keywords: Algeria, management, Water, protect, Drean, committe.

Biography

Page 81
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Born on July 1, 1957, in Tebessa (Algeria), I did my primary, secondary and
higher education in Annaba. In June 1983 I got my degree in hydrogeological
engineering from Badji Mokhtar Annaba University.
After this first degree, I received a scholarship from the Algerian government to
continue my postgraduate studies abroad. I landed at the Structural and Applied
Geology laboratory of the University of Franche Comté. It was under the
direction of Professor Jacky Mania that I completed my doctoral thesis, defended
on June 9, 1987.
Back home I was recruited at the University of Annaba as an assistant professor.
From 1988 and always under the direction of Pr Jacky Mania, I registered for the
realization of a doctorate of state on hydrochemistry, these years of research were
punctuated by the defense of my thesis on March 06, 1996. In parallel with the
work of the thesis, I continued to teach, and I supervised more than 100
engineering dissertations. This framework was a support for my thesis.
Before the defense of my doctorate, I took part in numerous seminars and two
publications were produced, which enabled me to apply for and obtain the grade
of lecturer in 1997. This grade enabled me to to open a magister training for my
former students (the majority have risen through the ranks and are currently
Professors). I have supported at least 15 Magister. In 2002, following the meeting
of the National University Commission (CUN), I was admitted to the rank of
Professor based on my scientific work (4 publications). In addition, I supported 10
doctorates, I participated in several national (15) and international (10) projects.
I held the position of Faculty Dean twice and President of the Scientific Council.
Currently I count more than 60 international publications and more than 20
national ones. I continue to publish and frame

Page 82
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN FORMS AND HEAVY
METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE RÁKOS STREAM NEAR THE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN PÉCEL

Ágnes BÁLINT1, Zoltán ANGYAL2, Xuechu WANG2, Csaba

MÉSZÁROS2
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences and HBM, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary,
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
It is important to carry out studies in the environment of our natural waters. In this case, we are
carrying out monitoring studies in and along the Rákos stream to determine whether these areas are
contaminated. Pécel, measurements were carried out in the Rákos stream and its surroundings, near
the local wastewater treatment plant. The analyses covered the measurement of heavy metals (Zn, Cd,
Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cr, Al, Cu) in the Rákos stream - in its water, sediment, and the soil of its channel
wall - and inorganic nitrogen forms (nitrite-N, nitrate-N and ammonium-N) in the stream water.
Three sampling events were carried out: soil, sediment, and water sampling. Laboratory
measurements were taken after each sampling. The values of heavy metal concentrations measured
in soils and sediments were compared with the B contamination limit values set in the joint Decree
6/2009 (IV. 14.) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, which
showed that only the amount of Cd exceeded the contamination limit value. According to the MSZ
12749: 1993 for surface water, the water of the Rákos stream is classified as largely or heavily
contaminated for the measured heavy metals, which indicates that further measures, such as
phytoremediation, are necessary. In the light of the measurement results, further investigations would
be needed to determine why cadmium levels are higher in soil and sediment, and where the high levels
of heavy metals in the Rákos stream are coming from. The higher ammonium-N and nitrate-N
concentrations measured in the Crayfish Creek would also require intervention. For agricultural
irrigation purposes, the Rákos stream could be suitable based on its ammonium-N and nitrate-N
concentrations but would not be recommended based on its high heavy metal content.

Keywords: ammonium-N, heavy metals, nitrate-N, monitoring, stream

Biography
Dr. Ágnes Dr. habil. Mészáros-Bálint (Ágnes Bálint is the author’s name) had
her Highest educational degree: MSc, Chemistry and Physics, ELTE, Budapest,
Hungary. Scientific degree: PhD; habilitation, in the field: Environmental
Sciences, SZIE, Gödöllő, Hungary
Institution: Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and
Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and
Natural Sciences and HBM
Phone: +36303721342; Position: Associate Professor
Specialties: Inorganic chemistry, environmental analytics, colloid chemistry;
Development and application of chromatographic methods for soil/plant,

Page 83
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 polymer, amino acids, and food analysis; Nitrogen transformation in
soil/plant/atmosphere system, application of stable isotope tracers, as fertilizer;
Experimental and theoretical modelling of transport processes

Page 84
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 NICKEL: BENEFICIAL OR TOXIC ELEMENT IN SOIL-PLANTS

Bhanu Singh PANWAR1, Vikas AHLAWAT2, Olha KHLIESTOVA3,4,

Katarzyna Ewa BUCZKOWSKA3,5, Iryna GUMENIUK6
1
Department of Soil Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
2
Agriculture Manager, Haryana Co-operative Bank, Hisar, Haryana, India
3
Department of Material Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University
of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic.
4
Department of Primary Science Institute of Modern Technologies, Pryazovskyi State
Technical University, Dnipro, Ukraine.
5
Department of Materials Technology and Production Systems, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
6
Department of Agroecology and Biosafety, Institute of Agroecology and Environmental
Management of NAAS, Kyiv, Ukraine.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The sustainability of a healthy agricultural ecosystem is a prerequisite for protecting the food chain
from bioaccumulation of hazardous substances e.g., heavy metals. Among the pollutant elements,
Nickel is of great environmental concern as it is hazardous and highly carcinogenic in excesses intake
by plants from polluted soils. A screen house study was carried out to evaluate the effect of a chelating
agent, FYM, vermicompost, and microbial inoculants (Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, Bio-mix) on
the phytoremediation capability of Indian mustard from Ni enriched sandy loam soil. A greenhouse
experiment was conducted s using two cultivars of Brassica species on both natural and artificially
contaminated soils containing Ni. Both natural and amended soils were treated with disodium salt of
EDTA and found that application of 2 EDTA created conditions that favored the transformation of
Cd and Ni less soluble form to more plant-available forms in both natural and metal amended soils.
The results revealed that FYM and vermicompost led to higher biomass production as compared to
unamended soil. The EDTA led to a decrease in biomass as compared to FYM and vermicompost.
The Ni concentration increased significantly in Brassica juncea with the application of EDTA. The
application of FYM and vermicompost increased the concentration of Ni. The highest concentration
of Ni was recorded in EDTA treatment. The concentration of Ni was higher in root as compared to
shoot. Among all the treatment combinations, vermicompost with bioinoculants treatment
combination led to higher uptake of Ni. The EDTA and FYM also increased uptake of Ni but it was
very less as compared to vermicompost. The results suggested that vermicompost combined with
bioinoculants is best for increasing the uptake of Nickel. The EDTA and FYM as implications were
helpful in the phytoremediation of Ni metal from polluted soils. However, there is a strong need for
further investigation in this aspect, with hyperaccumulator genomics.

Keywords: Brassica juncea, EDTA, FYM, Nickel, microbial inoculants, vermicompost

Biography

Page 85
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Professor Dr. B.S. Panwar
• Ph.D. (Soil Science), specialized in “Soil and Environmental Sciences” from
CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India) in 1994.
• M.Sc. (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry), specialized in “Dynamics of
major nutrient in soil-plant systems” from Agricultural University, Udaipur in
1979.
• International Intensive Tempus Course: “Soil, water and Environment: Soil
pollution” at Agricultural University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, in 1997.
• Position held:
• Professor, Senior Soil Scientist – Environmental research on toxic heavy
metals in soil/plant system
• Professional Societies:
• Active member of Indian Society of Soil Science.
• Member in Editorial Advisory Board of International Journal ‘GREEN
FARMING”.
• Total Research Experience:
• 35 years on Environmental sciences specialized in fate of toxic metals in soil-
plant-water ecosystems.
Research Areas:
• The fate of toxic metals in soil-plant eco system.
• Speciation, availability, and mobility.
• The impact of organic bi-product, compost, sewer, sludge, FYM application to
polluted, waste land soils.
• Characterization of soil pollution, developing risk assessment methodology
and phytoremediation technologies.
• Projects
• Interactive study of major plant nutrients, fertility status, saline & alkaline
soils reclamations – 1980-1985.
• Impact of applied high doses of Agro-chemicals, pesticides and fertilization on
soil-plant-water ecosystem,toxic metals in canal/underground, sewer water and
industrial effluent applied vegetable growing areas in vicinity of cities and
agricultural soil – 1986-1990.
• Detoxification/mobility of toxic heavy metal (cadmium) in legume crop species
affected by farmyard manureand phosphorus application in soils – 1991-1994.
• Land use planning – Land capability classification, detail soil survey of desert
/ waste / pollutedsoils – 1995-2003!
• Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture- 2004-2008.
• Site Specific Nutrients Management-2009
• Soil Test Crop Responses-2008-2015
• Soil Environment Consultant: Free lancer
International and Collaborative Scientific Research Projects:
I. Sustainable plant nutrient under different climatic condition and the fate of
pollutants in agriculturalsystems.
Institutes: RISSAC-HAS, Budapest, HungaryCCS HAU, Hisar – India
Nodel Financial agencies: INSA, New Delhi and HAS, Budapest
Period: 1997-2002 (Five Years)
Project Co-ordinator:
(Hungarian) Prof. Tamas Nemeth (Director, RISSAC-Budapest) (Indian) Dr.
B.S. Panwar (Senior Soil Scientist, CCS HAU, Hisar)
II. Phytoremediation of potentially toxic heavy metals contaminated soils by
agricultural crop genotypes.
Nodal Financial agencies: DST, New Delhi, and MOE- HAS, Budapest
Period: 2006-08 (Two Years)
Project Co-ordinator:
• (Hungarian) Dr. Marton Laszlo, (Senior Scientist, RISSAC-Budapest)
• (Indian) Dr. B.S. Panwar (Senior Soil Scientist, CCS HAU, Hisar)

Page 86
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Doc. Dr. Olha Khliestova
Researcher at the Technical University in Liberec, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Department of Material science and Cand. of Eng. Sciences,
Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Labor protection and
environment State Higher Educational Institution "Priazovskyi State Technical
University", Dnipro, Ukraine. She received his PhD in improving the efficiency
of transport and technological scheme blast furnace at the Dnepropetrovsk
National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan
in Dnipro, Ukraine. Her research interests were mainly: Resource-saving
technoecology and environment protection against hazardous discharges, energy
resource management, alternative energy sources. Personal Summary: 2022 –
2025 Technical University in Liberec, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Department of Materials, researcher in the project: Development of geopolymer
composites as a material for protection of hazardous wrecks and other critical
underwater structures against corrosion (MarWreck), mERA.NET (call 2021).; -
2022 – 2023 State Higher Educational Institution «Priazovskyi State technical
University», Mariupol, Ukraine, Department of Labor protection and
environment, Principal investigator in the project: Research of methanogenesis
of aquatic plant biomass in order to obtain an alternative source of energy-fuel
biogas in a three-stage bioreactor, call of the Joint Ukrainian-Lithuanian R&D
projects Project Financing Agreement no.S-LU-22-2. The project is being
implemented in accordance with the Lithuanian Ministry of Education and
Science of the Republic of Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science
Cooperation Science and Program 2022-2023 in technology: - 2018-2021
(CRENG,). Member of the Erasmus+ project: Crisis and Risks Engineering for
Transport Services (CRENG, 2018-2021);- 2019-2020 jury of the competition of
social projects "City - OUR HANDS" 2019; - 2019 – 2020 Executor of the project
Interactive Laboratory "Bioresources of the Sea of Azov"; - 2015-2020 Chairman
of the jury of the city and regional stages of the Competition of Minor Academy
of Science of Ukraine; -2015-2017 The Guarantor of new specialty 183-
“Environmental Protection Technologies”; Educational research and academic
experience -23 years; -2017-2021 Member of working group and implementer of
the innovations at the innovative educational projects: “ Preparation of high-
skilled specialists on the order of enterprises PJSC “AZOVSTAL IRON &
STEEL WORKS”; “ Preparation of high-skilled specialists on the order of
enterprises PJSC "Ilyich Iron and Steel Works”; “ School-University-
Enterprises”; “Solution approaches of the ecological problems at the metallurgy
of ferrous metals” Extra education: May 2020International postgraduate
practical internship “New and innovative teaching methods”. University of
Economics in Krakow, Poland Certificate NR 2315 /MSAP/2020, June 2018
National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine. SHEI "University of
Education Management" Central Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical
Education. SP35830447 / 1544-18 dated June 30, 2018. Advanced training in the
category "Heads (heads) of departments of universities, academies, institutes"
June 2012-Мау 2012 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU),
Department of Environmental Protection, Lithuania. International project
TEMPUS PROMENG training courses (lecture and seminar) regarding the
delivery of Master degree courses in the area of Environmental Engineering.
Certificate. http://promeng.eu/index.php/project-meetings/92-training-course-
and-coordination-meeting-in-vgtu
Ing. Katarzyna Buczkowska Ph.D.
Researcher at the Technical University of Liberec at the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering and the Lodz University of Technology at the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering. She completed doctoral studies at the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering of the Lodz University of Technology in the field of Materials
Science. Currently, she is the head of the geopolymer composites laboratory at
the Technical University of Liberec. Her research interests include: innovation
management, environmental aspects and material engineering - composite
materials, in particular geopolymer composites reinforced with short fibers and
3D printing for geopolymers and foundry technologies. She has experience in

Page 87
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 coordinating national and international projects (mERA-NET, ERASMUS+).
Participates in EU and national projects, including Era.Net. She has been
working on 16 projects, including 3 international projects. Management in 2
international projects, in 10 national projects as principal investigator. She is an
expert for AMF - French National Research Agency. Reviewer for journals
including JCR list: Archives of Civil Engineering, ISSN 1230-2945, Technical
Transactions, ISSN: 0011-4561, Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, ISSN:
1606-5131, Sustainability ISSN 2071-1050, Buildings ISSN 2075-5309,
Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, ISSN 0935-1175, Applied Sciences,
ISSN 2076-3417, Polymers, ISSN: 2073-4360, Processes, ISSN: 2227-9717,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, Minerals, ISSN: 2075-163X, Crystals, ISSN: 2073-
4352, Energies, ISSN: 1996-1073, Engineering Proceedings, ISSN: 2673-4591.
Editor-in-Chief of the journal: Journal of Biomedical Research and
Environmental Sciences. Permanent member of the scientific council of the
International Boleslaw Krzysztofiak Symposium AQUA since 2021. Author or co-
author of 9 patents, 7 utility models and 1 industrial design. Scientific promoter
of 6 PhD theses of which 4 were defended. Author of 23 publications, of which
11 in departmental journals in Q1 and Q2. Participation in 15 international
conferences. Organisation of 8 international conferences in the cycle
"Optimisation of production systems in foundries". International cooperation in
the field of research into the properties of building materials and geopolymers
with, among others, Poland, Germany, France, Estonia, Greece, Italy. Former
member of Management Board Member Association of Polish Teachers at the
Lodz University of Technology. The founder and tutor "Students Scientific Society
Foundry and Plastics Processing"

Page 88
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SOIL-HEALTH PARAMETERS AND POTENTIAL RISK OF FOOD-
SAFETY IMPORTANT MICROBES AT SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLIED
SOILS IN A MODEL EXPERIMENT
Borbála BIRÓ1, Zsolt KOTROCZÓ1, Tamás KOCSIS2, Hosam E.A.F.
BAYOUMI HAMUDA3
1
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Agri-environmental
Studies, Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected]
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary
3
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, E-mail:
[email protected]

Abstract:
Communal and/or the industrial sewage might have a potential risk in the environment. Sewage
sludge forms are frequently applied in soil, and there is a potential risk, therefore regarding the food
quality and safety micro-organisms. Very little is known, how the soils of different physical chemical
characteristics might be responded to those potential effects? The impact of long-term sewage sludge
application was studied in 4 Hungarian representative soil types in a microcosm model experiment.
Municipal sludge with extremly high Zn-content (6157 mg.kg-1 d.w.) and an industrial sludge with
extreme Cr-content (5226 mg.kg-1 d.w.) were used as increasing doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 g.kg-
1, i.e. 0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 t. ha-1 d.w.).
The study was performed for four years with green pea (Pisum sativum L). The presence of beneficial
microsymbiont arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was studied. Potential risk of some pathogens (i.e. the
Coliforms, Enterobacter sp., Clostridium sporeformers… etc.) were studied. The AM fungal
colonization was increasing with doses and application. Their colonization and/or function, however,
was found to be reduced from the 3rd years due to the nutrient availability and/or the strongly and
time-lapse accumulating heavy metals and toxic elements. Potential pathogens, considered as food-
quality and safety role was found to be increasing with the application rates of sludges. An especially
great differences were found between the soil-types, used. Soils with high sand-content and with
greater acidic character was creating a higher risk both for the heavy metals and for the potential
pathogen microorganisms.
bundance of the beneficial biofertilizer symbiotic microbes on the other hand was reduced by the
increasing sewage sludge doses. The model experiment highlighted the necessity of studying soil-
environmental health aspects when sewage sludge might be applied for improving soil-fertility.

Keywords: soil-health parameters, potential risk of food-safety, important microbes, sewage sludge
applied soils, model experiment

Biography
Page 89
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Prof. Dr. Borbála BIRÓ is a soil-biologists, terrestris ecologist, she is Doctor of
Hungarian Academy of Sciences (DSc) and professor emerita at the Hungarian
University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Dept. of Agri-environmental Studies,
Budapest, Hungary. She is the member of Doctor’s School of Horticulture and
currently, she is the supervisor of 4 PhD students. Her main scientific expertise
is covering of the beneficial microorganisms in soil-plant-environment systems
and the use them in the soil/rhizo/biotechnology. The application of
biofertilizers/biopesticides and the use them in agri- and horticultural ecosystems.
B. Biró was invited expert in the Horizon 2020 program of European Commission
at the Mission of “Soil Health and Food”.

Page 90
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Keynote Session

Page 91
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MICROBIAL INDICATORS FOR SOIL QUALITY UNDER SALT
STRESS

Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Under greenhouse conditions, pot experiment was conducted to examine the changes in brown forest
soil (Gödöllő, Hungary) quality because of salt treatment on biological activites in the rhizosphere of
white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants. The experiment was investigated the effect of different salt
concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 wt %) on the composition of the bacterial population and
the activities of different soil enzymes. It was found that the soil salinity directly affected the
population of fluorescent pseudomonads isolates as well as the nodulation pattern. The densest
population could be measured in the soil containing 0.2% NaCl, where Pseudomonas putida and P.
fluorescens were the most abundant among the fluorescent pseudomonads. In this study,
Pseudomonas tolerates high NaCl content in the treated soil and can develop root colonizing activity
even in soil with a high NaCl content. Increasing the salt concentration initially from 0.2 to 0.4%
significantly increased the activities of the dehydrogenase, catalase, and urease enzymes. The
maximum activity of the protease enzymes fell at the level of 0.2% NaCl concentration. At
concentrations higher than 0.4%, the activity of all four enzymes and the bacteria population
decreased to a level like the control. The phosphatase and -glucosidase activities, on the other hand,
decreased significantly compared to the control in proportion to the concentration because of
increasing the NaCl dose. According to our assumption, the change in the enzymatic activities was
also caused by the change in the composition of the microbiota because of the salt treatment as well
as the osmotic pressure in the soil.

Keywords: microbial indicator, fluorescent Pseudomonads population, NaCl, white clover

rhizosphere, activity of soil enzymes

Biography
Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda is working at Óbuda University. He is
Environmental Microbiologist and Soil Biotechnologist. He is a member of
Environmental Sciences Doctor’s School (Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences) and Material Science and Technology at Óbuda University.
He was a supervisor of many PhD students as well as the Leader of Agricultural
and Environmental Microbiology and Soil Biotechnology PhD Program. also,
a leader of Microbial Biotechology MSc Program dealing with the interactions
between the microbiomes and the environment for increasing soil quality and
saving the soil from pollutants. His investigations are on the role of waste
management, soil quality and fertility, crop production and environmental
impacts related to the application of organic wastes; measurements soil
microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in wastewater sludge amended
soils; and roles of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in biosphere.

Page 92
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Research Interest: Waste Management; Environmental Biotechnology; Soil:
Protection; Sustainable; PGPR and Microbial Inoculants; Gut Microbiomes
and Human Health as well as Modern Biology. Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi
Hamuda was invited as visiting professore to the 13th Flanders (Belgium)
Inspires International Visitors. He is the broad editorial memberand reviewer
of many internatinal journals as well as a member of many organizing
committees of various international conferences also, acted as plenary or
keynote speaker. Prof. Dr, organize annually t and. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda
is the president of the International Council of Enviromental Engineering
Edication and annually he organizes two International Meetings, one in
November in term of ICEEE, and the second in May as International
Symposium.

Page 93
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 BIOBASED FERTILIZERS FOR A SMART AND SUSTAINED
AGRICULTURE

Faissal AZIZ1,2
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
2
National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The increasing worldwide population and the decreasing arable land pose a huge tension in agro-
food production. Applying chemical fertilizers to agricultural production dramatically increased food
production in the past decades, contributing to about 50% extra crop yield. However, with the wide
utilization of chemical fertilizers, the negative impacts on the environment receive increasing
attention worldwide. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to biobased fertilizers due to
the unique properties of nutrients and water slow-releasing. In the aim of the PRIMA program, the
CICLICA project explores a model of biobased fertilizer and their application on real farms. The
CICLICA project aims to promote an alternative farming system based on nano-biotechnology
principles with novel eco-friendly superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) and fertilization using indigenous
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF); this consortium is considered a holistic model of slow release
of water and nutrients. Combining fertilizer and superabsorbent helps improve plant nutrition,
depreciates water evaporation losses, and reduces frequent irrigation and fertilization. Advanced
research on improving the performance of these polymers and the production of new nature-friendly
SAP molecules have been carried out during this project. Nevertheless, the results surveyed from our
project indicate that applying based SAPs and microorganisms as biofertilizers is a viable way of
promoting sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Biobased, Sustain agriculture, Superabsorbent, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.

Biography
Professor AZIZ Faissal is currently an Associate Professor at Cadi Ayyad
University, Morocco. Prof. AZIZ is a young researcher at MENA NWC (Middle
East and North Africa Network of Water Centers of Excellence) in
Nanotechnology for the water treatment field. He supervises ten thesis subjects
on wastewater treatment and reuses; he has published over 70 papers and co-
edited one book. In addition, he coordinates many research projects on
wastewater treatment and biomaterial engineering in collaboration with national
and international partners.

Page 94
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE
ECONOMIC GROWTH, AVAILABILITY OF FOSSIL FUELS AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY IN THE WORLDWIDE COUNTRIES

Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Today, climate change is the most pressing problem facing the worldwide, and the future of economic
growth is entangled with climate change. The partitioned goals of development and environmental
protection must be viewed in tandem. At the same time, the climate crisis is becoming ever more
urgent. Unchecked, climate change will pose a significant and escalating threat to world economic
and social stability, if irreversible “tipping points” are triggered. Natural resources like coal,
petroleum, and gas are linked with environmental contamination. Thus, along with economic
development, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions expanded by around 50% after the inception of the
great industrial revolution, resulting in environmental deterioration. The outcomes revealed that
natural resource rents enhance CO2 emissions while green energy use decreases CO2 emissions.
Many solutions have been investigated in the climate change, but it has been blocked by global
dependency on fossil fuels and the fossil fuel industry’s lobbying power. The fossil industry,
mainstream economic thinking, national and international interests, and political strive for short-
term interests present key barriers to climate mitigation. A continuation of such trends is reflected in
the Dice model, leading to a 3.5°C temperature increase by 2100. It is well-established that the
deforestation, chainsaw operations, and mining trigger adverse consequences for biodiversity, and
severe air, soil, and water pollution. Economic growth also encourages the modernization of society
and urbanization levels that trigger the extraction and utilization of coal, gas, and oil, and these
natural resources are well known to intensify environmental pollution. This study focuses on framing
the increasingly urgent climate crisis in the context of the current international economic and social
circumstances. It includes better characterising and integrating the non-linear impacts of climate
change. The negative economic, social and environmental effects of fuel subsidies are widely
recognised and are particularly felt in developing countries. Subsidising energy acts as a boost for
fossil fuels and continues to skew incentives in their favour, especially when there is an increasing
focus on transitioning to clean energy. With the energy sector being the largest contributor to the
climate crisis, accelerating the phasing-out of fossil fuel subsidies could lead to a 10% reduction in
energy sector emissions by 2030. According to a 2021 study on global mortality and fossil fuel
consumption, pollution from fossil fuels caused about 8.7 million deaths a year, nearly one in five of
all deaths globally. The energy sector accounts for 73% of global human greenhouse gas emissions.
The environmental impacts of multilateral fossil fuel subsidy reforms on developing countries are
generally positive. Reforms can lead to reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants,
which can help to mitigate climate change. In addition, reforms can promote energy efficiency and
the development of renewable energy sources, which can help to reduce air pollution and improve air
quality. It is, therefore, essential to align fossil fuel subsidy reforms with sustainable development by

Page 95
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 evaluating the economic, social and environmental impacts of the reforms and adopting measures to
counterbalance any negative effects. This requires directing investment and transferring technologies
to developing countries to help them build capacity to generate clean energy using their existing
resource endowments. Achieving carbon neutrality and reducing global temperature rise below 2°C
necessitates shifting from conventional energy to renewable energy and ensuring sustainable use of
natural resources. The main message that emerges is that climate change will cause income
divergence across individuals, sectors, and regions, adjustment in energy markets, increased inflation
variability, financial markets stress, intensified innovation, increased migration, and rising public
debt. Climate change is now the most pressing, central challenge facing the world. Developing
economies must aim not just to grow, but to grow sustainably. While developing countries are most
vulnerable to climate change, they are also most likely to contribute to it in the future. New and
increasingly affordable innovations can propel developing countries towards a greener growth path.
and providing good jobs, especially in services, and introducing a climate management mindset hold
the key to achieving sustainability.

Keywords: Climatic changes, economic growth risk, natural resources, clean energy, CO2
emissions

Biography
Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda is working at Óbuda University. He is
Environmental Microbiologist and Soil Biotechnologist. He is a member of
Environmental Sciences Doctor’s School (Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences) and Material Science and Technology at Óbuda University.
He was a supervisor of many PhD students as well as the Leader of Agricultural
and Environmental Microbiology and Soil Biotechnology PhD Program. also,
a leader of Microbial Biotechology MSc Program dealing with the interactions
between the microbiomes and the environment for increasing soil quality and
saving the soil from pollutants. His investigations are on the role of waste
management, soil quality and fertility, crop production and environmental
impacts related to the application of organic wastes; measurements soil
microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in wastewater sludge amended
soils; and roles of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in biosphere.
Research Interest: Waste Management; Environmental Biotechnology; Soil:
Protection; Sustainable; PGPR and Microbial Inoculants; Gut Microbiomes
and Human Health as well as Modern Biology. Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi
Hamuda was invited as visiting professore to the 13th Flanders (Belgium)
Inspires International Visitors. He is the broad editorial memberand reviewer
of many internatinal journals as well as a member of many organizing
committees of various international conferences also, acted as plenary or
keynote speaker. Prof. Dr, organize annually t and. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda
is the president of the International Council of Enviromental Engineering
Edication and annually he organizes two International Meetings, one in
November in term of ICEEE, and the second in May as International
Symposium.

Page 96
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Oral Technical
Sessions

Page 97
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Technical Session A1
AGRICULTURE AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT, FOOD SECURITY AND
GREEN GROWTH

Page 98
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH LENTIL FOR A LESS
FERTILIZER-DEPENDENT CROP

Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Maya KECHID, Abdelhamid DJEKOUN

GBBV, freres MENTOURI University Constantine 1, 25000 Ain El Bey, Constantine,
Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
PGPR are soil bacteria that can directly or indirectly stimulate plant growth by providing substances
that are usually in limited amounts in the soil or slowing the growth of pathogens. Legumes have long
been the most cultivated seed plants with cereals by humans. In the Mediterranean basin, lentils (lens
culinaris) occupy an important place in human and animal food, it is classified 3rd legume crop after
beans and peas. In order to promote the cultivation of this legume under low input conditions a
comparison study of the effect of inoculation of 14 previously isolated and characterized rhizopheric
bacteria for the potential to promote the growth of lentils in Hydroponics culture was conducted.The
effect of the stimulatory activity of the 14 rhizospheric bacteria was demonstrated on the growth over
the length of the stems, roots, fresh weight and dry plants of the lentil (Lens culinaris) and
determination of accumulated phosphorus in inoculated lentil plants. The results obtained show that
inoculation with bacteries leads to a root and aerial increase mainly for strains 29, 23, 17, 6, 82, 58
and 46. After the results obtained, these bacteria seem to be excellent lentil PGPR candidates. The
results also show an excellent accumulation of phosphorus in the root part compared to the aerial
part, specifically for bacteria 29.

Keywords: lentil (Lens culinaris), growth improvement, phosphorus accumulation, PGPR,

inoculation, hydroponics.

Biography
After a DES in biochemistry, Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL specialized in plant
biotechnologies with a magister on production of Rhizobial inoculum then a PhD
in cotutelle with Supagro Montpellier France on the adaptation of Phaseolus to
low availability of phosphorus. She received the Habilitation to Conduct
Research in Science in 2020. Recruited at INATAA freres Mentouri University,
Constantine 1 since 2005, she was responsible for master training course in food
biotechnology from 2013 to 2019. She Has been part of several national and
cooperation projects.

Page 99
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THREE
POLYSACCHARIDES EXTRACTED FROM TUNISIAN PLANTS

Souha CHOKRI1,2, Ali ELLAFI1,3, Ahmed SLAHEDDINE Masmoudi2,

Sonia BEN YOUNES1,4
¹Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences - University campus of Ahmed Zarroug,
2112, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
²Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation de Biogéoressources à l’Institut Supérieur de
Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet (ISBST) LR11ES31, Sidi Thabet-Tunisie.
3
Laboratory of Analysis, treatment and valorisation of environment pollutants and products,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia.
4
Unit Research no. 17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 rue Jebbel Lakhdar, University of
Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Polysaccharides, the most abundant macromolecules, have attracted much attention from researchers
in the food and biomedical fields, due to their various biological and physiological activities such as
biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this work is to extract, the
Juglans regia water-soluble polysaccharides from the bark (JrWSPB), the Rhamnus alaternus water-
soluble polysaccharides from leaves (RaWSPL) and stems (RaWSPS) and to investigate some of its
antioxidant activities. The extraction yield of JrWSPB was 3.86 % of RaWSPL was 3.25% and of
RaWSPS was 3%. The spectral characterization showed the presence of a major peak between 200
and 225 nm could be attributed to the unsaturated carbonyl groups and carboxyl groups. In addition,
a second peak at 245-255 nm indicated the presence of xylose, a third one between 260 and 270 nm,
for sucrose and glucose presences and the last one at 675 nm could be attributed to chlorophylls. A
low absorption at 280 nm testifies the poorly protein presence. These results were confirmed by FTIR
analysis. The three polysaccharides JrWSPB, RaWSPL and RaWSPS extracts exhibited a strong
antioxidant activity towards DPPH (IC50 = 405, 615 and 628 µg/ml), and ABTS (IC50 = 788, 470 and
559µg/ml), respectively. In addition, the reducing power capacity and the chelating power were
evaluated (IC50 = 338.36, 203.89 and 141.76 mg/ml), and chelating power (IC50 = 299, 219 and
225µg/ml) respectively for JrWSPB, RaWSPL and RaWSPS.

Keywords: Polysaccharides, Juglans regia, Rhamnus alaternus, anti-oxidant activities

Biography

Page 100
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 VALORIZATION OF IRRIGATION IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID
CLIMATE AREAS: CASE STUDY OF UPPER CHELIFF PLAIN,
ALGERIA

Hamida TAIBI1, Abdelkader BOUDERBALA2

1
Water, Rock and Plant research laboratory. University of Djilali Bounaama, Khemis Miliana,
Algeria.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Due to the expanding agricultural development, the need for water irrigation in agricultural practices
has been increasing annually. This necessitates the adoption of sustainable methods to enhance
agricultural production while ensuring global food safety. The primary objective of sustainable
agriculture is to maximize crop production while minimizing the use of irrigation water, fertilizers,
and energy. Over the last decade, agriculture has faced numerous constantly changing requirements
resulting from natural and anthropogenic impacts. Meeting these demands is essential to maintaining
food security and avoiding socio-economic problems. Therefore, the development of innovative
agricultural production systems is necessary to decrease inputs for crops, including irrigation,
fertilization, and pesticides while maintaining acceptable agricultural yields. An experimental study
was conducted in the Upper Cheliff Plain to focus on the efficient use of water irrigation and
application of fertilizers to achieve sustainable agricultural management. Industrial tomatoes were
chosen for the investigation of a new strategy for optimum irrigation water. The tomatoes were
cultivated in the Upper Cheliff Plain, and our irrigation program was compared with that of local
farmers. The results showed that our irrigation scheduling gave us a gain of 15% of irrigation water
volume for the vegetative cycle of tomatoes compared to the farmer’s method, and consequently, we
also decreased the use of fertilizers. This research discusses the adopted strategies for optimum
irrigation water that can be used in similar climate areas.

Keywords: Irrigation efficiency, Tomato, Sustainable agriculture, low inputs, Agricultural production

Biography
Hamida TAIBI is currently a PhD student at the Djilali Bounaama University of
Khemis Miliana, specializing in hydro-agricultural development. She earned
her engineering degree in hydraulics from the Higher National School of
Hydraulics in Blida and her master’s degree in hydro-agriculture from the
University of Khemis Miliana. Her research focuses on the sustainable
management of water resources in agriculture to enhance the valorization of
irrigation water.

Page 101
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 OPUNTIA FLOWERS: A PROMISING MEDICINE AND FOOD
RESOURCES

Monia ENNOURI
Olive tree institute Sfax, University of Sfax, TUNISIA
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Flowers are considered as precious food and medicine resources. Extracts from edible flowers like
decoction, infusion and maceration are recently much studied and presented as having numerous
therapeutic properties. Opuntia flowers are useful in numerous fields, such as traditional medicines
and in food applications. The study of composition and the biological activities of aqueous extracts
of opuntia ficus indica flowers from fresh and dried flowers show that the best antioxidant activity
and the higher polyphenols content were found in the dry flowers. Active compounds in the flower
extracts like flavonoids and phenolic compounds revealed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory
potentialities. Applied topically, opuntia flower extracts accelerate wound contraction and perform
beneficial effects on experimentally induced skin wounds in rats. The maceration of opuntia flowers
in olive oil revealed an improvement in quality and oxidative stability of the oil du to the diffusion of
the pigments and polyphenols from flowers to oil. Our findings comfort the application of Opuntia
flowers as a therapeutic agent for dermal wound healing and as a stabilizer for oil by amplifying its
resistance to oxidation.

Keywords: opuntia, flowers, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, polyphenols

Biography
Monia ENNOURI is an Associate professor at Olive tree institute of Sfax, Tunisia,
her main specialty is Food bioprocess (transformation and valorization of Agri-
Resources).
Areas of expertise is in Food Science and Technology specially Research &
Development in typical products: olives, olive oil, prickly pear, lipidic seeds,
aromatic plants, fruits, ….; quality control of olive oil sensory analysis
laboratories; formulation and functional properties of food products.

Page 102
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM STRAINS
INOCULATION ON DURUM WHEAT GROWTH
Maya KECHID1,2, Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL1,2, Nassira RIAH1, Kaouthar
RAMMECHE2, Issra Karawan BECHOUA2, Zakaria Larbi BENLABIOD1, Charaf
Eddine BELHADEF1, Abdelhamid DJEKOUN1

GBBV laboratory, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1,

1
2
BIOQUAL laboratory, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Durum wheat has an important place in the Algerian diet. However, its productivity does not always
satisfy the request of the consumer. To improve its yield, it is necessary to improve its growth. To
achieve this aim, we have tested the response of durum wheat cultivated in presence of three strains
of Rhizobium leguminosarum (SL9, CS15 and CL4), each strain was inoculated independently of the
others. At first, we have tested some biochemical characteristics of these three strains, like their
ability to solubilize phosphorus and auxin production. Then, in the second part, these three strains
have cultivated on the Yeast Mannitol Broth (YMB) and inoculated separately with seedlings of durum
wheat grown in pots containing compost. The pots are placed in a grow room, with controlled
temperature and light conditions. After 4 weeks of growth, the effect of Rhizobium inoculation on the
morphological and physiological response of durum wheat was observed. Some parameters
including: the measurement of fresh and dry weight of the leaves and roots, the water content, the
number of leaves, the rate of chlorophyll and carotenoid and the percentage of mineral matter was
measured. Our results showed that these three strains are able to solubilize phosphorus and produce
auxin, to increase the content of mineral elements and the rate of chlorophyll and carotenoids.

Keywords: Durum wheat, Rhizobium leguminosarum, PGPR, inoculation

Biography
Maya KECHID obtained a university degree in microbiology in 2001, after that,
she is specialized in plant biotechnologies with a magister degree in 2005, in the
same year, she was Recruited at INATAA institute specialized in Agro-Food, after
that, she obtained a PhD in cotutelle with university of Montpellier, France in
2013 on plant nitrate transporter at Arabidopsis thaliana in presence of Plant
Growth Promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). She received the Habilitation to
Conduct Research in Biology Science in 2022, affiliated of university of Frères
Mentouri, Constantine 1, She has participated of several national and
cooperation projects.

Page 103
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL SOIL
CONDITIONS

Iryna GUMENIUK, Olena DEMYANYUK, Alla LEVISHKO, Viktoriya

TSVIGUN, Yeuheniia TKACH
Department of Agroecology and Biosafety, Institute of Agroecology and Environmental
Management of NAAS, Kyiv, Ukraine.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Climate change and its consequences are one of the most pressing issues of our time. It is known that
every living organism will respond to any changes in its environment in all possible ways – by
adapting or acclimatizing. Soil sampling and determination of the number of microorganisms of the
main ecological, trophic, and taxonomic groups were determined by generally accepted methods. The
direction of microbiological processes in the soil was determined according to K. Andreyuk, G.
Iutynska, and co-authors by calculating environmental coefficients. The following indicators were
proposed to determine soil condition: number of earthworms, diversity of soil microflora, soil
biological activity, and soil enzymatic activity. In our work, to assess soil quality through biological
indicators, it was a good decision to use "direct" and "indirect" indicators for a comprehensive
assessment of Minimal Data Set (MDS). To assess the direction of microbiological processes in the
soil, we calculated the coefficients of oligotrophicity, pedotrophicity, and mineralization-
immobilization. The complex studies of soil enzymatic activity make it possible to determine the effect
of an additional supply of bioavailable forms of minerals on the activity of hydrolases and
oxidoreductases. In addition, it helps to identify the most informative criteria for assessing the
condition of soil processes under the influence of various environmental factors. The enzymatic
activity of soil microorganisms significantly depends on the climatic characteristics of the soil. In
particular, the moisture level determines the degree of solubility of nutrients and their bioavailability
and the concentration gradient in the soil-microorganism system, soil temperature determines the
rate of enzymatic processes and the living conditions of biota, etc. Thus, a MDS of biological
indicators for assessing the ecological and functional condition of soil under climate change was
developed and ecologically justified. It will help in understanding the properties of microbial
communities' resilience, which determined by their ability to withstand and recover from
disturbances, and in characterizing the functioning of the ecosystem in general. The application of
this system will contribute a comprehensive study of soil conditions, objective diagnostics, and
assessment of its condition under the influence of various factors (including hydrothermal).

Keywords: Climate change, microorganisms, biological indicators, Minimal Data Set (MDS),

Biography

Page 104
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Iryna Gumeniuk has completed her PhD at the age of 26 years (Institute of
Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS) in Biological Sciences
(Ecology). She is Senior Researcher in Laboratory Microbial Ecology
(Department of Agroecology and Biosafety of Institute of Agroecology and
Environmental Management of NAAS). Author of 35 scientific works, including 4
publications that are included in SCOPUS or Web of Science databases, co-
author of 1 monograph, 2 training manuals, and 2 methodological
recommendations.
Scientific interests: Ecology of soil microorganisms; Microbiology,
agroecology, and biosafety; Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis; Developing
biological preparations based on agronomically beneficial microorganisms.
Member of National Public Organization Vynograds'kyj Society of
Microbiologists of Ukraine (SMU) and FEMS; Member of All-Ukrainian Public
Organization "Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders of Ukraine"; Member
of the All-Ukrainian Public Organization "Association of Agroecologists of
Ukraine"; Head of the microbiological testing group of TL "DAB"; Lecturer of
the course of lectures "Environmentally safe agricultural technologies",
"Biological safety of agroecosystems", "Ecology of microorganisms".

Page 105
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Technical Session A2
AGRICULTURE AND SOIL IMPROVEMENT, FOOD SECURITY AND
GREEN GROWTH

Page 106
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPACT OF HYDRATION WATER SALINITY AND
INCORPORATION OF SOFT WHEAT FLOUR ON THE WET
AGGLOMERATION PROPERTIES OF DURUM WHEAT SEMOLINA
FOR COUSCOUS PRODUCTION
Loucif CHEMACHE1, Farida KEHAL1, Olivier LECOQ2, Hacène NAMOUNE1, Driss
OULAHNA2
1
Laboratoire de Nutrition et Technologie Alimentaire (LNTA), Institut de la Nutrition, de
l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Université des Frères Mentouri
Constantine 1, 25000, Constantine, Algérie.
2
Centre Rapsodee, IMT Mines-Albi. Campus Jarlard, 81000 Albi, France.
E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract:
Introduction. The addition of salt to the hydration water and the incorporation of soft wheat flour
(SWF) are common practices in the artisanal manufacturing of couscous. Objective. This work aims
to explore the effect of NaCl addition to the hydration water and the addition of SWF on the
rheological properties of durum wheat semolina (DWS) during its wet agglomeration into couscous
and to predict the optimal liquid-solid (L/S) wetting ratio for granulability. Materials and methods.
The Mixer Torque Rheometer (MTR-Caleva®) was used to monitor the granulability of solid-liquid
mixtures. The couscous agglomerates were then shaped using a high shear granulator-mixer Mi-
Pro®. Results and discussion. The salinity of the hydration liquid decreases the inter-granular
cohesion during solid-liquid mixing (effect on liquid surface tension and solid wetting) and results in
the production of less dense agglomerates of spread sizes. The addition of SWF to DWS presents
rheological profiles accentuating the inter-granule cohesive-adhesive effect. The optimal liquid ratio
(for maximum cohesion development) depends on the studied effects: the optimal L/S ratio tends to
decrease with salinity and increase after adding SWF. Conclusion. The combined effect (water
salinity and SWF addition) in granular agglomeration shows the "wetting effect vs cohesion effect"
character governing the creation of inter-grain bridges generating couscous granules. Water salinity
also influences the water sorption cycles during wetting before agglomerate generation.

Keywords: Semolina, NaCl, Wet agglomeration, Couscous, Hydration rate, MTR-Rheometer

Biography
Loucif CHEMACHE is a teacher-researcher in food science at the University
Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 (INATAA). He is an active member of the
university's nutrition and food technology research laboratory (LNTA), where he
also serves as team leader for the Cereals and Cereal Products (CCP) research
group. He is recognized for his expertise in food technology, particularly in the
areas of food powders and shaping and transformation operations of cereals and
cereal products. As a researcher, he is interested in the development and
formulation of innovative and functional starchy foods.

Page 107
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF EGGSHELL ASH AND CRUSHED
STONE POWDER ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF
EXPANSIVE SOIL: IN CASE OF DUKEM TOWN, ETHIOPIA

Tadesse Endale TEFERRA

Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Expansive soils are those having the ability to undergo excess swelling-shrinkage behaviour due to
available smectite mineral in soil mass and which causes distress on overlaid structures as moisture
content varies. This soil type covers more than 40% of land area in Ethiopia, and currently it becomes
an alarming issue throughout the overall world. So, to overcome such problems this study was tried
to apply ground improvement by using different stabilizing agents like eggshell ash (ESA) and crushed
stone powder (CSP) which are selected based on their cost-effectiveness, availability, pollutant
reducibility and environmental compatibility. For this study expansive soil samples from three
different test pits were collected to be categorized and identified as the weakest based on their
plasticity property, gradation, swelling property and compressive strength and further the weakest
soil, selected additives and soil-additive mixtures were characterized for their mineralogical
compositions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope
(SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. This paper also presents the results of some index and
engineering properties including Atterberg limits, compaction, free swelling, and unconfined
compressive strength of expansive soil mixed with the ESA at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by dry weight of
soil. The result shows that the decrease in liquid limit (84.38% to78.23%), plasticity index (47.16%
to 32.65%), maximum dry density (1.32g/cm3 to 1.29g/cm3), free swelling index (95% to 36.36%),
free swell ratio (1.95 to 1.36), and linear shrinkage (21.96% to 18.87%) with the addition of ESA up
to 8%. Whereas increase in optimum moisture content (35.78% to 36.36%), plastic limit (37.22% to
45.58%), and UCS from 94.74KPa to 149.17KPa (uncured) and 177.68Kpa (cured) were observed
for addition of ESA to soil sample. And 6% ESA was combined with CSP at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%
by dry weight of soil to investigate their effect on properties of natural soil. Again, the result shows
better improvement of soil properties by reducing plasticity property, shrinkage capacity, optimum
moisture content, swelling characteristics, and degree of compressibility and increasing rate of
consolidation, maximum dry density, and compressive strength of natural soil. Results also shows
that curing have positive impact on improvement of expansive soil related to strength. Based on the
overall test results, the optimum ratio of ESA and CSP for the improvement of expansive soil in this
study was proposed as 6% and 15% respectively.

Keywords: Crushed stone powder, Eggshell ash, Expansive soil, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Biography

Page 108
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Name: Tadesse Endale Teferra, Age: 31, Sex: Male
Place of birth: Derra, Oromia, Ethiopia, Marital status: Married
Nationality: Ethiopian, Date of birth: 14th September,1992
Address: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Mobile phone: +251912183876
Highest education level: MSc. In Geotechnical Engineering

Page 109
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE PRACTICES AND
MONSOON AT MICRO-WATERSHED LEVEL ON SOIL
PROPERTIES INCLUDING EARTHWORM POPULATION AND
CROP PRODUCTION IN RED AND LATERITE AGROCLIMATIC
ZONE UNDER MOIST SUB-HUMID REGION OF WEST BENGAL
STATE IN INDIA

Anirban BHOWMIK1, Subhabrata PANDA1,2

1
Department of Soil and Water Conservation, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India,
2
AICRP on Agroforestry, Regional Research Station (Red & Laterite Zone), BCKV, Jhargram, West
Bengal, India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The study revealed that agricultural land use practices and monsoon had impacts on changing soil
properties, fertility, crop production and matured earthworm population in soil. The study was
conducted in the years of 2020 and 2021 within three micro-watersheds in the Paschim Medinipur
district (22˚57' 06.4''N Lat., 87˚21'41.0''E Long. to 21˚46'06.4''N Lat., 87˚24'06.9''E Long. in N-S;
and 22˚23'00.0''N Lat., 87˚18'15.0''E Long. to 22˚23'41.7''N Lat., 87˚39'05.7''E Long. in E-W) within
Red and Laterite Agroclimatic Zone under the moist sub-humid region of West Bengal state in India.
Data from twenty different farming practices, i.e., treatments were analysed following Duncan’s
Multiple Regression Test (DMRT) involving eleven different crops including kharif rice, and potato
in rabi season as the main crops. Significant changes were found in soil characteristics including
matured earthworm population after monsoon period and agricultural land use practices, including
bunding, organic manure application, boundary plantation, etc. In 2020, the C14 land use system had
the highest average number of earthworms of 7.33m-2, while the lowest value was found in C5 with
3.00m-2. In the same period in 2021, C2 had the highest average number of earthworms of 6.67m -2,
while C5 had the lowest value of 3.33m-2. From the overall results for 2020 and 2021, it was found
that yield of kharif rice ranged from 1.73tha-1 in C12 to 2.25tha-1 in C6 agricultural land use system,
while the yield of potato varied from 17.63tha-1 in C12 to 18.36tha-1 in C9 agricultural land use
system, whereas earthworm population ranged from 3.00m-2 in C5 to 6.67m-2 in C13 and C14
agricultural land use systems. Through principal component analysis (PCA), it was revealed that
earthworm population and crop production were influenced by soil properties like bulk density,
porosity, total aggregate, moisture, permeability, infiltration, pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen
and land use practices.

Keywords: agricultural land use, monsoon, micro-watershed, soil properties, crop yield, earthworm

Biography

Page 110
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Anirban Bhowmik
Anirban Bhowmik, an M.Sc. (Agriculture) in Soil and Water
Conservation, is a university Ph.D. research scholar with the
Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) at Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.

Subhabrata Panda
Dr. Subhabrata Panda, M.Sc. and Ph.D. (Agriculture) in Soil and
Water Conservation, is an Assistant Professor in Soil and Water
Conservation and Scientist with All India Coordinated Research
Project on Agroforestry (AICRP on AF), Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), West Bengal, India.

Page 111
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 COMPARISON OF SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES BETWEEN
GRASSLAND AND ARABLE SOIL
Sagrario CORRALES MARTINEZ1, Tibor SZILI-KOVÁCS2, Hosam E.A.F.
BAYOUMI HAMUDA1
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
2
Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
We have compared two different land uses, cropland and grassland at three soil types (Arenosols,
Chernozems and Cambisols) for the soil microbial respiration as an indicator for soil quality. Soil
samples were taken from the upper soil layer (0-20 cm) in May of 2022. All measurements with
altogether 24 soil samples were made in the Institute for Soil Sciences (Budapest, Hungary) using
MicroResp technique for detecting the catabolic level physiological profile (CLPP) of soil microbial
communities. Basal respiration and cumulative substrate-induced respiration resulted in significant
differences between grassland and cropland at each soil type investigated with the higher respiration
rates for grasslands. Inverz Simpson index showed higher values also at the grasslands, but the
difference was significant only at Balatoncsicso (Cambisols). CLPP was significantly different across
all sites investigated and evaluated by permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and with
the principal coordinate analysis. The most significant substrate respiration rates responsible for
discrimination between sites were different, not only one substrate but at least five substrates had a
significant effect on soil group separation.

Keywords: soil respiration, CLPP, cropland, grassland.

Biography
I am a Mexican environmental engineer student from Óbuda university living
here in Budapest since 2019. I did my internship and research at the Institute of
Soil Sciences and Research to analyse and compare the soil respiration between
arable soil and grassland soil and how does the usage of fertilizer affects the
overall health of the soil.
I am currently applying for a master’s degree in environmental sciences here in
Budapest.

Page 112
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 NITRATE CONTENT IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Ágnes BÁLINT1, Duan ZHENGQI1, Xuechu WANG2
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Harmful effects of nitrates on the body from nitrite to nitrite and mainly to nitrosamines in the
preparation of food, digestion in the intestinal tract, and storage (nitrate-rich foods such as spinach
or carrots, at room temperature). In a healthy human, NO3- is excreted, but the but the 10% nitrite
produced from the remaining nitrite is not enough to loss of haemoglobin can cause
methemoglobinemia in adults. As we known nitrate can be found in fruits and vegetables. Nitrate is
necessary to human body. But if human take too much nitrate will cause some problem. So, it is
important to know how much nitrate you take per day. In this paper It was chosen different samples
from different shops. Though the experiment to learn the concentration in those samples. And I will
try to find if there are any different in those fruits and vegetables which from different shops. And
analysis the samples themselves which part of them will be healthy.

Keywords: ammonium-N, heavy metals, nitrate-N, monitoring, stream

Biography
Dr. Ágnes Dr. habil. Mészáros-Bálint (Ágnes Bálint is the author’s name) had
her Highest educational degree: MSc, Chemistry and Physics, ELTE, Budapest,
Hungary. Scientific degree: PhD; habilitation, in the field: Environmental
Sciences, SZIE, Gödöllő, Hungary
Institution: Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and
Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural
Sciences and HBM
Phone: +36303721342; Position: Associate Professor
Specialties: Inorganic chemistry, environmental analytics, colloid chemistry;
Development and application of chromatographic methods for soil/plant,
polymer, amino acids, and food analysis; Nitrogen transformation in
soil/plant/atmosphere system, application of stable isotope tracers, as fertilizer;
Experimental and theoretical modelling of transport processes

Page 113
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION WITH
PESTICIDES ON PLANT GROWTH
Éva Rakó GUZMICSNÉ, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Throughout the course of the measurements, we receive simple and reproduceable results, which can
be utilized in everyday situations, as the effects of pesticides as well as the soil’s fertility can be
measured. Due to their relationship with soil biology, the presence of soil enzymes provides useful
soil quality indicators, given that (1) soil enzymes can be measured accurately, (2) these precise
measurements are reproduceable, and (3) soil enzymes give great insight into the soil management’s
past. Pesticides are biologically active chemical compounds. Their precise application is important,
because unintended consequences can include significant changes in biological activity, which in turn
can influence the soil’s microbial ecological balance and its fertility. The growing reliance on
pesticides in sustainable agriculture may reach concerning proportions as, due to their
ecotoxicological effects, pesticides can be dangerous for the environment, the animal world, and, both
directly and indirectly, humans. The pesticides used during the cultivation of cultigens influence
enzymatic activity, which serve as soil quality indicators. The aim of this investigation was to gain
insight into the effects of pesticides on the soil’s rhizosphere, with special attention directed towards
(1) dehydrogenase and FDA activity, (2) the population of soil bacteria, (3) the germ count of aerobic
endospore-forming bacteria, (4) the development cellulose-decomposer population, (5) the
development of phosphate solubilizing bacteria- and filamentous fungus populations, and (6) the
development of yeast germ counts. These factors of the soil greatly influence the productivity, crop
yield, and economic efficiency of the cultigens planted therein. The examinations also pointed out
how the plant itself reacts to the effects of the given dose of pesticides, based on the dry substance
content, the length of the plant’s stem- or root, and the chlorophyl content of plants exposed to
different degrees of pesticide pollution. We have observed favorable effects on the cultigens and the
rhizospheres surrounding their roots that were subjected to appropriately proportioned pesticides,
the amount of which was determined by previously conducted experiments. It is important however to
take into consideration the investigation’s other factor when an incorrect amount of chemical
compound was applied. The reduced amount of pesticide did not produce the expected results, and so
the economic efficiency was worsened. Overapplication also resulted in decreasing tendency, but the
overuse of pesticides will, on the long term, damage its immediate and wider surroundings and its
ecosystem. Our history and choices warn us to the dangers of irresponsible, nonchalant damage we
leave behind, and to the neglection of the consequences. But this retrospection also shows as which
are the go-to, tried and true methods with which the crop yield, agriculture, and ecosystem can all be
sustained despite the ever-growing populations. A lot of effort and initiative is focused towards
creating and maintaining a tighter connection with the environment both in the countryside and in
large cities. We believe that measurements like that of this investigation, which will be applied in the
future, will contribute to cultigens, forage, and the food made directly or indirectly from it to be
cultivated through technologies that take into consideration the needs of the soil, the plants, the
animals, and people equally.

Page 114
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Keywords: Pesticides, tomato growth and rhizosphere, soil quality, enzymes and microbiomes
activities

Biography
Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda is working at Óbuda University. He is
Environmental Microbiologist and Soil Biotechnologist. He is a member of
Environmental Sciences Doctor’s School (Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences) and Material Science and Technology at Óbuda University.
He was a supervisor of many PhD students as well as the Leader of Agricultural
and Environmental Microbiology and Soil Biotechnology PhD Program. also,
a leader of Microbial Biotechology MSc Program dealing with the interactions
between the microbiomes and the environment for increasing soil quality and
saving the soil from pollutants. His investigations are on the role of waste
management, soil quality and fertility, crop production and environmental
impacts related to the application of organic wastes; measurements soil
microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in wastewater sludge amended
soils; and roles of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in biosphere.
Research Interest: Waste Management; Environmental Biotechnology; Soil:
Protection; Sustainable; PGPR and Microbial Inoculants; Gut Microbiomes and
Human Health as well as Modern Biology. Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda
was invited as visiting professore to the 13th Flanders (Belgium) Inspires
International Visitors. He is the broad editorial memberand reviewer of many
internatinal journals as well as a member of many organizing committees of
various international conferences also, acted as plenary or keynote speaker. Prof.
Dr, organize annually t and. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda is the president of the
International Council of Enviromental Engineering Edication and annually he
organizes two International Meetings, one in November in term of ICEEE, and
the second in May as International Symposium.

Page 115
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Technical Session B1
WATER SECURITY: TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Page 116
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ESTIMATION USING AN
EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL PERMEABILITY
AND SURFACE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD IN THE
UPPER CHELIFF’S ALLUVIAL AQUIFER ALGERIA
Hanane MEROUCHI, Abdelkader BOUDERBALA, Hamida TAIBI

Plant chemistry – water- energy research laboratory. Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Hassiba Ben Bouaali University, Chlef, Algeria.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The aim of this study is to determine the groundwater recharge rate in upper Chéliff’s alluvial plain
in Algeria. An approach based on measurements of the resistivity of the topsoil layers (167 resistivity
sounding measurements), regression, and GIS was adopted to determine the infiltration coefficient
throughout the plain territory. The empirical relationship established between soil permeability K
and the resistivity ρ is a third-order polynomial equation with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.996.
The theoretical permeability obtained by applying the modeling equation, which used to produce
infiltration maps and to calculate the average annual potential recharge for each administrative
sector. This study establishes a good approach for determining the spatial distribution of infiltration
therefore recharge in areas where experimental on-site permeability values are not available by using
geophysical data.

Keywords: Electrical resistivity, Groundwater recharge rate, permeability, soil

Biography
Hanane is currently a PhD student at the Hassiba ben Bouaali University of
Chlef, specializing in Hydraulics. She earned her engineering degree in
hydraulics from the Higher National School of Hydraulics in Blida and her
master’s degree water and géoenvironment from the University of Khemis
Miliana. Her research focuses on the estimation of groundwater recharge by
several methods.

Page 117
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MONTHLY STREAMFLOW PREDICTION USING HYBRID
EXTREME LEARNING MACHINE OPTIMIZED BY BAT
ALGORITHM: CASE STUDY OF TIGUIGUEST BASIN, NORTHERN
ALGERIA

Salah DIF1,2, Yamina ELMEDDAHI1,2, Salim HEDDAM3

1
Department of Hydraulic, Civil Engineering and Architecture Faculty, University of Hassiba
Benbouali, Chlef, Algeria
2
Vegetal Chemistry -Water-Energy Laboratory (LCV2E), Chlef, Algeria
3
Faculty of Science, Agronomy Department, Hydraulics Division, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda,
Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Streamflow prediction can provide strategic information and contribute to improved water resource
management systems. Machine learning models have recently been proposed to predict monthly
streamflow’s (Q) using only ¨precipitation (P). The proposed models are based on a nonlinear
relationship between P and Q and have proven to be robust modeling tools. This study was mainly
motivated by evaluating the contribution of metaheuristic algorithms to improve the performance of
machine learning for streamflow modeling Q. We propose a new approach for monthly streamflow
forecasting based on the extreme learning algorithm (ELM) and the Bat metaheuristic algorithm
(BAT-ELM). The performance of BAT-ELM was compared with ELM, support vector regression
(SVR) and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN). The proposed models were applied using
data from the Oued Lili hydrometric station (code 012501) which monitors the flow of the Tiguiguest
sub-basin in the large Cheliff watershed in northern Algeria. It was shown that the BAT-ELM was
more satisfactory than the stand-alone models. The results obtained showed that the BAT-ELM
presented an interesting alternative algorithm for predicting extreme flow data.

Keywords: Streamflow, Prediction, ELM, Bat, SVR, MLPNN.

Biography

PhD student at Department of Hydraulic, Civil Engineering and Architecture

Faculty, University of Hassiba Benbouali, Chlef, Algeria

Page 118
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
OPERATIONS. THE EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE USE OF
POLYMERS

Mehr ANGAIZ
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate the effect of salinity on the efficiency of wastewater treatment
operations using two polymers, Polymer-55502 and Polymer-55702. The results indicate that the
efficiency of the polymers is affected by the type of salt in the solution as well as the salinity of the
solution. The data shows that an increase in the NaCl concentration in the digested sludge will
increase the effect of polymers. At the same time, an increase in MgSO4 concentration will also
increase the impact of polymers until a certain point, after which it will reduce the effect. The study
also found that the two polymers have different reactions to different distilled water samples, which
means that both polymers will not react in the same way under the same conditions. The salinity of
the three WELLS tested was different. The reactions of the two polymers varied with each well,
indicating that the specific composition of the solution affects each polymer's reaction differently. It
is important to use specific polymers with the appropriate salinity in the solution to make wastewater
treatment operations environmentally and economically friendly. This way, the wastewater plant will
use less polymer for the operation, and fewer chemicals will be released into the environment. This
will help us economically and save our marine ecosystem from exposure to the high dose of these
chemicals.

Keywords: wastewater treatment operations. salinity, polymers

Biography
Environmental Engineering student at Obuda University, Budapest,
Hungary

Page 119
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY ASSURANCE PARAMETERS
TO STUDY WWTP PERFORMANCE
Ana VUKMIROVIĆ, Boris OBROVSKI, Ivana MIHAJLOVIĆ

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad,
Serbia,
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected],

Abstract:
Proper operation of the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is essential for any
municipality to protect the environment and public health. Statistical models can be used to assess
treatment efficiency and effluent water quality as well as to help operators to optimize plant
operations and improve treatment process. The aim of the research is to study correlations between
water quality assurance parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen
demand (BOD), ammonium (NH4+), sulphate (SO42-), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and
suspended matter (SM) in raw wastewater and effluent to evaluate performance of treatment process
in municipal WWTP. Statistical data processing (independent sample t test and Pearson's correlation
analysis) was performed using the software IBM SPSS version 25. The big database (more than 1400
samples of raw wastewater and effluent) was used for statistical analyses. The results indicated high
treatment efficiency more than 80 % for COD, BOD, NH4+ and SM, but low efficiency for SO42- (10.90
%). Significant correlation between the concentrations of raw wastewater was noticed between COD
and SM (r=0.354), as well as SM and TP (r=0.349). In effluent, significant correlation between COD
and SM (r=0.456), BOD and NH4+ (r=0.358), BOD and N (r=0.306), and N and NH4+ (r=0.503) was
observed. A positive correlation indicates that with an increase in the concentration of one parameter,
the concentration of the other water quality assurance parameter also increases.

Keywords:

Biography

Ana Vukmirovic was born in Novi Sad in 1982. She completed her bachelor's
and master's degree at the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Department of
Biology, University of Novi Sad. Doctoral studies enrolled at the Faculty of
Technical Sciences at the Department of Environmental Engineering.

Boris Obrovski was born in Novi Sad, in 1988. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees in environmental engineering from the Faculty of Technical
Sciences (FTS), University of Novi Sad (UNS), Serbia in 2011, 2012, and 2020,
respectively. Currently, he is a Research Associate at the FTS, UNS. His areas
of interest are application of sensors and laboratory analysis of inorganic
parameters in water samples.

Page 120
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Ivana Mihajlović was born in Bor in 1984. She received the B.S. and M.Sc.
degrees in physical chemistry from the University of Belgrade in 2008 and
2009, and PhD degree in environmental engineering from University of
Osnabruck. From 2020, she is an associate professor at the Faculty of
Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, at the Department of Environmental
Engineering.

Page 121
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED
CARBON IN THE REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS: ADSORPTION
AND DEGRADATION STUDY COMPARISON
Osamah J. AL-SAREJI1,2, Mónika MEICZINGER1, Viola SOMOGYI1, Ruqayah Ali
GRMASHA2,3, Khalid S. HASHIM4,5
1
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem
str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary
2
Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq
3
University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of
Limnology, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
4
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
5
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon,
Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq
E-mail:

Abstract:
This work describes pollutant removal by using enzyme-free and enzyme-loaded granular activated
carbons. According to the findings by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Boehm
titration, scan electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping
analysis, and specific surface area (SBET), laccase has been effectively immobilized on carbon via
adsorption. The optimal immobilization conditions were determined to be pH 5, 30 oC, and a laccase
dosage of 2 mg/mL. The adsorption of pollutants onto carbon fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm
and first-order kinetics. Up to six reuse capabilities of the immobilized enzyme were determined. The
addition of the pollutants (50 mg/L) resulted in complete removal. However, 74% removal was
achieved using only adsorption. This study suggests that granular activated carbon can be deployed
successfully as a substrate and adsorbent for the removal of pollutants.

Keywords: Laccase, pollutants, adsorption, degradation

Biography
1. Al-sareji, O.J., Meiczinger, M., Somogyi, V., Al-Juboori, R.A., Grmasha, R.A.,
Stenger-Kovács, C., Jakab, M. and Hashim, K.S., 2023. Removal of emerging
pollutants from water using enzyme-immobilized activated carbon from coconut
shell. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, p.109803.
2. Imam, A., Suman, S.K., Singh, R., Vempatapu, B.P., Ray, A. and Kanaujia, P.K.,
2021. Application of laccase immobilized rice straw biochar for anthracene
degradation. Environmental Pollution, 268, p.115827.
3. Al-Sareji, O.J., Meiczinger, M., Salman, J.M., Al-Juboori, R.A., Hashim, K.S.,
Somogyi, V. and Jakab, M., 2023. Ketoprofen and aspirin removal by laccase
immobilized on date stones. Chemosphere, 311, p.137133.
4. Pandey, D., Daverey, A., Dutta, K. and Arunachalam, K., 2022. Bioremoval of
toxic malachite green from water through simultaneous decolorization and
degradation using laccase immobilized biochar. Chemosphere, 297, p.134126.

Page 122
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Session (B2)
AIR QUALITY, CLIMATIC CHANGES, ENERGY PRODUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

Page 123
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ON CLIMATIC CHANGE: CAUSES, IMPACTS ON WILDFIRES AND
HUMAN HEALTH
Yara EzAl Deen SULTAN1, Kanni Raj Arumugam PILLA2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Humanities, Vel Tech
Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai-600062, Tamil Nadu,
India
2
Professor, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Humanities, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.
Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
A climatic change happens when the climate’s standards undergo critical variations, which causes
perilous problems for the environment and society. Any defect in the climate conditions leads to alter
in humidity, temperature, and precipitation. This process has a detrimental impact on the balance of
the ecosystem. This review article distinguishes two types of climatic change causes, viz, natural and
anthropogenic. As far as natural causes are concerned, harmful gases emission by volcanic eruptions
are major detrimental problems to the environment, rise in average earth temperature and snow
melting and in turn rise of sea level result in changes in the climate metrics which, in turn, lead to
disagreeable effects on all forms of life on the earth. Meanwhile, it is noticeable that anthropogenic
effects got more complicated in the recent decades. Human activities have led to an increase in global
warming through deforestation, increasing the emission levels of greenhouse gases, and producing
more pollutants to be stuck in the atmosphere and water bodies. This paper aims at pointing out the
relationship between climate change and wildfires specifically. The impact of climate change on the
forest fire and vice versa. It is worth noting the effects of climatic change on the health of flora and
fauna and local peoples. This review throws some light on the climate and gives a brief conceptual
review of climate change to search for the best methods to minimize the negative human impacts on
climate which help us to conserve the environment and improve human health.

Keywords: Anthropogenic, Wildfires, Health, Global warming.

Biography
Yara EzAl Deen Sultan from Syria, I’m a volunteer in the Scout of Syria. I got a
bachelor’s degree in Geography and Education Habilitation Diploma degree –
from Tishreen University-Syria. I got a master’s degree in environmental science
from Marwadi University Rajkot- India and I’m a Ph.D. scholar in- the Chemistry
department- at Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science
and Technology Chennai- India, my specialty is Environmental Science. I
participated before in The V. International Symposium on Environmental Quality
and Public Health. I’m interested in all Environmental issues like climate change,
wildfires, renewable energy, Wildlife…. etc

Page 124
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPACT OF EFFLUENTS OLIVE OIL ON THE SURFACE WATERS
OF MIDDLE SEYBOUSE
Brahim LOUATI1,2
1
Faculty of Light Industry & Environmental Engineering (RKK), Institute of Environmental
Engineering & Natural Sciences – Óbuda University. Budapest – Hungary
2
Water Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Badji
Mokhtar University Badji Mokhtar BP 12 Annaba –Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Seybouse wadi, considers one of the most important rivers in the North East of Algeria, the latter, it
undergoes industrial pollution, and in particular that of the organic, Among these industrial activities,
the fatty substances industry includes in particular the olive oil production units (olericulture)
generally located on the banks of the river in the middle Seybouse, whose waste water (margins) is
extremely loaded in organic matter, particularly phenolic compounds, which flow into the natural
environment without any prior treatment, and which present serious environmental problems, causing
possible pollution of surface and ground water. Indeed, campaigns analyses were carried out at the
effluents level of (06) oil mills located in the Seybouse average during the production season (2012-
2014). The exploitation of the results of the analyzes showed that the physicochemical and biological
quality of the wastewater is too loaded with organic matter from vegetable waters. Indeed, high values
of COD (> 20 g/l), BOD5 (>10 g/l) and a mean concentrations of oils and fats > 5 mg/l , as well as,
average values of electrical conductivity (1.0 to 7.04 mS.cm−1) as well as dissolved oxygen (<1 mg/l)
were recorded in discharges from oil mills, which are widely above the limit values for a discharge
into an urban or natural environment. In summary, the waters of the Seybouse are extremely impacted
by organic pollution from the effluents of the olive oil mills, and the latter, requiring adequate
treatment systems to preserve the natural waters of the Seybouse and its ecosystem.

Keywords: effluents, environment, oil mill, organic pollution, Seybouse.

Biography
Brahim LOUATI is working at Badji Mokhtar University-Annaba -Algeria
He is specializing in Hydrogeology and environment

Page 125
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 A RELATION BETWEEN EXTREME DAILY PRECIPITATION AND
EXTREME SHORT-TERM PRECIPITATION
Yanina ROMERO1, Janette BESSEMBINDER2, Nick van DE GIESEN3, Frans van
DE VEN3
1
Beuningen, The Netherlands,
2
Climate Services, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
3
Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) published the KNMI’06 Climate Scenarios
in 2006. These scenarios give the possible state of the climate in The Netherlands for the next century.
Projections of changes in precipitation were made for a time scale of one day. The urban drainage
sector is, however, more interested in projections on shorter time scales. Specifically, time scales of
one hour or less. The aim of this research is to provide projections of precipitation at these shorter
time scales based on the available daily scenarios. This involves an analysis of climate variables and
their relations to precipitation at different time scales. Because of this analysis, one can determine a
numeric factor to translate daily projections into shorter time scale projections. Eventually, this
synthetic data can be used as an input for an urban drainage model. With such a drainage model and
synthetic data for design storms the effects of climate change on the systems’ performance can be
assessed and the efficiency of adaptive measures can be investigated.

Keywords: correlation, extreme, precipitation, ratio, urban, variables

Biography
Eng. Yanina L. Romero has a MSc from Water Management at Delft University
of Technology, The Netherlands. She is published in Climatic Change which has
had numerous worldwide citations. Ms. Romero has worked as a software
consultant, AutoCad drafter, advisor at diverse engineering firms and as a
wastewater policy worker. She has reviewed papers for diverse journals
including Theoretical and Applied Climatology. She currently attends online
conferences and won the award for best young researcher at the 12th ICEEE
conference. Ms. Romero resides with her husband in The Netherlands.

Page 126
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
Sara ALKHALDI1, Katalin A. FŐGLEIN2, Krisztina DEMÉNY1
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
2
TI Institute for Transport Sciences Nonprofit Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
In the past couple of years, electric vehicles started becoming popular and they are now considered
one of the tools to develop sustainable cities and reduce the emissions. The aim of the research was
to investigate the energy consumption and emissions of a plugin hybrid (PHEV) and battery electric
vehicle (BEV). The emissions of the vehicles were examined in different energy scenarios of electricity
production. The scenarios were the Hungarian generation mix emissions and lower emissions
technologies. The results showcased that the emissions of the BEV and all electric mode of PHEV
were lowest using and lower emission technologies for electricity production, due to their low carbon
intersity. This was not the case for the PHEV all the time, as the emissions changed for the plug-in
hybrid depending on the degree of dependency on the electrcity and gasoline. The conclusion is that
the effect and influence of electric vehicles on reducing emissions depended on the source of energy
used to power the vehicle. Furthermore, the fuel cycle of electrcic vehicles will produce lower
emissions through the usage of lower emission technologies and all elerctic mode.

Keywords: BEV, PHEV, energy consumption, emission, generation mix

Biography
Sara Alkhaldi
“I am an environmental engineering student in her last year at Obuda
University. I am enthusiastic about sustainability and clean energy.”

Page 127
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Technical Session B3
SESSION (D) ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND HUMAN HEALTH:

Page 128
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 TOXICITY OF GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN MALE
MICE VIA INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION: A BIOCHEMICAL
AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
Asmaa RHAZOUANI 1,2,3, Halima GAMRANI,3, Faissal AZIZ1,2
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Change, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech,
Morocco
2
National Centre for Studies and Research on Water and Energy, Cadi Ayyad University,
Marrakech, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Clinical, Experimental and Environmental Neurosciences, Cadi Ayyad University,
Marrakech, Morocco
E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract:
Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene derivative with numerous applications, including in biomedicine.
Applying this nanomaterial in the medical field could improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
techniques. Also, GO is characterized by various physicochemical properties, including nanoscale
size, high surface area, and electrical charge. However, its safety for such applications is unclear.
We synthesized GO and assessed its toxicity in male mice to address this issue. To do this, we studied
the effects of this nanomaterial by administering GO intraperitoneally to mice at different doses (2
mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) for five days. We conducted biochemical analyses of blood serum, measuring
liver and brain peroxidase and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity. We also performed histological
sections to evaluate the pathological and morphological changes in the liver and brain. The
biochemical analyses revealed that GO impacted the level of biochemical parameters. The oxidative
stress assay showed increased peroxidase and MDA activity after GO intoxication, indicating that
GO induced oxidative stress. Moreover, histopathological analysis of liver sections revealed that GO
caused liver inflammation. However, at the brain level, GO did not affect neuronal cells. Overall, the
results suggest that GO has toxic effects and that its toxicity may be mediated by oxidative stress.

Keywords: Graphene oxide, toxicity, biochemical analyses, histological sections, oxidative stress.

Biography
Asmaa RHAZOUANI is a PhD student at Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech,
Morocco

Page 129
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 DISCOVERY OF HYDRAZONE SCAFFOLD AS POTENT AND
SELECTIVE MULTI-TARGET-DIRECTED LIGANDS FOR THE
TREATMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: IN VITRO
AND IN SILICO SCREENING

Sumera ZAIB
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of
Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases with intricate etiology and
nebulous pathogenic mechanisms provide compelling reason to drug discovery community to explore
new inhibitors and treatment modalities. These strategies include cholinesterase (ChE) and
monoamine oxidase (MAO) as the most important targets for their treatment. In this context, new and
diverse series of hydrazone derivatives (5a-o) were designed and synthesized through facile and
multistep synthetic approach. Chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques such
as FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. In vitro bioactivity analysis was performed using Ellman’s method and
obtained results demonstrated selective and potent inhibitory potential of hydrazone derivatives
against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. Among all the
tested compounds, 5a remarkably emerged as a lead candidate exhibiting potent and selective
inhibition of AChE with an outstanding IC50 value of 0.63 ± 0.01 µM, comparable to galantamine
(0.62 ± 0.09 µM), a standard inhibitor. The synthesized compounds were further tested for inhibitory
potential against monoamine oxidase enzyme by using fluorometric method, where compound 5i
delivered the strong potency and selective inhibition towards MAO-A with an IC50 value of 0.89 ±
0.04 µM. Moreover, compounds 5k (IC50 = 2.06 ± 0.01 µM) and 5n (IC50 = 2.06 ± 0.05 µM) were
identified as lead inhibitors of MAO-B in addition to showing significant inhibitory potential towards
MAO-A isoform. Molecular docking studies of potent and selective inhibitors exhibited various
important interactions with amino acid residues in active pocket of both enzymes, thus strengthening
our in vitro results. Kinetics analysis of the most potent compound 5a against AChE revealed
competitive mode of inhibition whereas molecular dynamics simulations were performed to
investigate the energetically stable complex formation ability of potent compounds with target
protein. Finally, the results of in silico ADME properties showed that potent compounds have
promising pharmacokinetic profile.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; Hydrazone; Acetophenone; Thiophene;

Cholinesterases; Monoamine oxidases; Molecular docking.

Biography

Page 130
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Dr. Sumera Zaib received her PhD degree in Biochemistry. During her PhD,
she has visited University of Bonn, Germany, as a DAAD research fellow. Dr.
Zaib has worked as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow for over 2 years.
Afterwards, she worked as Assistant Professor and is currently working as
Associate Professor at University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. She has
successfully produced >155 meritorious publications in highly prestigious
international journals with h-index of 29 and >585 impact factor. Her research
interests include protein chemistry and enzymology with special emphasis on
clinical biochemistry and enzyme inhibition studies.

Page 131
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND HUMAN RISK
ASSESSMENT. A CRITICAL OVERVIEW
Joghi Sivakumar Thatha GOWDER

King Faisal University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahsa, KSA. King Saudia Arab
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
n this industrial world, environmental chemicals are the major cause of diseases in the human/ animal
population. It leads to an increase in the number of premature deaths, high economic losses and and
degradation of our ecosystems. The environmental chemicals include a wide array of compounds:
toxic metals, plastic materials, industrial manufactured chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers,
pharmaceutical chemicals, food chemicals and other known or unkown chemicals derived from
industries, agricultural runoff and sewage wastes. Environmental pollution or toxicity is a globular
problem and day by day, the frequency of toxicity to the living organisms (human and animals) is
increasing with an increase in the frequency of critical diseases. We can consider environmental
pollution or toxicity as natural as well as manmade ones. Recent earthquakes in Turkey, Syria, etc
are the natural ones that lead to pollution. Men made ones are none other than Russia and Ukraine
war and the current internal war in Sudan. Toxic chemicals of the environment: consumer products,
pesticides, food chemicals lead to health issues including cancer, Alzheimer’s diseases, and other
severe diseases. Preying of fish, meat of domestic wild animals is unsafe in the current situation of
the environment. In order to evaluate diseases concerned to environmental chemicals, more animal
studies (in vivo) and cell lines (in vitro) are recommended. International agencies (WHO, etc) should
implement policies concerned to restrictions in handling of consumer products, pesticides or
fertilizers, food chemicals etc. concerned to human health hazards.

Keywords: Environmental chemicals; Human Health; Toxicity; Diseases.

Biography
Dr Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder received his academic training and carried
out his research in institutions of high academic ranking in India and US
(University of Madras -Chennai, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences -
New Delhi, India; UT Southwestern Medical Center -Dallas, TX, US; LSH Health
Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, US and University of Pittsburg School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, US). Sivakumar served as a faculty member at the
medical / health sciences sectors at the universities in the US, Caribbean and
Vietnam. Currently, he is a faculty member of King Faisal University (College of
Applied Medical Sciences), KSA. He has also served as a consultant for many
concerns in foreign nations; director of pharma and education management
agencies; and brand ambassador of a corporate sector in India.

Page 132
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPIC ACTIVITIES ON THE
DEGRADATION OF THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS: CASE
OF THE RHUMEL WADI (NORTHEAST ALGERIA)
Fouzia HIZIR1, Abderrezak KRIKA2
1
Geological Engineering Laboratory (LGG), University ofMohamed SeddikBenyahia, Jijel, Algeria
2
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University of Mohamed SeddikBenyahia,
Jijel, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Water is a major issue for the needs of living beings. In recent years it has become one of the major
concerns of the world and especially of countries with arid and semi-arid climates. The sub-watershed
of Oued Rhumel occupies the upstream part of the watershed Kebir-Rhumel, it covers an area of
about 2241 km2. It is considered as one of the most important hydrological basins of the Algerian
North-East. Its geographical location, its water capacities, its agricultural and industrial
characteristics, makes it vulnerable to pollution. The water resources of this wadi are exposed to
strong anthropic pressures caused by the development and extension of agricultural activities as well
as industrial and domestic. To determine these physico-chemical characteristics we proceeded to a
sampling campaign of surface waters. The results obtained show a high conductivity marked at station
S4 (1646 µs/cm), and very high concentrations of ammonium (15.06 mg/l), nitrite (2.49 mg/l) and
phosphate (7.91 mg/l) exceeding the standards of potability. The highest levels of metallic elements
are recorded in the downstream part of the sub-basin, which would be linked to wastewater
discharged directly, without prior treatment.

Keywords: wastewater, water, pollution, Oued Rhumel, physico-chemical.

Biography
Fouzi Hizira is currently PhD student in hydrogeology at the Geological
Engineering Laboratory (LGG), Department of Earth and Universal Sciences,
Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed SeddikBenyahia University - Jijel
(Algeria). My thesis topic is titled "Spatial and temporal characterization of
water and sediments of the Kébir-RhumelWadi facing pollution problems" under
the supervision of Dr. Krika A and Dr. Kessasra F.

Page 133
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 STUDY OF THE METALLIC CONTAMINATION OF THE SURFACE
SEDIMENTS OF THE OUED RHUMEL (NORTHEAST ALGERIA)

Fouzia HIZIR1, Abderrezak KRIKA

1
Geological Engineering Laboratory (LGG), University ofMohamed SeddikBenyahia, Jijel, Algeria
2
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, University of Mohamed SeddikBenyahia,
Jijel, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
The contamination of sediments by metallic trace elements following the various anthropic discharges
draw the attention of scientists and managers, because of their persistence in the environment and
the danger they present for water, living species and for human health. The objective of the present
study is to evaluate the level of polymetallic contamination of the sediments of Oued Rhumel
considered as one of the most important water resources in North-East Algeria. It is subject to very
high demographic and industrial pressures. The latter affect the wadi by different types of pollutants
among which the TMEs. Four sediment sampling stations were systematically selected from upstream
to downstream of the wadi. Four TMEs (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium) were measured using an atomic
absorption spectrometer. The results of this study reveal a spatial variability of metal contents
analyzed along the wadi, they are of the order of: 44.53 µg/g for Cu, 0.86 µg/g for Cd, 169.73 µg/g
for Zn and 85.63 µg/g for Pb and which always remain higher than the standards This assessment
shows that the sediments of this watercourse present a significant toxicity risk for the living organisms
of this aquatic system. This risk increases when sediments are resuspended by natural phenomena
and/or by human activities.

Keywords: metals, Contamination, Sediments, Oued Rhumel, Algeria.

Biography
Fouzia Hizir is currently PhD student in hydrogeology at the Geological
Engineering Laboratory (LGG), Department of Earth and Universal Sciences,
Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Mohamed SeddikBenyahia University - Jijel
(Algeria). My thesis topic is titled "Spatial and temporal characterization of
water and sediments of the Kébir-RhumelWadi facing pollution problems" under
the supervision of Dr.Krika A and Dr.Kessasra F.

Page 134
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Technical Session C1
SESSION (E):
RESOURCES AND WASTES MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING
SESSION (F):
SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR MONITORING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Page 135
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MAIN ECONOMIC FEATURES OF FRANCE BETWEEN 2019 AND
2023

Sándor J. ZSARNÓCZAI1,2, Csaba LENTNER2

1
University of Public Service, Budapest, Faculty of Governmental and International Studies,
Kálmán Széll Public Finance Pub, Ludovika tér 2., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering Institute
of Environmental Engineering, Doberdó u. 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary,
2
University of Public Service, Budapest, Faculty of Governmental and International Studies,
Kálmán Széll Public Finance Pub, Ludovika tér 2., H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The study overviews the main economic variables as features of France between 2019 and 2023,
naturally the data concerning 2023 are estimated. The main variables which are focused on by the
study concern the real GDP, domestic demand, private consumption, public consumption, gross fixed
investment, gross national savings, gross domestic investment, general government balance as budget
and general government gross debt in percent of GDP. Also, the study emphasizes the employment
issue based on the Employment, and Unemployment rate. The balance of payment in current account
and trade balance of goods and services based on the export and import conditions contribute to the
main economic conditions of the France economy. According to the above-mentioned economic
variables the role and importance of France can be characterised by foreign direct investment as net
balance and the net international investment position in percent of GDP of France. The statistical
methods are wide sidle needed for discovering the main correlations among the different economic
variables. The public financial issues have recently been going wrong in France which can be proofed
that the negative general government balance as budget increased from 3.1% in 2019 to 5.3% in 2023
and the general government gross debt increased 97.4% in 2019 and 112% in percent of GDP. The
unemployment decreased from 8.4% in 2019 and to 7.6% in 2023, which decrease was little measure
than the level required by the policymakers. It can be summarised that the French economy has not
been strengthened for the lates period from point of view of public financial conditions and net
international investment position. The solution is for escaping from the negative economic trends to
increase the innovative investment and to strengthen the international economic conditions of France.

Keywords: domestic demand, employment, general government balance, general government gross
debt, international economic conditions, private consumption

Biography
Sándor J. Zsarnóczai CSc, in 1991 economic sciences, Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Budapest and Dr. of University, World Economics, Budapest Corvinus
University of Economics. In 2017 Habilitate Doctor, in social sciences, in
Management and Business Administration, Kaposvár University. From 1987
work at Szent István University in Gödöllő. From 2017 work at Óbuda University.
Participation at Doctoral School. Research areas: Economics, EU Study,
Regional economics, Environmental economics. He published 220 publications
with 260 independent citations, of which 200 foreign language citations.

Page 136
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 His publications were published in Arab, English, Spanish, Russian languages.
International scientific conferences in Turkey, Canada, Moldavia, Czech
Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Romania. Research project in Finland, Sweden,
Denmark, Italy, Spain, France.
Csaba Lentner is full professor in Public Finance, head of Széll Kálmán Public
Finance Lab at National University of Public Service, Faculty of Governmental
and International Studies. Professor Lentner was educated by Corvinus
University of Budapest. Later he was awarded the degree of Candidate of
Economics at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, then habilitated in public
finance. His main research interests are public finance, banking regulation, fiscal
and monetary policy. Lentner is the recipient of several state and scientific
awards for example: Wekerle Sándor Scientific Lifetime Achievement Award (in
2013), Hungarian Order of Merit Cross of Honour (2018), Zoltán Magyary
Memorial Medal for Public Administration (2021).

Page 137
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 RECOVER SCANDIUM ELEMENT FROM HUNGARIAN BAUXITE
RESIDUE: TREASURE FROM THE WASTE
Ali Dawood SALMAN1,2
1
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
2
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Refning Engineering, College of Oil and Gas Engineering,
Basra University for Oil and Gas, Basra, Iraq
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The aim of this study was to recover Sc as the main product and Fe as a by-product from Hungarian
bauxite residue/red mud (RM) waste material by solvent extraction (SX). Moreover, a new technique
was developed for the selective separation of Sc and Fe from real RM leachates. The presence of high
Fe content (~38%) in RM makes it difficult to recover Sc because of the similarity of their
physicochemical properties. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods were applied to
remove the Fe prior to SX. Two protocols based on organo-phosphorus compounds (OPCs) were
proposed, and the main extractants were evaluated: bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid
(D2EHPA/P204) and tributyl phosphate (TBP). The results showed that SX using diethyl ether and
tri-n-octylamine (N235) was efficient in extracting Fe(III) from the HCl leachate as HFeC14. Over
97% of Sc was extracted by D2EHPA extractant under the following conditions; 0.05 mol/L of
D2EHPA concentration, A/O phase ratio of 3:1, pH 0–1, 10 min of shaking time, and a temperature
of 25 ◦C. Sc(OH)3 as a precipitate was efficiently obtained by stripping from the D2EHPA organic
phase by 2.5 mol/L of NaOH with a stripping efficiency of 95%. In the TBP system, 99% of Sc was
extracted under the following conditions: 12.5% vol of TBP, an A/O phase ratio of 3:1, 10 min of
shaking time, and a temperature of 25 ◦C. The Sc contained in the TBP organic phase could be
efficiently stripped by 1 mol/L of HCl with a stripping efficiency of 92.85%.

Keywords: Scandium, D2EHPA, TBP, Bauxite residue, Diethyl ether

Biography
Ali Dawood Salman completed his Master of Chemical Engineering studies at
University of Technology Baghdad, Iraq. Since 2016 he has been working as
assistant lecturer at the College of Oil and Gas Engineering Basra University,
Iraq. Currently he is involved in PhD studies, and he is researcher in
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Veszprem,
Hungary.

Page 138
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 HYDROMENTALITY OF THE REGION OF CHENNAI, INDIA:
SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS FROM AN IWRM
PERSPECTIVE

Mythili MADHUSUDHAN1, N.K. AMBUJAM2

1
School of Architecture, Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai, India,
2
Retd., Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Accessibility to water to all, particularly in dense urban situations is of concern in many countries
the world over. Recent literature specifies ‘hydropsychological’ and ‘hydrosocial’ turns to water
related attributes of human living. In this paper, we have approached the ‘hydromentality’ (which
pertains to the water-related administration) of the city of Chennai, India, and the implications of this
term over a chronological extent. This becomes significant in our pursuit of sutainability in terms of
urban living and water management. While urban water supply determines indicators of community
well-being, the well-being of the ecosystem is an offshoot of several other factors. These include land
and water management and inter-disciplinary approaches to real-world situations like climate
change effects, water pollution, loss of biodiversity, lack of adequate housing resulting in the urban
poor occupying land associated with water bodies. This paper examines the situation in hand, in
Chennai, India and offers suggestions and solutions based on knowledge from other cases, experience
of humanities/ engineering and social sciences experts’ literature.

Keywords: Hydromentality, hydrosocial, hydropsychology, Chennai, Urban water supply, IWRM

Biography
Mythili MADHUSUDHAN is a PhD Student

Page 139
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 THE MIGRATION OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE SOIL

Kenza IRINISLIMANE
Mechanical engineering department, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The problems of soil pollution are common nowadays; the presence of pollutants is a problem of
toxicity when these pollutants migrate into the soil. The objective of this study is to optimize
depollution processes in the context of studies on soil contamination by hydrocarbon pollutants. Many
non-aqueous organic liquids (NAPLs "No Aqueous Phase Liquids”) are used in large quantities by
many industries worldwide. Unfortunately, because of their use, these liquids are among the most
widespread pollutants in soil and groundwater. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to clean up
underground water due to their relative inaccessibility, their large volume, and flow slowly. Which is
why the pollution of groundwater can cause a very serious ecological damage and long-term,
especially because the pollutant removal takes times. In the context of polluted sites, numerical
modeling is a tool for understanding the behavior of contaminants in the subsurface and to predict
their future in space and in time. The work consists in reproduce by simulation; some physical
phenomena frequently encountered in practice and identify the parameters that govern them. To do
this, we studied the problem on a reduced and through the laws of physical similarity model; the
results can be extended to real applications.

Keywords: Groundwater, pollution, flow, environment, numerical simulation

Biography
Senior lecturer, Faculty of Technology, M'Hamed Bougara University of
Boumerdes, Algeria

Page 140
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MANAGEMENT METHODS AND CHALLENGES FOR DISTILLERY
SPENT WASH COMPOSTING: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Lara Rúbia BORGES SILVA, Levente KARDOS

Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences,

Department of Agro-environmental Studies, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Distillery spent wash, a by-product of the alcoholic beverage industry, is an organic waste that poses
significant challenges for its management due to its acidity, high organic load, and notable content
of polyphenols, macronutrients, micronutrients, and heavy metals. In Europe, around sixteen billion
liters of distillery waste is generated annually, and its eco-unfriendly disposal can cause severe
environmental and health impacts. Composting is a viable management strategy option to treat and
manage the distillery slop, promoting the recycling and stabilization of the organic matter and
nutrients present in this type of material. The review examines different composting methods, such as
traditional composting, vermicomposting, and co-composting, along with their benefits and
drawbacks. To optimize composting effectiveness, various materials such as sewage sludge, vinasse,
green and animal manure, inorganic amendments, bagasse, filter cake, bio-inoculation, straw, and
municipal solid waste, among other agro-food and animal bio-wastes, can be used as a source of
nitrogen and microorganisms. Also, the usage of different materials and mixtures aims to enhance
the composting process, increasing the degradation rate and the quality of the compost. The
challenges of distillery spent wash composting are also covered in the paper and are mainly due to
its characteristics, including high salt content, low nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, low pH, and potential
phytotoxicity. The paper concludes that composting distillery spent wash is a feasible, effective, and
sustainable waste management solution for recovering valuable nutrient resources and producing a
stable nutrient-rich organic soil amendment. The produced compost can improve crop yields, nutrient
absorption by plants, plant biomass, and heavy metal adsorption in the growing media and it might
contribute to soil properties, losses, and restoration. The review provides valuable insights into the
current state of distillery spent wash composting and recommends future research directions to
improve efficiency and expand potential applications.

Keywords: composting, distillery spent wash, vermicomposting, co-composting, organic waste

Biography
Lara Rúbia, Brazilian and 3-year Ph.D. candidate in Environmental Sciences at the
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. B.Sc. in Environmental
Engineering at UFU, Brazil, researched the Application of Ecosystem Services on a
Landfill’s Environmental Assessment. In 2014, got a scholarship for an exchange
program at the University of Montana, USA and a summer internship at Cornell
University focused on Sustainable Bioenergy. After graduating, she got a scholarship
for a M.Sc. in Environmental Science at ELTE, Hungary where she started researching
Pálinka waste composting which is still her Ph.D. project, aiming to improve the
technological conditions for Pálinka distillery mash composting.

Page 141
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 THE LEVEL OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
(PAHS) IN THE MAIN WATER BODIES IN IRAQ: AN UPDATE
STATUS
Ruqayah Ali GRMASHA1,2, Csilla STENGER-KOVÁCS1,3, Osamah J. AL-SAREJI2,4,
Raed A. AL-JUBOORI5,6, Mónika MEICZINGER4, Marwan H. ABDULAMEER7,
Zaid AL-GAZALI8, Khalid S. HASHIM9,10
1
University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of
Limnology, H-8200 Veszprém, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary
2
Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq
3
ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, H-8200 Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10. Hungary
4
Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem
Str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary
5
NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box
129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
6
Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto
University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
7
College of Environmental Science, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq
8
Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital, Ministry of health, Al-Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
9
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
10
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Al-
Hillah, Iraq
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The concertation of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water and sediment of the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers has been studied. High molecular weight PAH (5–6 rings) predominated
in water and sediment samples collected during the two largest campaigns in both rivers at multiple
locations. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggest that most of the PAH pollution originated from the
combustion of petroleum products. Based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the majority of sites
exhibited a range of probable biological effects for the majority of PAH concentrations in all sediment
samples. The preponderance of the 16 PAHs detected in both rivers' water and sediment samples was
derived from pyrogenic sources. The estimated value of the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR)
indicated a high risk of adverse health outcomes, including cancer. The findings require immediate
attention from the environmental authorities of the Western Asian nations that share this vital water
source.

Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water, sediment, Euphrates, Tigris

Biography

Page 142
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 1. Grmasha, R.A., Stenger-Kovács, C., Bedewy, B.A.H., Al-Sareji, O.J., Al-
Juboori, R.A., Meiczinger, M. and Hashim, K.S., 2023. Ecological and human
health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Tigris
River near the oil refineries in Iraq. Environmental Research, p.115791.
2. Grmasha, R.A., Stenger-Kovács, C., Al-sareji, O.J., Al-Juboori, R.A.,
Meiczinger, M., Andredaki, M., Idowu, I.A. and Hashim, K.S., 2023. Seasonal
distribution, source identification, health and eco-toxicological risk
assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and
sediment from the Danube River in Hungary.
3. Grmasha, R.A., Al-sareji, O.J., Salman, J.M. and Hashim, K.S., 2022.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust within three
land-uses of Babylon governorate, Iraq: Distribution, sources, and health
risk assessment. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences,
34(4), pp.231-239.
4. Grmasha, R.A., Abdulameer, M.H., Stenger-Kovács, C., Al-Sareji, O.J., Al-
Gazali, Z., Al-Juboori, R.A., Meiczinger, M. and Hashim, K.S., 2023.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface water and sediment along
Euphrates River system: Occurrence, sources, ecological and health risk
assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187, p.114568.

Page 143
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 REMOVABILITY OF MEDICINES AND MEDICINE DERIVATIVES
FROM WASTEWATER
Csenge NAGY-MEZEI1;2, Anikó BEZSENYI2, Imre GYARMATI2, Levente KARDOS
1
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
2
Budapest Sewage Works Pte Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
In wastewater treatment, organic micropollutants that pose an environmental and health risk are
receiving more and more attention. They are difficult to break down biologically, so they often pass
through traditional wastewater treatment systems unchanged. They can have harmful effects on the
biosphere: they can be toxic or induce the development of resistant pathogens (e.g. effect of the presence
of antibiotics). The concentration of antibiotics in wastewater is low (μg/L and ng/L) to destroy the
bacteria in the wastewater or inhibit their reproduction. At the same time, this environment is favorable
for the development of resistance, so in addition to hospitals, wastewater treatment plants are also hot
spots to the appearance of multiresistant strains. In recent decades, many technological innovations
have appeared to remove the micropollutants, but they can mainly be applied by installing a quaternary
treatment stage, which has a high investment and operating cost. In the majority of wastewater treatment
plants, only the activated sludge treatment unit is currently available. With the help of activated sludge,
only a few medicine molecules can only be broken down metabolically (e.g. ibuprofen, diclofenac). To
break down medicine molecules with higher probability, the bacteria of activated sludge can be induced.
During cometabolic processes, bacterial enzymes are able to randomly break down molecules with
complex structures, even micropollutants (e.g. medicines). For the bacteria's enzymes to have a higher
probability of breaking down the medicine molecules, we feed them thoroughly with their natural
substrates, thereby increasing the chance of random breakdown. By taking advantage of this natural
process, we can help the biological transformation of medicine molecules during wastewater treatment.

Keywords: wastewater, medicine derivatives, antibiotic resistance, cometabolism, quaternary treatment

Biography
Csenge NAGY-MEZEI is a PhD student at Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary

Page 144
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 CONTAMINATION EVALUATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
OF TRACE METALS FROM PHOSPHATE WASTEWATER IN
GAFSA METLAOUI ORE
Afef SAII1,2, Ali ELLAFI1,3, Younes MOUSSAOUI4, Mohamed Ali BORGI1,2, Sonia
BEN YOUNES1,5

¹Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences - University campus of Ahmed Zarroug,
2112, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
²Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems
(LBBEEO), Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia.
3
Laboratory of Analysis, treatment and valorisation of environment pollutants and products,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia.
4
Organic Chemistry Laboratory (LR17ES08), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
5
Unit Research n°17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 rue Jebbel Lakhdar, University of
Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The phosphate industry is considered as a key economic sector in many countries including Tunisia.
However, it is a major source of environmental pollution and can also cause human health damage
due to the discharge of huge volume of potentially toxic heavy metals and hazardous wastewater into
the ecosystem. The continuous discharge of the phosphate wastewater into the environment is of
serious eco-toxicological concerns and requires urgent attention for the protection of environment
and human health. In this work, we investigated the different aspects of heavy metals discharged by
phosphate industry as hazardous materials with special focus on their toxicity, and bio-accumulative
potential. The bioaccumulation of these elements and its environmental risks on Radish, Lentil,
Durum wheat, Fenugreek are discussed. A geochemical characterization was achieved by analyzing
phosphate ore, for trace metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb). This characterisation has revealed that the samples
are highly enriched with metals. Pollution indices were evaluated, results showed that samples are
ranging between moderately and very strongly polluted with heavy metals. Heavy metal toxicity
increases with the augmentation of the effluent concentrations. Therefore, the results of the present
work are useful and encouraging for the development of sustainable agricultural systems. Finally,
waste management’s legislation should be established in Gafsa phosphate industry in order to control
waste.

Keywords: Phosphate Processing Wastewater, mineral composition, microbiological composition,

phyto-toxicity, germination tests phosphate, heavy metals, environmental risks

Biography

Page 145
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL RESPIRATION AND
APPLICATION OF FUNGICIDES IN AGRICULTURAL LAND

Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Many of these agrochemicals can negatively affect the populations and functions of soil
microorganisms. Decrease in bacterial and fungal biomass can lead to decrease the activity of soil
respiration, affect the soil enzymes and microbial diversity and decline the carbon and nitrogen
turnover rates. Microbial metabolic activity in soil is usually measured based on the catabolic
respiratory activity since respiration is an important process in the global carbon cycle and of critical
importance in the partitioning of energy in soil. Consumption of O 2 and liberation of CO2 are
maintained by aerobic respiratory processes and these events lead to a loss of C from ecosystems to
the atmosphere. Organic matter and plant exudates are transformed, and respiratory processes of
microorganisms mineralize nutrients in the soil. One of the most important functions of soil
microorganisms is the turnover of organic matter that happens mainly by the degradation of plant
and animal debris and is reflected in the soil fertility and agro-environmental quality. As toxic
fungicide residues may persist in agricultural lands and cause environmental pollution. The soil
microbial activities can be evaluated by the microbial respiration which can be measured by the O 2
consumption, but the CO2 emission is considered more sensitive. Soil microbial respiration is
considered one of the most suitable biosensors because it reflects the cycling of organic matter by the
soil microorganisms and is used to measure the changes in the heterotrophic microbial activity
caused by fungicide residues. The effects on the CO2 emission have been used as bioindicator of the
fungticide effects on soil microbial activity. The goal of the present study was (1) to compare the
impact of different pesticides on soil microbial respiration under field conditions, and (2) to
characterize the recovery time of soil microbial respiration after pesticide application. Therefore, a
mesocosm experiment was performed to ascertain the dissipation and impact of seven fungicides
(Zineb 20%, Ridomil, Carbendazim, Iprodione, Triazole, Mancozeb and Metalaxyl) on soil (i.e.,
basal) respiration of two brown forest soils (sources: Gödöllő and Budapest). The value of soil
respiration in the upper 10 cm soil layer was determined after fungicides applied at different
concentrations. The soil respiration parameter was followed during 28 days after soil treatment. The
CO2 emitted by the microbial respiration was trapped in NaOH (0.1 M) which was changed each two
hours during the first 10 h, and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 days after the treatments. The synthetic
Carbendazim caused 16.4% and 2.6% inhibition of the respiration, respectively of the Gödöllő brown
forest soil and Budapest brown forest soil, respectively. The analysis of obtained data demonstrated
high variability of the values of CO2 emissions for two soils caused by the applied fungicides. In this
study, recommended field dose of fungicides applied to the soils had no negative effect on soil
microbial respiration in two brown forest soils. In addition, higher doses of these fungicides generally
enhanced soil microbial activity. However, increasing concentrations of moderate and high doses of
Carbendazim and Iprodione significantly inhibited soil respiration. The effects of the seven fungicides
at moderate and high concentrations were additive throughout the entire incubation time.

Page 146
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Keywords: Fungicides, soil respiration, incubation time, carbon dioxide emissions

Biography
Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda is working at Óbuda University. He is
Environmental Microbiologist and Soil Biotechnologist. He is a member of
Environmental Sciences Doctor’s School (Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences) and Material Science and Technology at Óbuda University.
He was a supervisor of many PhD students as well as the Leader of Agricultural
and Environmental Microbiology and Soil Biotechnology PhD Program. also,
a leader of Microbial Biotechology MSc Program dealing with the interactions
between the microbiomes and the environment for increasing soil quality and
saving the soil from pollutants. His investigations are on the role of waste
management, soil quality and fertility, crop production and environmental
impacts related to the application of organic wastes; measurements soil
microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in wastewater sludge amended
soils; and roles of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in biosphere.
Research Interest: Waste Management; Environmental Biotechnology; Soil:
Protection; Sustainable; PGPR and Microbial Inoculants; Gut Microbiomes
and Human Health as well as Modern Biology. Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi
Hamuda was invited as visiting professore to the 13th Flanders (Belgium)
Inspires International Visitors. He is the broad editorial memberand reviewer
of many internatinal journals as well as a member of many organizing
committees of various international conferences also, acted as plenary or
keynote speaker. Prof. Dr, organize annually t and. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda
is the president of the International Council of Enviromental Engineering
Edication and annually he organizes two International Meetings, one in
November in term of ICEEE, and the second in May as International
Symposium.

Page 147
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 A NEW MICRO-COMPOSITE-BASED COPPER-DOPED MOLLUSCA
SHELLS@ALGINATE BEADS FOR HIGHLY PESTICIDE SORPTION
FROM WASTEWATER
Khalid AZIZ1, Mounir EL ACHABY2, Rachid MAMOUNI1, Nabil SAFFAJ1, Faissal
AZIZ3,4
1
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr
University, Agadir, Morocco.
2
Materials Science and Nano-engineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic
University (UM6P), Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
4
National Centre for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi Ayyad,
Marrakech, Morocco.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract:
The engineering of a novel biocomposite based on Cerastoderma Edule shells doped with copper and
alginate (Ce-Cu@Alg) forming hydrogel beads was used for batch and dynamic adsorption
thiabendazole (TBZ) pesticide from water. The prepared biosorbent was analyzed by various
characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis
(XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),
thermogravimetric and differential analysis (TGA-DTA). The results of the TBZ batch biosorption by
Ce-Cu@Alg composite showed that the Langmuir model was the most adequate to describe the
adsorption process, with a maximum adsorption capacity value of 21.98 mg/g. Moreover, the
adsorption kinetics were adjusted by the pseudo-second-order model. The optimal conditions
determined by the RSM approach coupled with the CCD design were 100 ppm of initial TBZ
concentration, a Ce-Cu@Alg beads dose of 6g/L and a contact time of 180 min for maximum removal
of 83.42 %. On the other hand, the TBZ sorption on a fixed bed of Ce-Cu@Alg beads was effective at
high column height, low effluent flow and low solution concentration. The Thomas model was best
fitted to the kinetic data. This study shows the possibility of using this new hybrid biocomposite in the
industrial sector to treat large effluent volumes.

Keywords: Adsorption, Biocomposite, Pesticide, Cerastoderma Edule, Wastewater, Response

surface methodology (RSM).:

Biography
Khalid AZIZ is a PhD student at 1Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and
Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

Page 148
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 NEW GREEN SYNTHESIS OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE AND
THEIR USE FOR COLUMN ADSORPTION OF PHENOL FROM
OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER

Imane HAYDARI1,2, Khalid AZIZ3, Naaila OUAZZANI1,2, Laila

MANDI1,2, Faissal AZIZ1,
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
2
National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
3
Laboratory of Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir,
Morocco.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Verbena officinalis was used as a green and reducing agent in a novel synthesis of reduced graphene
oxide (RGO). RGO was encapsulated in sodium alginate (SA) by cross-linking to form SA-RGO
beads. These SA-RGO beads were used to treat wastewater from olive oil mills (OMWW). This
wastewater is rich in phenolic compounds that inhibit biological degradation and are toxic at high
concentrations. Freshly prepared SA-RGO beads were characterized by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), BET
surface analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the organic
compounds of verbena were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to
reveal the reduction mechanism of graphene oxide (GO). Finally, batch and fixed bed column
adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the performance of SA-RGO beads. Kinetics, isotherm
models, and adsorption thermodynamics show that the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models
best describe phenol adsorption and endothermic reaction. On the other hand, the Thomas and Yoon-
Nelson models satisfactorily describe fixed-bed column adsorption. The optimized adsorption
parameters were 3.68 g L-1 adsorbent dose, pH 4.0, 135 min adsorption time, and 25°C temperature.
The SA-RGO beads and regeneration experiments with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were reused
in fixed-bed reactors. The results showed a phenol adsorption capacity of 994 mg g -1 for an initial
concentration of 4000 mg L-1.

Keywords: Biosorbent; Olive oil mill wastewater; reduced graphene oxide; batch and fixed bed
column adsorption; Phenolic compounds.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Morocco-Tunisian bilateral scientific

cooperation project (20 /PRD-MT-02).
Biography
Imane HAYDARI is a PhD student at Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and
Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University,
Marrakech, Morocco.

Page 149
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 TRANSFORMING WASTE INTO VALUE: DEVELOPING ACTIVE
PACKAGING MATERIALS FROM OLIVE POMACE
BIOPOLYMERS
Ghizlane AKHOUY1,2, Salima ATLAS3, Majdouline BELAQZIZ1 , Yasin AKGUL4,
Mehmet DURMUS Calisir5, Faissal AZIZ1,2
1
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco
2
National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad
University, Marrakech, Morocco.
3
Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
4
Karabuk University Iron and Steel Institute, KARABÜK, Turkey
5
Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
In recent years, the development of active packaging materials has gained significant attention due
to their ability to prolong the shelf-life of food products and enhance their safety. In this study, we
aim to develop active packaging materials using biopolymers extracted from olive pomace through
electrospinning. Olive pomace is a waste product of olive oil production, rich in biopolymers such as
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These biopolymers have excellent properties such as
biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low cost. Therefore, electrospinning is a versatile and
efficient method for producing nanofibrous materials with high surface area and porosity, making
them suitable for various applications, including active packaging. In this study, we extracted
biopolymers from olive pomace using a chemical extraction method and characterized them using
FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Then we will use electrospinning to produce nanofibrous mats from
the extracted biopolymers and characterize them for their morphology and mechanical properties.
Finally, we will evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the active packaging
materials using standard tests. Overall, this approach can provide a sustainable and cost-effective
food packaging solution while reducing the environmental impact of olive pomace waste.

Keywords: biopolymers, biodegradability, electrospinning, food packaging, nanofibrous, olive

pomace:

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Morocco-Turkish bilateral scientific

cooperation project (CNRST/TUBITAK., 23/24).
Biography
Ghizlane AKHOUY is a PhD student at Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity, and
Climate Change, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University,
Marrakech, Morocco.

Page 150
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Poster Sessions
(A, B AND C)

Page 151
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 COMPARISON OF PEDOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO
SOLAR PARKS FOR PLANNING BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
Viktor GRÓNÁS, Márk PÁLFI, Csaba CENTERI1, Zsolt BIRÓ

Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
In 2015, the UN adopted the sustainable development agenda and 17 Sustainable Development Goals
until 2030. The European Commission is committed to reach these goals and therefore places the
Green Agreement at the scope of its efforts. The "Biodiversity" and "From producer to consumer"
strategies form part of this policy package. In recent years the Hungarian photovoltaic installed
capacity turned into an exponential growth. Large-scale solar farms in Hungary are almost
exclusively installed in open fields, areas taken from agricultural production, reducing their
biological activity. However, after proper planning and implementation solar parks can improve local
environment and biological diversity. In our research, we examine the pedological background that
can help to carefully choose native plant species to improve the ecological potential and biodiversity
of these areas. Soil samples were taken from 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths along the fences
of two solar parks, on a nearby forest and a grassland, and on a nearby arable field. Samples were
then analysed with a Near Infrared Scanner. Statistical analyses yielded interesting results, e.g., in
the 0–10 cm layer only the P and K content was significantly different between the forest and the
grassland while in the 10–20 cm layer soil organic matter, organic carbon, total and potentially
mineralizable N, Ca, Mg and cation exchange capacity is all significantly higher in the grassland.
This data can help to choose the potential plant species to be reintroduced on the solar park area.

Keywords: renewable energy, biodiversity, management plan, soil, comparison

Biography
Csaba Centeri is an associate professor (Dept. of Nature Conservation and
Landscape Management, Szent István Campus, Hungarian University of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő). He has published 2 D1, 21< papers in
Q1 and Q2 journals and has been serving as a chief editor in the Hungarian
Journal of Landscape Ecology, guest editor of special issues in the journal of
Water, Sustainability, Forest and Remote Sensing. His main research interest is
soil water erosion, soil erosion modelling, land-use change, ecosystem services,
soil-plant, soil-wildlife and other soil-zoology interactions, with special emphasis
on nature conservation and landscape related issues.

Page 152
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS AND TEMPERATURE ON NITRIC
OXIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM CULTIVATED
SOIL
Abdousalam A. ALGAIDI, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA2, Ibrahim Issa
ABDELMOULA3
1
Sabha University, Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, Sabha, Libya,
2
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
E-mail: [email protected]
3
Sirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Sirt, Libya,
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Agricultural activities are the largest source of nitric gases and carbon dioxide emitted from the soil,
which result from the excessive use or misuse of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, which is the increase
in the rate of photosynthesis in plants that results from an increase in levels of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, fertilization with nitrogen and organic matter controlling the accumulation of nitric
oxide and carbon dioxide in soil and their release to the atmosphere in closed laboratory model
experiments, the headspace gas content of closed glass vessels of soil samples was analyses, the nitric
oxide and carbon dioxide concentration of gas samples was analyses by chemiluminescent and gas
chromatographic methods, the production of gases were significantly depending on the soil nitrogen
and carbon ratio

Keywords: NO and CO2 emission; heavy metal; microcosm; temperature.

Biography
Dr. Abdousalam A. ALGAID is one of the staff members of Sabha University,
Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, Sabha, Libya

Page 153
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SOLAR IRRADIANCE MEASUREMENT IN A LANDFILL SITE

Emőke IMRE1,2, Péter FELKER1, Tamás WEIDINGER6, Martin

MAYER3, Tibor PÁLINKÁS1, Gábor MILE4, Bálint SINKOVICS5, Lily
TANUI7, Ulsbold AYURZANA7, Delphin. KABEY2, Ágnes BÁLINT2,
László ARADI9, Zoltán KAPROS10
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Hungary
4
FKF Zrt., Budapest, Hungary
5
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and
Economics, Hungary
6
Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
7
Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University, 8Rejtő
Sándor Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
9
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Hungary 10Ministry of
Construction and Transport, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
In the last few decades, about fifty modern municipal landfill sites have been established in Hungary.
Considering the 5, 10 or 15 km vicinity of these municipal landfills, the 24%, 44% and 60% of the total
population are found here within the 16%, 37% and 53% of the villages and cities, so a large,
decentralised energy system could be made by using all landfills. In the frame of a research on the
complex energy utilization of the MSW landfill hills (gas, solar and wind units), solar intensity
measurements have been started on the top of the Pusztazámor (~ 60 m high, 1 stage) landfill hill. In
parallel, some independent data sets are processed from meteorological station data. Using the
measured and computed data, a local prediction method is calibrated.

Keywords: pyranometer, solar intensity meter, octa, cloudiness, MSW landfill

Biography
She completed habilitation in 2005 at BUTE. She is the Head of HBM Research
Centre Obuda University. Research interest: Granular matter, Coupled
consolidation models, Applied Math, Inverse problem solution and reliability
testing, Unsaturated Soils, In situ and lab testing evaluation software (eg CPT
dissipation tests, laboratory oedometric relaxation and compression test, water
retention curve), Modeling of municipal landfill waste and energy utilisation of
the landfill gas.

Page 154
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 WIND VELOCITY MEASUREMENT IN A LANDFILL SITE
Emőke IMRE1,2, László TÓTH2, Péter FELKER1, Ákos NEMCSICS2,5, A.
ÜRMÖS2,5, Tamás WEIDINGER6, Martin MAYER3, Tibor PÁLINKÁS1, Gábor
MILE4, Lily TANUI7, Ulsbold AYURZANA7, Delphin KABEY2, Ágnes BÁLINT2,
Zoltán KAPROS10
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Hungary
4
FKF Zrt., Budapest, Hungary
5
Kandó Kálmán Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
6
Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
7
Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University 8Rejtő Sándor
Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
9
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Hungary 10Ministry of
Construction and Transport, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
In the last few decades, about fifty modern municipal landfill sites have been established in Hungary.
Considering the 5, 10 or 15 km vicinity of these municipal landfills, the 24%, 44% and 60% of the total
population are found here within the 16%, 37% and 53% of the villages and cities, so a large,
decentralised energy system could be made by using all landfills. In the frame of a research on the
complex energy utilization of the MSW landfill hills (gas, solar and wind units), wind velocity
measurements have been started to be made partly on the Pusztazámor ~ 55 m high landfill hill
(surface, slopes, the top with of the with a 18 m high pole). A nearby state meteorological station is
also used for the wind velocity measurement. The data are processed, and a local prediction method
is calibrated. The first results are in full agreement with the meteorological data available showing
that at the relative altitude of 100 m excellent wind energy potential does exist nearly everywhere in
Hungary, practically independently of the geographical location. Therefore, wind energy units can be
advantageously installed on municipal solid waste landfill hills practically regardless of geographical
location. The solar panels are suggested to be placed parallel to the landfill slopes.

Keywords: wind velocity distribution, anemometer, wind turbine

Biography
Not more 100 work She completed habilitation in 2005 at BUTE. She is the Head
of HBM Research Centre Obuda University. Research interest: Granular matter,
coupled consolidation models, Applied Math, Inverse problem solution and
reliability testing, Unsaturated Soils, In situ and lab testing evaluation software
(eg CPT dissipation tests, laboratory oedometric relaxation and compression
test, water retention curve), Modeling of municipal landfill waste and energy
utilisation of the landfill gas.

Page 155
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SOIL PROFILING FROM SHORT DISSIPATION CPT DATA

Emőke IMRE1,2, Miklós Juhász56, Diego3, Lachlan BATES4, Stephen

FITYUS2
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
1

2 Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University

5
Studio Prof. Marchetti Italy
3
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
4
Debrecen University, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Major part of the in-situ dissipation tests of CPT are not used in the lack of proper evaluation
methods. The wider aim of the research is to get more information from the dissipation tests by using
mathematically precise evaluation methods. Especially, the short dissipation tests performed when the
steady penetration is stopped for a few second long technical break in case of the S832 equipment, in
every 50 cm, are not evaluated even though the 50 cm frequency may have given sufficient information
since the affected zone extends several tens of diameters away. To elaborate an evaluation method
for the simple fs or simple qc test, at first a data set measured in the Szeged and Debrecen test sites
were statistically analysed. According to the results, the mean dissipation curves were dependent on
the soil type differently for fs (controlled by the effective stress on the shaft) and qc (controlled by the
total stress on the tip). The time dependency of the mean dissipation curves were explained here by a newly
suggested consolidation model. The paper presents these results and compares them with some recently
published DMTA short dissipation test data showing similar pattern.

Keywords: dissipation, cone penetration test, consolidation, constitutive law, dynamic amplifier

Biography
Not more 100 work She completed habilitation in 2005 at BUTE. She is the Head
of HBM Research Centre Obuda University. Research interest: Granular matter,
coupled consolidation models, Applied Math, Inverse problem solution and
reliability testing, Unsaturated Soils, In situ and lab testing evaluation software
(eg CPT dissipation tests, laboratory oedometric relaxation and compression
test, water retention curve), Modeling of municipal landfill waste and energy
utilisation of the landfill gas.

Page 156
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 A PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION IN RELATION TO THE WATER
RETENTION CURVE AND THE GRADING CURVE OF SANDS
Emőke IMRE1,2, Tibor FIRGI2,3, Delphin KABEY2,4, Ágnes BÁLINT2,5, László
RADI9, Daniel ARRETO
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Ybl Miklós Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
4
Doctoral School of Applied Informatics and Applied Mathematics, Óbuda University 5Rejtő Sándor
Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
6
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Hungary 7Edinburgh
Napier University, United Kingdom
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
A well-known method (Wang et al, 2020) is applied for computing SWRCs of unsaturated soils from
the gradation curve. The POSD is obtained from gradation curve, initial void ratio or porosity and
specific gravity of soil grains which is modified to account for the imposed volumetric strain assuming
that the change in pore diameters is proportional to current diameter. The parameter alpha of this
method is identified using measured SWRC data and the fitted van Genuchten model. In addition, an
approximate formula is used to compute the suction of sands from the grading curve using relative
density and the minimum – maximum dry density chart interpolated on the grading entropy diagram
from data measured by Lőrincz. The result support the applicability of the approximate methods.

Keywords: unsaturated soil, grain size distribution, pore size distribution, granular matter.

Biography
She completed habilitation in 2005 at BUTE. She is the Head of HBM Research
Centre Obuda University. Research interest: Granular matter, Coupled
consolidation models, Applied Math, Inverse problem solution and reliability
testing, Unsaturated Soils, In situ and lab testing evaluation software (eg CPT
dissipation tests, laboratory oedometric relaxation and compression test, water
retention curve), Modeling of municipal landfill waste and energy utilisation of
the landfill gas.

Page 157
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF SOLAR DRYING ON PHENOLIC PROFILE AND
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FIGS (FICUS CARICA) AZANJAR
VARIETY
Farida KEHAL1,2, Loucif CHEMACHE2, Esra CAPANOGLU3, Malika BARKAT1

Laboratoire de recherche Biotechnologie et Qualité des Aliments (BIOQUAL), Institut de la

1

Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères

Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain-El-Bey 25000, Constantine, Algérie 2Laboratoire de
Nutrition et Technologie Alimentaire (LNTA), Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des
Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de
Ain-El-Bey 25000, Constantine, Algérie. . 3Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical
and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Figs are a bioresource of great importance. The surplus of figs production is usually valorized by
solar drying into dry figs. This practice could induce profound changes on the phenolic composition.
The present work aims to study the effect of drying of Azanjar figs on the phenolic profile and
antioxidant activity. The determination of phenolic compounds (total polyphenols, total flavonoids
and total anthocyanins) was performed by colorimetric methods and the phenolic profile by HPLC
Waters 2695 with a PDA detector. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS+ radical scavenging,
DPPH radical reduction, copper reduction (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing power (FRAP) methods.
The results obtained showed very high contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total
anthocyanins in both fresh and dried figs. The main phenolic compounds detected in fresh and dry
figs are 19 including 9 phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids and the impact of solar drying was negative
on the content of phenolic compounds. For the antioxidant activity, it was shown that fresh figs had
a higher antioxidant activity than dry figs, which indicates that solar drying could induce the decrease
of phenolic compounds contents and consequently a clear decrease of the antioxidant activity. At the
end of this study, it is recommended to propose practical solutions allowing the preservation of the
phenolic content of figs during their drying.

Keywords: solar drying, phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, ficus carica azanjar variety

Biography
Dr. Farida KEHAL is a research professor at the Institute of Nutrition, Food and
Agro-Technologies at the University of Constantine 1, Algeria. Dr. KEHAL
received her PhD in Food Science from the University of Constanrine 1, Algeria,
and has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals. She is also an
experienced teacher, having taught courses on food science, nutrition, and food
processing at the university level. Dr. KEHAL is committed to advancing the field
of food science and improving the nutritional value and safety of our food supply.

Page 158
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPACT OF SOIL TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION ON
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI PRODUCED GLOMALIN

Tünde TAKÁCS, Péter JUHÁSZ, Sándor PABAR, Katica KOCSIS,

Anna FÜZ
Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The optimization of agricultural land use managements contributes to both yield and soil security.
Soil organic matter stock fundamentally determines soil fertility, it affects aggregates, water storage,
chemical properties, protective functions of soil and it has an important role in the regulation of many
atmospheric constituents. The importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is undoubted in
facilitating carbon conservation of soils through affecting host plant productivity and through
glomalin production. Glomalin produced by AMF hyphae forms a significant part of soil organic
carbon. However, intensive fertilization and tillage harm AMF diversity and functions just like
glomalin production. The effect of soil management on glomalin (Easily Extracted Glomalin-Related
Soil Protein; EE-GRSP) has been examined at sites of three long-term field experiments: (1) NPK
fertilization experiment with and without farmyard manure treatments; (2) conventional and organic
farming fields (Martonvásár; Hungary) and (3) no-tillage, mouldboard ploughing and deep
cultivation (Józsefmajor; Hungary) treatments were tested. There were no significant correlation
found between the AMF root colonization parameters and the soil glomalin content. However, close
correlations were detected between the soil humus and nitrogen content, the pH and the dissolved
organic carbon, the macroaggregate stability and the EE-GRSP. The soil disturbance had the most
significant effect on soil EE-GRSP. The soil glomalin were ranged from 0.2 mg/g soil to 0.77 mg/g
soil in different long-term experiments. The highest soil glomalin contents were found in no-tillige
system and N-fertilized plots. The synthesis of our data could result in a land use effect assessment
considering the quantity of soil glomalin. Glomalin is not just a C storage, but it is also a very
important soil health indicator. The project was funded by the Eötvös Loránd Research Network (SA-
26/2021) and Hungarian Academy of Sciences (FFTNP).

Keywords: soil organic carbon; land use; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; glomalin; soil health

Biography
Dr. Tünde TAKÁCS is senior research worker at Institute for Soil Sciences,
Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary

Page 159
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 WATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION IN THE GUERBES-
SANHADJA WETLANDS COMPLEX

Sihem HEDJAL1, Abdelwaheb BENAMARA2

1
MAB, Department of Geological Sciences. Mentouri Brothers University. Constantine1, Algiera
2
Water Science Research Laboratory National Polytechnic School of Algiera
E-mail: hedjals@yahoo

Abstract:
The wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja (north-eastern Algeria), has experienced in recent years
a certain economic expansion, particularly agricultural, about 47% of the useful agricultural area
marked by several varieties of crops ranging from market gardening to speculative crops, requiring
large quantities of water for irrigation purposes, however the swampy areas are the main sources
used for irrigation purposes in this practice. It is therefore necessary for this water to have
physicochemical properties adapted to plants, particularly the absence of salinity. This study was
done to evaluate the status of the swamp’s areas quality and its suitability for irrigated agriculture.
To achieve this objective, water samples from ten swamps areas water were collected from Guerbes-
-Sanhadja in February and June of 2016. The water quality of these swamps was estimated from
different water quality parameters such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), the chemical
parameters like Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-, SO42–, Cl–, BOD5, NO3–, NO2–, NH4+ and PO43-. Based on the
physico-chemical analyses, irrigationquality parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent
sodium (% Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI),and magnesium hazard
(MH) were calculated. The results showed that the overall concentration of nitrate was very high.
About 60 percent of the swampy areas had suitable water quality for chloride, and they had a
concentration below the permissible limit for crop irrigation. From the Richards diagram, it is
observed that most of the samples from the study area fall in the good to permissible classes for
irrigation purpose

Keywords: Algeria, irrigation, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), water
quality, wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja

Biography
Dr. Sihem HEDJAL is MAB at the Department of Geological Sciences. Mentouri
Brothers University. Constantine1, Algiera

Page 160
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL
GLOMALIN-CONTENT AND LAND USE
Dóra KŐHALMI1, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA1, Tünde TAKÁCS2
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
2
Institute for Soil Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail:

Abstract:
The goal of sustainable agriculture is to protect the productivity of the soil as a natural resource, to
improve unfavorable conditions, thereby solving the population's food problem. In order to achieve
these goals, it is important to carry out continuous monitoring, soil tests, and assessment of the
nutrient requirements of cultivated plants. Restoring damage caused by previous inappropriate
activities and ensuring conditions close to natural. Through soil-friendly cultivation, erosion, the
deterioration of the soil structure, the reduction of nutrients and biodiversity can be prevented, and
the unfavorable conditions that have already developed can be reversed. The tests described in the
research work contribute to the development of gentle agriculture and point to the effective use of
simple and cost-saving methods. The tests were carried out in the case of three cultivation methods
with different disturbances, focusing on the content of organic matter, humus, nitrogen and glomalin.
Together, these components represent the quality of the soil well. The three treatments were plowing,
cultivator and direct seeding tillage. The tested materials also confirmed the beneficial effects of low
cultivation separately, and cultivator and direct seeding were the most favorable in each test.
Glomalin is little known due to its mycorrhizal origin and its ability to measure soil quality.

Keywords: Soil glomalin-content, land use, sustainable agriculture, simple and cost-saving methods

Biography
Dóra KŐHALMI is Environmental Engineering student at Obuda University,
Budapest, Hungary

Page 161
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MODELLING TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTION RISK
(CASE STUDY: COLD WATER FISH FARMS IN THE KURDISTAN
OF IRAN)
Lida ALIKHANI, Sharareh ALIKHANI

University of Tabriz, Iran, Roaster Consultant In FAO

E-mail:

Abstract:
Due to growing of significant facilities and potentials for producing large amounts of aquatic
products It also can be achievable in different regions across the country. Accordingly, the purpose
of this study is evaluating the technical efficiency of fish farming units with taking in to consideration
of production risk in these farms. Data and information compiled through a questionnaire from 55
units in Palengan area of Kamiyaran city. To achieve the goals, the stochastic frontier model was
used, which the production function, risk and inefficiency were estimated simultaneously. The results
illustrated that food inputs, labor and fingerlings have a meaningful significant relationship with the
amount of fish production. The result of calculating technical efficiency in these units with
Considering the risk of production, 73% was obtained, which is influenced by experience, coopting
farmers onto committee and access to the markets.

Keywords: fish farming, production risk, technical efficiency, Kamiyaran, stochastic frontier model

Biography

She is graduated in Agriculture Economic from University of Tabriz, Iran

Page 162
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IDENTIFICATIONS, GROWTHS, BIOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF
THREE BENTHIC DIATOMS FOR APPLICATIONS AS FOOD
SUPPLEMENT
Abdelali EL MAALLEM1, Sara El HAMJI2,3, Said GHARBY4, Khalid
MAJOURHAT1, Faissal AZIZ2,3 Karim SBIHI2
1
Laboratory of Geo-Bio-Environmental Engineering and Innovation Faculty Polydisciplinary of
Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
2
National Center for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi Ayyad,
Marrakech, Morocco 3Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Semlalia Faculty of
Sciences, Marrakech, Morocco
4
Laboratory Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment,
Biotechnology, Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of
Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
5
Laboratory of Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment, Natural
Substances, Health and Environment Team, Polydisciplinaire Faculty of Taroudant, University Ibn
Zohr, Morocco
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Benthic freshwater diatoms are photosynthetic microorganisms that produce numerous bioactive
molecules of interest. These microorganisms constitute an underexploited and unexplored resource
in Morocco but could potentially be used for economic development. Our study aimed to evaluate the
environmental impact of these microorganisms and explore their potential use in the food supplement
industry while examining their food security. In this study, we identified, cultured, and biochemically
characterized three benthic diatoms collected from the Ourika and Tassaout river (south and north
of Marrakech, Morocco): Craticula subminuscula (Manguin), Nitzschia palea (Kützing), and
Navicula radiosa (Kütz). We also investigated their antioxidant activities to determine their potential
use in food supplements. After culturing these three species for 15 days, we observed significant
growth rates (C. subminuscula 0.246 J-1, N. palea 0.235 J-1, N. radiosa 0.167 J-1), comparable to
those of other widely used species in the industry. Furthermore, biochemical analysis revealed that
these diatoms are a significant source of protein (29.51-32.68% dry matter) and carotenoids (1.56-
4.69 mg/g dry matter), with low concentrations of phenolic compounds and total sugars (less than
0.48 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry matter for total polyphenols, 2.1 mg quercetin equivalent per
g dry matter for flavonoids and 2.53 mg glucose equivalent per g dry matter for total sugars). In
addition, the antioxidant capacity study indicated that all three diatoms exhibited antioxidant activity.
Our results suggest that these diatoms are an important natural source of proteins and minerals,
which could be potentially used in the food industry and human nutrition. However, using these
diatoms as a food source requires biosecurity measures to ensure their safety for human consumption
and minimal impact on animal and plant life and health.

Keywords: Benthic diatoms, food supplement, mineral elements, proteins, antioxidant activity, biosecurity,
environmental health.

Page 163
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Biography
Abdelali El Maallem is a first-year PhD student at the Faculty Polydisciplinary
of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Morocco. The theme of his work is evaluate
the environmental impact of benthic diatoms and explore their potential use in
the food supplement industry, while also examining their food security.

Page 164
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF 4 OLIVE POMACE

Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Malika BARKAT, Meriem BENAMARA,

Nouha BOULMAIZE, Raouya MERAGHNI
BIOQUAL, INATAA, freres MENTOURI University Constantine 1, 25000 Ain El Bey, Constantine,
Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The olive industry, in addition to its main production, which is oil, leaves two main residues, one
liquid called margine and the other solid called olive pomace. We are interested in this work to the
valorization of these olive pomace by characterizing them. For this we have done physicochemical
analysis of olive pomace from several Algerian regions (Jijel, Béjaia, Skikda, El ‘oued) and research
from this pomace of different microorganisms with an interest in biotechnology, The results of the
physicochemical analyses are consistent with several studies carried out on olive pomace.
Microbiological analyses show the biodiversity of the microorganisms present in the olive pomace (a
total aerobic mesophilic f1ore varied between 2.67.105 CFU/ml and 2.75.105 CFU/ml, yeast and
mould varied between 2.24.105 CFU/ml and 3.105 CFU/ml, lactic bacteria varied between 2.81.105
CFU/ml and 3.17.105 CFU/ml). Based on our study we found that the antibacterial activity of lactic
acid bacteria isolated from the olive pomace s is more or less important and that this activity is
different from one lactic bacterium to another which may be due to the nature of the inhibiting agent
or the species of bacteria selected. We can conclude that the olive pomace tests are very rich in micro-
organisms and additional studies are necessary in order to identify these microorganisms that can be
valued by several methods (biological, thermal, energy, etc.)

Keywords: olive pomace, lactic acid bacteria, antibacterial activity, recovery, waste

Biography
After a DES in biochemistry, Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL specialized in plant
biotechnologies with a magister on production of Rhizobial inoculum then a PhD
in cotutelle with Supagro Montpellier France on the adaptation of Phaseolus to
low availability of phosphorus. She received the Habilitation to Conduct
Research in Science in 2020. Recruited at INATAA freres Mentouri University,
Constantine 1 since 2005, she was responsible for master training course in food
biotechnology from 2013 to 2019. She Has been part of several national and
cooperation projects.

Page 165
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EVALUATION OF COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM OLIVE
POMACE GENERATED BY THE TRADITIONAL PROCESS WITH A
VIEW TO THEIR VALORIZATION
Malika BARKAT, Rym Tinhinen MAOUGAL, Souad CHERRAK, Meriem
BENAMARA

Biotechnology and Food Quality Laboratory (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and Agro-
Food Technologies (INATAA), Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, 7 km, 25000 Route de
Sétif. Constantine, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Algeria, like other olive oil producing countries, registers each year large volumes of olive waste.
Their discharge, without treatment, causes serious problems for both the public health and the
environment because of their high load in non-biodegradable organic matter and phenolic
compounds. According to the International Olive Oil Council (2003), in the traditional system of
olive oil extraction, the processing of 100 kg of olives produces about 40 kg of pomace olive. Their
chemical composition varies within wide limits depending on the stage of maturity of the olives and
other factors. Their biochemical characterization may open perspectives for their valorization. This
study is carried out in this context, with the aim of characterizing of five samples of olive pomace
generated by the traditional process and collected from five different regions. The main analyses
carried out concerned pH, moisture content, dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, organic
carbon, crude fibre, fat, total polyphenols and pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and
carotenoids) as well as the antiradical potential. The main results obtained show that olive pomace
contains remarkable levels of carotenoids, polyphenols, crude fiber and fat. A significant difference
in the regional effect has been observed. Some work has already demonstrated the non-toxicity of
these compounds, and trials on the incorporation of fat and carotenoids in food matrices (yoghurt,
cookies ...) are to be envisaged.

Keywords: olive waste, traditional system, regions, polyphenols, pigments, fat, valorization

Biography
Malika Barkat is a research professor at the Institute of Food, Nutrition and
Agrifood Technologie (INATAA), Frères Mentouri Constantine1 University
(Algeria). His area of research is food science. Currently, she is a team leader in
the food quality biotechnology laboratory (BIOQUAL). She is the author of
several publications: https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=9MzIzvkAAAAJ
&hl=fr.

Page 166
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON GROUNDWATER
QUALITY IN COASTAL AQUIFER OF NADOR IN TIPAZA,
ALGERIA

Abdelkader BOUDERBALA
PRAVDURN research laboratory. Department of Earth Sciences, Djilali Bounaama University of
Khemis Miliana, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Groundwater is a critical resource for the Wadi Nador small coastal aquifer, providing drinking
water and irrigation for agriculture. Unfortunately, anthropogenic factors have led to the
degradation of this resource in recent years. Seawater intrusion near the sea coast at 1.5 km has been
observed due to overexploitation, climate change, and sea level rise. Additionally, minerals have
dissolved, and pesticides, fertilizers, and chemicals have infiltrated groundwater. To better
understand the mineralization origin, a study collected and analyzed 19 water samples in October
2016. The study found significant electrical conductivities ranging from 1200 µS/cm to 4500 µS/cm,
indicating the presence of dissolved minerals. The major chemical elements found in the samples,
such as chloride, calcium, and nitrates, indicate groundwater degradation. Seawater intrusion caused
chloride levels to rise, and nitrate pollution resulted from nitrogen fertilizers' use. The study
emphasizes the need to address the problem of groundwater degradation in the Wadi Nador small
coastal aquifer urgently. Possible solutions include artificial recharge of the aquifer using treated
wastewater or desalinated water, reducing overexploitation, implementing sustainable water
management practices, and controlling pollution from fertilizers and chemicals. Regular
groundwater monitoring and studies are essential to track problem evolution and adapt management
strategies accordingly. To ensure the sustainability of the aquifer, the local community and
stakeholders must work together to protect this vital resource. The use of treated wastewater and
desalinated water for artificial recharge can help replenish groundwater and reduce freshwater
dependency. Furthermore, minimizing aquifer degradation can be achieved through reducing
overexploitation, implementing sustainable water management practices, and controlling pollution
from fertilizers and chemicals. By implementing these measures, the Wadi Nador small coastal
aquifer can be preserved for future generations.

Keywords: Groundwater, Coastal aquifer, Seawater intrusion, Anthropogenic factors, Nitrate

pollution, Overexploitation.

Biography
Abdelkader Bouderbala is a distinguished researcher and academic specializing in
water resources. He earned his Ph.D. and HDR in Hydraulics from the University of
Hassiba Benbouali in Chlef, Algeria. Dr. Bouderbala's research focuses on
groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions, including groundwater
characterization, management, investigation, and the evaluation of groundwater
quantity and quality, as well as hydrogeophysics. He has published over 25 research
articles in peer-reviewed journals and has also served as a reviewer for many journals.

Page 167
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 VALORIZATION OF UNDEREXPLOITED BIORESOURCE TO
PRODUCE A FUNCTIONAL BISCUIT: ACORN FLOUR
Fatima ZOHRA MAKHLOUF1,2, Malika BARKAT1, Antonella PASQUALONE3,
Giacomo SQUEO3, Francesco CAPONIO3
1
BIOQUAL, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine1, Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000
Constantine, Algeria
2
Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Biotechnologie, Nouveau pôle universitaire Ali Mendjli
BP E66 25100 Constantine, Algeria
3
Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Food Science and Technology Unit, University of
Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Oak acorns (Quercus) are among the underutilized vegetable resources in the agri-food sector. The
aim of the work was to explore the feasibility of using acorn flour as a novel and healthy ingredient
in wheat-based biscuits to enhance this neglected bioressource. In this frame, an acorn biscuit was
elaborated, and the benefits and acceptability of acorn flour as a novel food ingredient were reviewed.
The physicochemical characteristics (colorimetric, protein, fat, total dietary fiber and carbohydrates
contents) and antioxidant proprieties (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds and
antioxidant activity) of acorn flour obtained from three Quercus species, namely Q. ilex L., Q. suber
L., and Q. coccifera L. were compared. Acorns of Q. coccifera L. were the most antioxidant and were
therefore used for preparing biscuits at two levels of addition, 30 and 60 g 100 g -1 on wheat flour
basis. The physico-chemical, technological (volume, texture, friability, etc.) and sensory (odor, color,
taste, etc.) characteristics were then assessed. Acorn-added biscuits showed significantly (p < 0.05)
higher content of phenolics, antioxidant activity and oxidative stability than control biscuits, prepared
without acorn flour. As for appearance, the acorn-added biscuits were darker, larger, more
voluminous and more friable than control biscuits. Therefore, according to the obtained results, the
enrichment of biscuits with acorn flour proved to be a very effective strategy for increasing fiber
content and antioxidant activity, two factors that today represents a primary objective in food
production.

Keywords: Quercus, functional biscuit, physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity

technological proprieties

Biography
Dr. Fatima ZOHRA MAKHLOUF is working at the National Higher School of
Biotechnology of Constantine, Algeria. She is professional in Food Science and
Biotechnology.

Page 168
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 CHANGES IN THE COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF FILAMENTOUS
FUNGI CAUSED BY HEAVY METALS IN VITRO

Zoltán NAÁR
Tokaj-Hegyalja University, Sárospatak, Hungary,
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The changes in fungal colony morphology caused by environmental factors are rarely studied because
of expensive apparatus and software required. In this work we simplified an inexpensive but labour-
intensive method and tested it for suitability for investigations of various fungal species and isolates.
The fungal colonies (five different Trichoderma species and six cultivated Agaricus bisporus strains)
grown on agar medium were digitised with official scanner and the border fractal dimension (D-
value) was computed with ImageJ software, because its changes correlate well with the disturbation
of hyphal branching system. It was found that D-value did not change during the development of the
colony and is well reproducible providing the possibility to apply it in studies dealing with effects of
various environmental factors. To test the effect of heavy metals a concentration series (0,1-10 mM)
of Cd, Mn, Mo, Zn prepared in half-strenght PDA medium were inoculated with mycelial agardisks
of 13 Trichoderma species, incubated at room temperature and scanned as abovementioned. The
heavy metals influenced the mycelial development in various manner, although all of them caused
significant reduction of colony growth. In general, Cd, Mn and Zn reduced the fractal dimension,
whereas Mo varied in its effect. T. virens isolates reacted in the same direction to the treatments but
in different extent, which did not show any correlation with the pollution of originating soil. The
mycelial development of various Trichoderma spp. was disturbed in markedly different ways by Mo:
D-value decreased in T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii, and T. piluliferum,
four species (T. asperellum, T. ghanense, T. reesei, T. saturnisporum) did not react even to the highest
concentration, whereas the fractal dimension increased in the colonies of T. aureoviride, T.
longibrachiatum, T. parceramosum, and T. virens. All the three other heavy metals lowered the border
fractal dimension of Trichoderma spp. but at various extents.

Keywords: colony morphology, heavy metals, fractal dimension,

Biography
Dr. Zoltán NAÁR is one of the staff members as associated professor of Tokaj-
Hegyalja University, Sárospatak, Hungary

Page 169
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ENCAPSULATION OF NATURAL PIGMENTS FROM BEET ROOT
PEEL (BETA VULGARIS)
Meriem BENAMARA-BELLAGHA, Rym MAOUGAL, Ines SALHI, Maroua
ZERIBA, Malika BARKAT

Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality (BIOQUAL), INATAA, University of Constantine,

25000 Constantine, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The beet is vegetable rich in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, micronutrients and which also contains
several functional constituents with significant health-promoting properties. It is composed of two
parts: the pulp which is edible andused in meal preparation and the peel, which is inedible and often
considered waste. The red colour of beets is due to the presence of a pigment called betalains. The
aim of this work is valorising beet peels by extracting, characterizing, and encapsulating the natural
pigments present in them. Betalain contents (betacyanin 32.83±0.01mg/l, betaxanthins
12.99±0.01mg/l) are appreciable. The polyphenol level is 2.56±0.02mg EAG/g of dry extract.
Antioxidant content using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-
ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) free radical scavenging methods) resulting in
antioxidant contents of 7.69% and 42.10%, respectively, for both methods. Encapsulation is used to
stabilize, protect, and extend the shelf life of sensitive compounds. In this work, the extracted pigments
were immobilized in sodium alginate beads and the optimal conditions for the inclusion of betalains
were determined.

Keywords: Beta vulgaris; Betalain; antioxidant activity; encapsulation

Biography
Dr. Meriem BENAMARA-BELLAGHA is Teacher researcher in Plant
Biotechnology at Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality, University of
Constantine, Constantine, Algeria.

Page 170
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERNAL ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND SOIL MEDIA ON SOME
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA SUGAR PLANT,
AND THE CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF ITS LEAVES
Sunaeda ALJGAMI, Rami WATFA, Tharwat IBRAHIM

Damascus university, Damascus, Syria

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The research was carried out with the aim of studying effect of Mycorrhiza and Different Soil Media
(pumice and peat moss) on some growth parameters of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni. Soil
mixtures were prepared from pumice and peat moss in different proportions, and the experiment was
designed according to a completely randomized design with two factors: the soil medium (pumice and
peat moss) in different proportions and Mycorrhiza (with-without). 10g Mycorrhiza was added per
kilogram of Soil Medium. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the treatments of
Mycorrhiza were significantly superior to their non-Mycorrhiza counterparts in some growth
parameters ( plant height - number of leaves - number of branches - the fresh weight of the vegetative
and root groups- the dry weight of the vegetative and root groups- root lengths ) ,and Stevioside
concentration, The proportion of the substance dissolved in aqueous solution, NPK,and chlorophyll
A and A+B. The Soil medium of peat moss and pumice 2:1 was significantly superior to some soil
media in plant height - number of leaves - the fresh weight of the vegetative and root groups- the dry
weight of the vegetative and root group , Stevioside concentration , phosphor, potassium, and
Stevioside concentration. The Soil medium of pumice only was significantly superior to root lengths
and chlorophyll a. The interaction between the soil media of peat moss and pumice 2:1 and
Mycorrhiza significantly affected in plant height - number of leaves - number of branches - the fresh
weight of the vegetative and root groups- the dry weight of the vegetative and root groups- root
lengths , Stevioside concentration, phosphor, and potassium. The interaction between the soil media
of peat moss and pumice 1:2 and Mycorrhiza significantly affected in number of branches. The
interaction between the soil media of pumice only and Mycorrhiza significantly affected in root
lengths and chlorophyll A, and The interaction between the soil media of peat moss only and
Mycorrhiza significantly affected in the proportion of the substance dissolved in aqueous solution.
Microscopic examination of the internal structures of the roots of the stevia plant the internal
structures of the roots treated with Mycorrhiza were stained in a dark blue color, while the internal
structures of the roots not treated with Mycorrhiza were not colored blue.

Keywords: Mycorrhiza, Glomus sp, Stevia rebaudiana, chlorophyll, Stevioside, NPK

Biography

Page 171
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Agricultural Engineering Certificate in Renewable Natural Resources and
Environment.
Master's degree in Agricultural Engineering with a specialization in renewable
natural resources and environment.
I have been working in the Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform in
Swaida, in Department of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing
since2019.
I have founded a home project to multiply and spread the cultivation of the
sugary stevia rebaudiana plant, and I distributed the plant free to diabetic
patients, and sold it at a very cheap price to the people of my country with the
aim of self – sufficiency of the plant.

Page 172
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA AND DIFFERENT SOIL MEDIA
(PUMICE AND PEAT MOSS) ON SOME GROWTH PARAMETERS
OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA (BERT.) BERTONI
Sunaeda ALJGAMI1, Rami WATFA2, Tharwat IBRAHIM

Damascus university, Damascus, Syria

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The research was carried out in the year 2019-2021 AD in Abi Jarash farm and the laboratories of
the General Authority for Biotechnology at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at Damascus
University with the aim of studying Effect of interaction between internal Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi and soil media on some characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana sugar plant, and the chlorophyll
content of its leaves Soil mixtures were prepared from pumice and peat moss in different proportions,
and the experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design with two factors: the
soil medium (peat moss and pumice) and Mycorrhiza. different proportions and Mycorrhiza 10g
Mycorrhiza were added per kilogram of Soil Medium. The results of the statistical analysis indicated
that the treatments of Mycorrhiza were significantly superior to their non-Mycorrhiza counterparts
in some growth parameters number of branches (34.93 branch), the root lengths (18.32cm), and
chlorophyllA, A+B (1.65 ,3.03) respectively, and The Soil medium of pumice only was significantly
superior to root lengths (16.28 cm) and chlorophyll A (1.81). The interaction between the soil media
of peat moss and pumice 2:1 and Mycorrhiza significantly affected in chlorophyll A+B (3.71), The
interaction between the soil media of peat moss and pumice 1:2 and Mycorrhiza significantly affected
in number of branches (39 branch), while the interaction between the soil media of pumice only and
Mycorrhiza significantly affected in root lengths (20.33 cm) and chlorophyll A(2.20 )

Keywords: Mycorrhiza, Stevia rebaudiana, chlorophyll, Soil Medium

Biography
Agricultural Engineering Certificate in Renewable Natural Resources and
Environment.
Master's degree in Agricultural Engineering with a specialization in renewable
natural resources and environment.
I have been working in the Directorate of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform in
Swaida, in Department of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing
since2019.
I have founded a home project to multiply and spread the cultivation of the
sugary stevia rebaudiana plant, and I distributed the plant free to diabetic
patients, and sold it at a very cheap price to the people of my country with the
aim of self – sufficiency of the plant.

Page 173
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 STORAGE OF HIGHLY FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC PRODUCTS

Kenza IRINISLIMANE
Mechanical Engineering Department, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
The modeling and simulation of industrial accidents is an essential tool for assessing their impact on
the environment and on human beings. Oil or black gold is one of the most sought-after raw materials
in the world today, given its importance in economic, energy and technological development in
general. As part of its activities relating to risk, one must determine security perimeters. Following a
loss of stored product, the risks incurred can be instantaneous, such as fire and the explosion of highly
flammable product. In this work we use the ALOHA computer code, which is perfectly suited to our
problem: it considers a wide range of accident scenarios, provides information concerning the safety
of individuals and allows the visualization of risk areas. The ALOHA software models the dispersion
according to the elements entered and determines the concentrations of pollutants at ground level. It
considers the nature of the product, the leak and the atmospheric conditions. It is also possible to set
the mathematical simulation model, or by default to let the software consider a model, hence the
objective of this work is to give details about a real or potential chemical release, and then it will
generate threat zone estimates for various types of hazards.

Keywords: Environment, modeling, explosion, toxic zone, dispersion.

Biography
Dr. Kenza IRINISLIMANE is specialized in Mechanical Engineering working as
senior lecturer class b at the Faculty of Technology, M'Hamed Bougara
University of Boumerdes, Algeria.

Page 174
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PROPERTIES OF ZNO-
GO/NIO.5 MNO.5 Fe2O4 FOR APPLICATION IN DYE REMOVAL

Issam BOUDRAA1,2, Hassan A YADI2,3, Badreddine BOUDIAF3, Sabrina

HALLADJA3
1
Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux Avancés, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique de
Constantine, Algérie.
2
Unité de Recherche de Chimie de l’Environnement Moléculaire Structurale, Université Frères
Mentouri - Constantine 1, Algérie.
3
Département de chimie, Université 20 août 1955 Skikda, Algérie.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Environmental pollution has been a significant issue recently. For this reason, scientists concentrated
their efforts on creating materials that can effectively remove contaminants. The purpose of this work
is to create a new composite made of graphene oxide (GO), ferrite Ni 0.5Mn 0. Fe2O4, and zinc oxide
for use in the removal of contaminants pollutants. The first part was devoted to the synthesis of the
ZnO-GO/ Ni 0.5Mn 0.5Fe2O4 composite, this synthesis was carried out in four principal’s steps. The
second part of this study focused on the characterization by the X-ray diffraction, infrared
spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, to evaluate the effectiveness of our composite in
photocatalysis for the elimination of Methylene blue. The findings of this work offer hope for the
manufacture of magnetic composites that will be used in photocatalytic removal of organic
contaminants.

Keywords: ZnO, Graphene oxide, ferrites, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Photocatalysis.

Biography
Dr. Issam BOUDRAA is working as Class A lecturer at Ecole Nationale
Polytechnique de Constantine, Algérie. He is specialized ain the field of
analytical and physical chemistry

Page 175
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ISOLATION AND PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF
EXTREMOPHILE BACTERIAL ISOLATE FROM EFFLUENTS OF
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN TUNISIAN
Elhem BOUCHIBA1,2, Ali ELLAFI1,3, Sonia BEN YOUNES1,4, Mohamed Ali
BORGI1,2

¹Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Department of Life Sciences - University campus of Ahmed Zarroug,
2112, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
²Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems
(LBBEEO), Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia.
3
Laboratory of Analysis, treatment and valorisation of environment pollutants and products,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Tunisia.
4
Unit Research n°17/ES/13, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 rue Jebbel Lakhdar, University of
Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
The wastewaters from phosphate fertilizer industries (WPFI) discharged into the environment without
any prior treatment constitute a real threat for ecosystems and human health. In this study we
determined the physico-chemical characteristics of the effluent as well as its bacterial contents. The
obtained results showed that WPFI was highly acid (pH 2), saline (58 g/l) with elevated electric
conductivity (EC= 44.80 ms cm-1). In addition, it contained heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cr and Fe
with 0.7, 2.06, 4.70 and 44.12 mg/l, respectively. Also, they were overloaded with phosphate (1352.42
mg/l), sulfate (1347.4 mg/l), fluorine (1072.60 mg/ml), sodium (9271.56 mg/l) and chlorine (1310.94
mg/l). All these elements exceeded the national and international standards. The microbiological
characterization showed the presence of low charge of revivable aerobic bacteria as total coliforms,
fecal coliforms and sulfite-reducing bacteria. We have isolated five presumed pure strains (S1, S2, S3,
S4 and S5) which were characterized for their morphological, cultural and biochemical properties as
well as their resistance to extreme conditions. The preliminary identification of the isolated strains
via API 20E test resulted in 4 different genera (Providencia, Vibrio, Chyseobacterium and
Stenotrophomonas). These genera had remarkable resistance to potentially toxic elements (especially
towards Cd, Pb, Cr and Fe), revealed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum
Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) methods.

Key words: extremophile bacteria, biochemical characterization, heavy metals, MIC, MBC:

Biography
Elhem BOUCHIBA is a PhD student at Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Tunisia. She
has profession in Biology sciences and biotechnology and her Master diploma
was in Ecology and environment

Page 176
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECT OF VARIETY AND COOKING ON CRUDE FIBER, TOTAL
POLYPHENOLS, AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY
OF EGGPLANT
Malika BARKAT, Louiza HIMED, Lamia ZOUBIRI, Fatima Zohra MAKHLOUF,
Imen LAIB, Farida KEHAL

Biotechnology and Food Quality Laboratory (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and
Agro-Food Technologies (INATAA), Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, 7 km,
25000 Route de Sétif, Constantine, Algeria.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a commercially important species, cultivated and consumed in
many countries. Nutritionally, it is characterized by its richness in fibers, a good mineral density, a
low energy intake due to its richness in water and its low content of energy elements, a diversified
supply of vitamins, and the presence of organic acids and gallic tannins. Eggplants contain phenolic
compounds, including phenolic acids, the main phenolic acid of which is chlorogenic acid. The
benefits attributed to this compound include anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral properties and
inhibition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The objective of this study is to compare three
eggplant varieties, before and after cooking, based on their composition in crude fibres, total
polyphenols, and their antiradical power. The varieties are Miniature, White and Graffitti. They were
collected during November 2022 in Sidi bel Abbes (West Algeria). Eggplant skin and pulp of each
variety were immersed separately in a stainless-steel container with water and cooked at 100°C.
Samples were drained, crushed, and freeze-dried. The determination of different parameters (phenols,
fiber, etc.) was performed according to the referenced methods. The results assert that the Miniature
variety is richer in polyphenols, crude fiber than the other varieties, cooking has a significant effect
on these compounds and the extracts of peel have a very high antioxidant capacity relatively to the
pulp.

Keywords: Eggplant, varieties, polyphenols, fiber, antiradical power, cooking, peel, pulp

Biography
Malika Barkat is a research professor at the Institute of Food, Nutrition and
Agrifood Technologie (INATAA), Frères Mentouri Constantine1 University
(Algeria). His area of research is food science. Currently, she is a team leader
in the food quality biotechnology laboratory (BIOQUAL). She is the author of
several publications https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=9MzIzvkAAAAJ&
hl=fr.

Page 177
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND
APPLICATION OF FUNGICIDES IN AGRICULTURAL LAND
Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA

Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Sustainability of soil functions is endangered by land use changes in combination with agricultural
intensification, which has proved to lead to soil deterioration, reducing its production capacity and
affecting soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass in soil serves as one of the indicators of its
biological activity and is often used in assessing the impact of anthropogenic activity and natural
changes on the soil microbiome. Significant spatial and temporal variation of the indicator at the
level of ecosystems, soil typological units, land use types, etc., makes it difficult to interpret the data
obtained during mass monitoring. The aim of the study was to determine the background values of
microbial biomass content in the upper soil surface of agricultural land. The application of fungicides
to horticultural crops has raised public concerns worldwide. In fact, it has been demonstrated that
such fungicides have an impact on non-target microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Soil degradation
involves soil physical, chemical, and biological changes. Modern agriculture largely relies on the
extensive application of agrochemicals, including inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. The application
of agrochemicals is a common and critical method used to improve crop yield. It is widely known that
agrochemicals can affect non-target soil microorganisms by altering soil microbial community
structure and functions. The present study highlights the impact of seven fungicides (Zineb 20%,
Ridomil, Carbendazim, Iprodione, Triazole, Mancozeb and Metalaxyl) on soil microbial biomass in
agricultural land. The value of microbial biomass in the upper 10 cm soil layer was determined after
fungicides applied at different concentrations. The analysis of obtained data demonstrated high
variability of the values of microbial biomass content in soils caused by the nature of the applied
fungicides.

Keywords: Soil microbial biomass, application of fungicides, agricultural land

Biography
Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda is working at Óbuda University. He is
Environmental Microbiologist and Soil Biotechnologist. He is a member of
Environmental Sciences Doctor’s School (Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences) and Material Science and Technology at Óbuda University.
He was a supervisor of many PhD students as well as the Leader of Agricultural
and Environmental Microbiology and Soil Biotechnology PhD Program. also,
a leader of Microbial Biotechology MSc Program dealing with the interactions
between the microbiomes and the environment for increasing soil quality and
saving the soil from pollutants. His investigations are on the role of waste
management, soil quality and fertility, crop production and environmental
impacts related to the application of organic wastes; measurements soil
microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in wastewater sludge amended
soils; and roles of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles in biosphere.

Page 178
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Research Interest: Waste Management; Environmental Biotechnology; Soil:
Protection; Sustainable; PGPR and Microbial Inoculants; Gut Microbiomes
and Human Health as well as Modern Biology. Prof. Dr. Hosam Bayoumi
Hamuda was invited as visiting professore to the 13th Flanders (Belgium)
Inspires International Visitors. He is the broad editorial memberand reviewer
of many internatinal journals as well as a member of many organizing
committees of various international conferences also, acted as plenary or
keynote speaker. Prof. Dr, organize annually t and. Hosam Bayoumi Hamuda
is the president of the International Council of Enviromental Engineering
Edication and annually he organizes two International Meetings, one in
November in term of ICEEE, and the second in May as International
Symposium.

Page 179
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MICROALGAE BIOSORPTION OF
CHROMIUM USING WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASE

Karim SBIHI1,2, Abdelali EL MAALLEM3, Sara El HAMJI2,4 Siham

LGHOUL5, Faissal AZIZ2
1
Laboratory Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment,
Biotechnology, Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of
Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
2
National Center for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi Ayyad,
Marrakech, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Geo-Bio-Environmental Engineering and Innovation Faculty Polydisciplinary of
Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
4
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, B Marrakech,
Morocco,
5
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Faculty of
Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Chromium is present in different industrial effluents, responsible for environmental pollution.
Traditionally, chromium removal is made by chemical precipitation. This study reviews 741
documents published about the biosorption of chromium by microalgae in the international context
from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) (1990-2022). Two different processing software
applications were used, SciMAT-v1.1.04 and VOSviewer 1.6.19. This research field is characterized
by high interdisciplinarity and a rapid increase in the subject categories of engineering applications.
The basic supporting categories mainly included “Environmental Sciences & Ecology”,
“Biotechnology Applied Microbiology”, “Engineering”, and “Marine Freshwater Biology”. In
addition, the results showed a significant increase in the concern over biosorption of chromium by
microalgae in the past ten years, especially in Brazil, China, USA, Czech Republic, and other
developing countries. China surpassed the USA and became the second most productive country in
2022. Although the number of articles and total citations of Brazilian articles is the highest
worldwide, the average citation per article is lower. Soccol CR, an author from the Federal University
of Paraná in Brazil, is very competent in researching this field. Bioresource Technology is the most
important journal in the research field of biosorption of chromium by microalgae. Bibliometric
analysis is a useful method to measure research hotspots and trends qualitatively and quantitatively
in the biosorption of chromium by microalgae. It can be widely used to help new researchers review
the available research in a certain field.

Keywords: Microalgae, chromium, biosorption, bibliometric, web of science

Biography

Page 180
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Dr. Karim SBIHI is an Assistant Professor and member of the Laboratory Analysis,
Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment, Biotechnology,
Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant,
University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco. His Principal research is the use of algae for
wastewater treatment and the algae bio-remediation technology to manage a
variety of industrial effluents, including chemical, textile and leather industries.

Page 181
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, SEASONAL AND OTHER
ASSOCIATED FACTORS (FEMALE ADOLESCENTS)
Siham LGHOUL1, Karim SBIHI2,3, Abdelhafid BENKSIM4, Mohamed LOUKID1,
Faissal AZIZ3,5
1
Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Faculty of
Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco.
2
Laboratory of Analysis, Modelling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment, Natural
Substances, Health and Environment Team, Polydisciplinaire Faculty of Taroudant, University Ibn
Zohr, Morocco
3
National Center for Research and Study on Water and Energy (CNEREE), University Cadi Ayyad,
Marrakech, Morocco
4
High Institute of Nursing and Technical Health, Marrakesh, Morocco.
5
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Semlalia Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 2390,
40000, Marrakech, Morocco
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a heterogeneous disorder that includes physical and affective
symptoms that most females of reproductive age experience during the luteal phase of their menstrual
cycle. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with PMS among adolescent schoolgirls
and to assess the severity of PMS.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 adolescents representing Marrakesh city. A
structured questionnaire was used. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 26. The rate of mild to
severe PMS was 52.9 %, 25.5 % and 21.6 %, respectively. The most common physical symptoms were
backache (52.9%) and breast tenderness (36.3%), while the most common affective symptoms were
irritability (49 %), anxiety (46.1 %) and mood swelling (45.1 %). Neither season of birth nor season
at menarche was associated with PMS. Significant differences were observed between PMS group
and non-PMS group in the level of education (p< 0.05), sweets consumption (p<0.05) and family
status (p< 0.05). There was no significant association between PMS and BMI.
Based on the findings, it seems that the occurrence of PMS is associated with sweet consumption
frequency. This study also showed that irritability and backache were the most common PMS
symptoms.

Keywords: Adolescents, anthropometry, premenstrual syndrome, school health.

Biography

Siham Lghoul has completed his PhD in the year 2021 at Faculty of Sciences
Semlalia, Cady Ayyad, University, Marrakech, Morocco. The theme of his work
is to determine age at menarche and its deviations from normal in relation to
anthropometric and seasonal factors.

Page 182
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 EFFECTS OF COMMON MOLE (TALPA EUROPAEA) ON THE
DIVERSITY OF SOIL PROPERTIES IN URBAN LANDSCAPES
Csaba CENTERI, Viktória VONA, Márton VONA, Zsolt BIRÓ

Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture
and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Moles play a crucial role in soil formation on natural and also in urban areas. They are often
considered as non-favourable due to their little mounds on lawns. The recent research is examining
the effects of the European common mole (Talpa europaea) in an urban environment. One site was
on the Szent István Campus, one site was in a family garden and one was in the shopping district,
nearby the Rákos Creek, all sites are grasslands and situated in Gödöllő. Soils of the mole mounds
and the nearby undisturbed control areas were compared. Samples were analysed with a Near
Infrared Scanner. The mounds at the university show great differences to the controls: only the Fe
and Al were significantly higher in the mounds, all other parameters were smaller. The only difference
between the mole mound and the control of the garden was in the soil moisture content
(control>mound). Along the creek the total N, the exchangeable Ca and Mg and the cation exchange
capacity was significantly higher in the control than in the mound. The results show that there can be
huge differences in the effects of moles on the surface soil properties. It is important because we can
prepare a scale that shows the minimum and maximum of these effects. Furthermore, these differences
are also depending on the properties of the solum. The shallower the soil, the biggest the effects (most
likely).

Keywords: soil-zoology, man-made environment, environmental change

Biography
Csaba Centeri is an associate professor (Dept. of Nature Conservation and
Landscape Management, Szent István Campus, Hungarian University of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő). He has published 2 D1, 21< papers in
Q1 and Q2 journals and has been serving as a chief editor in the Hungarian
Journal of Landscape Ecology, guest editor of special issues in the journal of
Water, Sustainability, Forest and Remote Sensing. His main research interest is
soil water erosion, soil erosion modelling, land-use change, ecosystem services,
soil-plant, soil-wildlife and other soil-zoology interactions, with special emphasis
on nature conservation and landscape related issues.

Page 183
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 GRAZING BY DOMESTIC WATER BUFFALOES (BUBALUS
BUBALIS) AS A HABITAT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
OPTION AGAINST THE INVASIVE SOLIDAGO GIGANTEA

Attila FŰRÉSZ1, Szilárd SZENTES2, Zsombor WAGENHOFFER2,

László SIPOS3,4, Levente VISZLÓ5, Ildikó TURCSÁNYI-JÁRDI1, Eszter
SALÁTA-FALUSI1, Péter PENKSZA3, Márta BAJNOK2, Gabriella
FINTHA1,6, Károly PENKSZA1
1
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Agronomy, Gödöllő, Hungary,
2
University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal
Science Department, Budapest, Hungary
3
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology,
Budapest, Hungary
4
Institute of Economics, Centre of Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest, Hungary
5
Pro Vértes Nature Conservation Foundation, Csákvár, Hungary
6
Eszterházy Károly University, MTA-EKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group,
Eger, Hungary
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Nowadays, there is a global problem with the aggressive expansion of invasive plant species in terms
of the nature conservation and economic reasons. One of the main dangerous species is Solidago
gigantea. Many livestock cannot consume it because of the high saponin content of the plant.
However, domestic water buffalos have a good digestive capacity. Based on this, the following
question have been formed: Whether grazing by water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) can be applicable
for the control of Solidago gigantea? This study was carried out in three areas of Csákvár in
Hungary. We investigated on various habitat like Molinia meadows and a typic Pannonian dry
grassland which had high cover of Solidago species. In addition, we compared their data with an
untreated control area. In the 2 sample areas, grazing was carried out with domestic water buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) since 2013. During the study, we carried out a coenological survey to follow change
of cover of plant species from 2014 to 2021, their feed values and biomass of the grassland. Based on
to the results, invasive Solidago has been suppressed completely within 6 years. For example, on the
meadow the cover decreased from 16% to 1% and the dominant species has become Sesleria uliginosa
which is a useful grass species for turf management. On the other hand, in the typic Pannonian dry
grassland the cover declined from 67% to 1%. Thus, we have found that grazing with buffalo is
suitable as a habitat management method against the Solidago gigantea. Supported by the ÚNKP-
22-3-I-MATE/2 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from
the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, and AKGF-119-1-202.

Keywords: giant goldenrod, nature conservation management

Biography

Page 184
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 I am a PhD student at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life
Science. I graduated both Bsc and Msc in nature conservation engineering. My
scientific field of research is vegetation mapping and studies of dry grasslands
dominated by Festuca species. My present phd research topic is to clarify the
taxonomic position of Festuca species of sandy grasslands along the Danube, to
reveal their content values and to study their other features.

Page 185
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 THE FUTURE OF SOLVENT REGENERATION AT RICHTER
GEDEON NYRT'S DOROG SITE
Zsófia KISS1, Dávid PILLING2, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI HAMUDA1
1
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light industry and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
2
Richter Gedeon NyRt, Budapest, Hungary.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:
Today, environmental protection plays an increasingly decisive role worldwide. It is required by the
rapidly developing industry, which promotes the improvement of the quality of life, but its continuous
development puts more and more burden on the environment and exploits resources. Therefore, it has
become necessary globally to introduce technologies, design processes, and create environmental
protection regulations that reduce the environmental footprint of these industries. During the
pharmaceutical production at the Dorog branch of Richter Gedeon Nyrt., most of the contaminated
waste comes from the production of the active ingredient, which is disposed of by incineration. During
my thesis, we were looking for an effective waste management method that takes into account
recoverable materials and their recyclability. We considered the solution to this problem to be the
regeneration of solvent mixtures, which is important not only from the point of view of environmental
protection, but also from the point of view of cost effectiveness. To implement this, we worked with
distillation, which we implemented in two steps: in preparative conditions and in operation. During
my work, I carried out the distillation of ethanol and ethyl acetate on a semi-automatic Propack
column. During the experiments, two typical problems arose, the inadequate water content and the
presence of the typical unknown pollutant in the system, which we were able to finally remedy by
adding the right amount of water and taking the right amount of pre-distillate. After the successful
laboratory experiments, we also carried out the production under preparative conditions, which was
also successful. After that, commissioning began, the purpose of which is to regenerate the material
to be regenerated under operating conditions, thus already contributing to production. As a result, it
was possible to produce a suitable quantity and quality of regenerated ethanol and ethyl acetate,
which can be recycled into the final stage of intermediate production. No environmental problems
arose during production.

Keywords: solvent regeneration, environmental protection, quantity and quality of regenerated

ethanol and ethyl acetate, cost effectiveness

Biography
Environmental Engineering student at Obuda University, Budapest,
Hungary

Page 186
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 187
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
MANUSCRIPTS OF
ORAL AND POSTER
PRESENTATIONS

Page 188
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 189
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT: A GUARANTEE OF WATER
SAVING IN A CONTEXT OF ACUTE CLIMATE CHANGE
Larbi DJABRI1, Saad BOUHSINA2, Chemseddine FEHDI3, Linda ACHOU4
1
Laboratoire Ressource en Eau et Développement Durable, Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba,
Algérie. [email protected]. 213661322202
2
Vice Président Délégué, directeur du pole universitaire de Dunkerque. 220 Avenue de l’université.
Bp 5526 Dunkerque. Cedex01. France. [email protected]
3
Laboratoire Eau & Environnement. Université de Tébessa, Algérie. [email protected]
213672500880
4
Université Houari Boumediene-Alger. Algérie. [email protected] 213664627163

Abstract: The aquifer contract is a design allowing controlled water management. This management
involves the participation of all water users. The elaboration of a water table contract goes in the
direction of improving the efficiency of the use of water resources to guarantee the quantity, quality,
and sustainability of groundwater resources, according to the evolution (climatic; industrial;
demographic and agricultural). Therefore, the purpose of the implementation of the contract is to
guarantee sustainable environmental and socio-economic development, it is a question of 1)
Rebalancing the balance of the water table and restoring the flow rates of the springs; lakes; securing
the water drinking. 2) Protect and preserve ecological systems and ensure the development of tourism
sectors; industrial, economic, environmental, and particularly that of agriculture knowing that it is
the sector that consumes a large quantity of water resources. The establishment of a water table
contract requires the involvement of citizens who will benefit from this management method. The area
targeted by our project is that of Drean, located 25 kilometres south of Annaba and conceals in its
basement a significant water table known as the "gravel tablecloth", it is free to the south and
therefore susceptible to be polluted and is captive in the north and therefore protected. It has the
particularity of being overexploited. The establishment of the aquifer contract is an opportunity to
identify the users and especially the quantities taken by each of them and this within a legal
framework. The committees involving all the parties will ensure the smooth running of the operations,
which will firstly result in perfect knowledge of the water inflows and outflows, and therefore
knowledge of the groundwater balance. In the second part, we must make users pay the appropriate
sums (according to the quantities used), which will limit waste. Concise and factual. It should briefly
state the purpose of the research, the principal results, and major conclusions.

Keywords: Algeria, management, Water, protect, Drean, committee

INTRODUCTION

In Algeria, as in many countries, the water resource is managed administratively where the
state takes charge of the destiny of the water. However, in the field, many shortcomings
appear, amounting to the fact that this mode of management does not meet current
requirements. Starting from the fact that the groundwater resource has the characteristics of
a "common good" in the economic sense: there is rivalry in its use, i.e. the extraction of water

Page 190
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 from a groundwater by a given user can limit the possibility or increase the cost of water
extraction by other users of the same aquifer (we speak of congestion externality or negative
stock externality - Provencher and Burt (1993)) ; and on the other hand there is non-exclusion:
a situation in which any newcomer can in turn draw from the aquifer. When the exploitation
of this type of good is left to the game of the market, that is to say to the search for short-term
individual profit, it leads to the "tragedy of the commons".
Users compare their private profit with the only private cost (their technical cost of pumping
in this case), without considering the "social cost" linked to the restriction of use or the
increase in costs for other users., i.e. the cost of the externality. This misalignment of costs
and benefits is a “market failure” that results in all-out exploitation of the resource that can
lead to fatal overexploitation of the resource. This finding is more accentuated for
groundwater where independent users with direct access to the resource can number in the
hundreds or even thousands, penalizing future generations, because the resource is renewable
(effects of climatic changes). This centralized management has resulted in a failure of the
market and requires regulatory mechanisms in which the State, guarantor of general well-
being, must play a more pronounced role by using the instruments available typically include
action on prices (establishment taxes or operating royalties aimed at aligning private costs
and social costs or on the quantities withdrawn (withdrawal authorizations, extraction
quotas). Faced with the difficulties and transaction costs involved in exclusively centralized
management, and to cope with the growing overexploitation of groundwater, many
Mediterranean countries are turning to solutions with a variable degree of decentralization
and user involvement, through “aquifer contracts” or similar mechanisms.

History:
The aquifer contract was initiated in the countries bordering the Mediterranean, whether north
or south. This project aims to introduce a new way of managing water resources. It goes in
the direction of a collective and collegial management of water. The following table gives an
overview of the aquifer contracts carried out in the neighboring countries of Algeria. In
Algeria, because of the management acquired for a long time (centralised), it is almost
impossible to carry out such a project. To move towards this type of management, it will be
essential to decentralize management and involve the citizen by making them aware of this
new concept. This is the case of Tunisia (Bsissi), Morocco (Souss Massa), Jordan (Azraq),
Spain (Mancha) and France (Roussillon and Astien). This shows that Algeria is lagging these
countries in terms of this management.

The theory of aquifer contracts:

In general, contract theory encompasses neo-institutional theory, in the sense that "contracts
serve as the foundation for a large part of economic analysis". Every exchange goes through
some form of contract, whether explicit or implicit.
For groundwater, the role of the principal is held by the State or by a regulatory authority
accountable for the general objectives of sustainable management of the resource (an
intermediate body" or again "intermediate bodies" in charge of management activities It is
difficult for the administration to directly control all users and constrain their behavior. This
choice will allow us to know the way in which such and such behavior contributes to the
objectives. The role of the administration is to design the appropriate framework that will
lead the agent(s) to act in the direction of its objectives, through a system of incentives and
sanctions. the establishment of a water table contract requires the involvement of citizens
who will benefit from this management method. As a result, and in the first place, the steering
committee must be appointed. This committee must be composed simultaneously of citizens
and representatives of the administration in charge of water management.

Page 191
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The steering committee is appointed by the Wali and must be composed of:
-Representatives of the State (Wilaya, Daira, Department of water resources at the level of
the wilaya, Department of the environment, Health, industry, and agriculture, etc.),
- Local authorities and representatives of users: Town, subdivision composed of
approximately 35 members.
The steering committee is chaired by a member chosen by the Wali, the other members are
volunteers or will be chosen according to the division of the study area that will be carried
out.
The composition of the steering committee, once made, will be the subject of a nominative
decree signed by the competent authority (Wali), which will allow the work to be carried out
within a regulated framework.
The steering committee has the following three essential components:

The steering committee (fig.1):

it supports the destinies of the aquifer contract. It is made up of representatives of the actors
who can intervene in the management of the aquifer. He is the one who makes all the
decisions.

Water users
(AEP, Industry,
Agriculture,
Urban
planning

Steering
committee:
Consultation

Administration
(Finance, Association of
monitoring) Inhabitants

Fig.1: Overview of the composition and operation of the consultation workshop

(proposals)

The technical committee fig.2):

He has a monitoring role and is particularly responsible for the technical aspect. It is made
up of technicians. It provides information on the hydraulic network, the flow rates used.

Page 192
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Technical
Committee

Engineering Technical Technical

offices services Partners

Fig.2: The technical committee and its component.

The consultation committee (fig.3):

Includes all parties involved in monitoring the groundwater contract. Its main role is to
validate the proposals made at different stages.

Steering
committeeo

Users
The administration with
all its components
(elected, financial).
Fig.3: Composition of consultation committee

The creation of the various committees (consultation, steering and technical) is a prerequisite
for any work. Without the establishment of these committees nothing will be possible.

METHODOLOGY

Once the various committees have been set up, a plan will be drawn up defining the steps to
be followed for the realization of the aquifer contract.
The steps to follow:
1- Diagnosis Issues: this step is spread over six (6) months during this period we must make
a bibliographic study on the state of the groundwater, which will allow us to trace the
objectives. This step is mainly the responsibility of the technical committee.

Page 193
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 2- Definition of objectives: also lasts a semester, during this period We agree on what to do
(objectives) and we formalize with all the actors the roadmap to follow (signature of the
charter involving all the partners)
3- Contractualization of the action program: for a period of six (6) months, this
contractualization relates to the development of a program of actions of the Contract
involving the location, the costs, the project management and the funding...). Leading to the
official signing of the groundwater contract. During this stage, the members of the steering
committee are mainly involved.
4- Implementation of the Contract: lasts the rest of the project. We will work more on the
ground.

Application to the Graviers of Drean aquifer:

Geographical and geological situation:
The studied area is situated in the Algerian Northeast (Fig. 4). It is bound by the
Mediterranean Sea to the north, by Drean city to the south, Wadi Mafragh to the east and
Lake Fetzara to the west. The plain is supplied westerly by streams originating from the
Edough mount, and is also supplied from the south by water upstream
J. M. Villa in 1980 demonstrated in his work that the geological formations at the outcrop
extend from the primary to the current quaternary. He demonstrated two types of formations
which are:
- the metamorphic formations dating from the Paleozoic constituting the Edough massif,
- the sedimentary formations occupying the rest of the study area.
The Palaeozoic reaches west to the block of Edough, Belilieta, and Boukhadra in the west of
Annaba. It is constituted primarily of gneiss. The Mesozoic is found immediately south of
the studied zone towards Guelma and Bouchegouf at the south of Annaba.
These formations are not illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4, but do contribute to the salinity of water
by groundwater flow. The Triassic is formed by an association of dolostones, dolomitic
limestone, and gypsum; the Jurassic is constituted of black dolostones and calcareous schists;
and the Cretaceous is composed of dolomitic limestone.
The Miocene and the Pliocene are represented by marine and continental facies. The river
facies are well developed in the plains of Annaba; it is formed of pebbles, sand, and clay
alongside the riverbeds. Blue marls with limestone intercalations characterize the marine
facies. The continental facies are constituted by alluvial deposit, pebble, and gravel. They are
related to the subsidence basin deposits that are Ben Ahmed subsidence graben, oriented S–
N, and Ben M’Hidi subsidence basin, oriented SW–NE. These two subsidence grabens are
separated by the Daghoussa horst in the center.
The Quaternary is represented by dunar and alluvial formations, which are further
distinguished as Old Quaternary (high terraces), containing the alluvial aquifer composed of
sands, clays, and gravels; Recent Quaternary, corresponding to low and the average terraces;
and Current Quaternary, including the alluvial of the current riverbeds constituted by sands
and gravels. The evaporitic formations are localized in the region of Guelma (located
upstream) and are constituted by sulphate and calcium characteristics
of the gypsiferous formations.

Page 194
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Fig. 4. Geographic location and geological characteristics of the study area.
Legend: 1: Recent and current Quaternary; 2: Dunes; 3: Early Quaternary; 4: Swamp or
lake; 5: Numidian sandstone and clay; 6: Metamorphic formations; 7: Rift; 8: Axis of the
pits.

Hydrogeological information:
The Annaba region contains two superposed aquifers (fig.5), the first superficial and is
located a few meters deep. This level is captured by domestic wells and its waters are used
mainly by local farmers, often landowners. The second deep, this aquifer is confined in its
northern part and becomes free in its southern part towards Drean. In this aquifer are located
boreholes operated largely for irrigation.

Fig.5: Hydrogeological cross-section showing the superposition of the two aquifers.

The surface layer

Field observations and results acquired during various studies (Khérici, 1993; Djabri, 1996
and Debièche, 2002), it has been shown that the phreatic aquifer of the Annaba plain has poor

Page 195
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 hydrodynamic characteristics and cannot be exploited only for supplying a few hamlets or
for irrigating small plots of land.

The gravel layer:

The counting of 105 test pumpings carried out in the boreholes made it possible to determine
the hydrodynamic parameters of the main aquifer horizons (table N°1). The data comes from
the services of the National Agency for Hydraulic Resources (ANRH) as well as the
Hydraulic Directorates of the Wilayas of Annaba and El-Tarf.

Table N°1: Somme indications of the aquifers.

K
thikness T (10- Depth thikness T (10-3 K (10-3
N° X (km) Y (km) Depth (m) 3
m²/s)
(10-3 N° X (km) Y (km) m²/s)
(m) (m) (m) m/s)
m/s)
01 950 405,7 75 8 0,82 0,11 23 958,75 401,1 ? 23 7 0,3
02 952,7 399 64,5 14,5 4,2 0,29 24 958,25 399,15 ? 12 5,5 0,46
03 948,75 404,2 ? 5,5 3,5 0,14 25 944,65 394,85 ? 2,1 0,078 0,037
04 953,29 401,51 78 33 14 0,42 26 950,5 398,15 ? 16 12 0,75
05 952,65 401,4 72 15 7,7 0,51 27 957,95 397,8 ? 10 3,5 0,35
06 957,2 403,1 75,5 30,7 5,2 0,17 28 953,9 392,65 ? 24 5,4 0,23
07 955,96 402,74 90 6,7 6 0,89 29 952 394,4 ? 15 10 0,67
08 952,35 398,75 72 15 5,1 0,34 30 954,3 393,3 60 26 8,8 0,34
09 952,75 400,6 73 10,5 12 1,1 31 950,25 393,95 ? 20 6,8 0,34
10 951,2 402,85 60,5 3,3 4,8 1,5 32 951,25 388,3 ? 17 2 0,12
11 956,35 402,8 90,8 21,3 8,6 0,4 33 950,15 395,1 61 22 4,1 0,19
12 952,45 401,85 67 22 0,76 0,034 34 953,9 384,85 80 33,6 6,4 0,19
13 950,55 403,225 66 14 0,74 0,053 35 953,4 387,7 35 17 1,5 0,089
14 951,15 401,2 > 64 17 2,4 0,14 36 955,2 403,28 106 48 5,4 0,11
15 959,95 400,5 89 38 1,3 0,034 37 970,05 387,35 ? 20,3 3,1 0,15
16 943,85 394,35 45 3 0,095 0,032 38 953,75 384,8 43 35,7 12 0,34
17 950,35 396,45 ? 23,4 12,5 0,53 39 957,75 403,4 111 41 5 0,12
18 953,4 389,85 ? 21 12 0,57 40 956,75 402 122 46 8,9 0,19
19 953,575 388,1 35 26 12 0,46 41 966,6 394,5 89 52 2,5 0,048
20 951 404 ? 18 12 0,67 42 952,35 387,6 40 28 0,11 0,0036
21 955,95 402,5 110 26 5,1 0,196
22 954,05 400,1 90 > 17 45 2,6

There is a variation in the depths captured and, in the hydrodynamic characteristics. However,
the values obtained testify to the presence of a productive aquifer.

History of measured piezometers

The measurement points are particularly numerous along the Seybouse wadi (fig.6).

Fig. 6: Wells location in the Annaba plain.

Page 196
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Piezometry history:
The study of groundwater circulation is based on the analysis of the piezometric surface.

Piezometric map in 1996.

Observation of the piezometric map produced (fig.7) shows a south-north flow with a mixed
wadi aquifer relationship. In addition, and at the edge of the sea, the direction of the flow
becomes North-South, from the sea towards the water table; this change is linked to the
topographical change caused by the hillock of Daghoussa. Topography is an element that can
contribute to facilitating marine intrusion.

Fig.7: Piezometric map of the gravel aquifer 1996 (In Ramdani)

Piezometric map 2003:

The map taken from the work of Djabri L (fig.8), carried out in 2010, shows a flow going
from south to north, these same flows in the northern part converge the battery of boreholes
at Salines. We also note the presence of a mixed Oueds aquifer relationship (Seybouse and
Meboudja).

Légende:
Commune
isopiezes curve
watercourse
Direction of flow
Fig. 8: Piezometric map of the gravel aquifer.

Page 197
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The piezometric map April 2015 (fig. 9):
Shows a south-north flow with a mixed wadi aquifer relationship. At the seaside, the direction
of the flow is North-South, from the sea towards the aquifer; this change is caused by the
variation of the topography caused by the hillock of Daghoussa. Topography is an element
that can favor marine intrusion.

Fig.9: piezometric map of the Annaba plain. (In Bengrid, 2015)

Origin of the waters supplying the city of Annaba (fig.10):

- Surface waters: We notice that the surface water comes mainly from the dams located in
the wilaya of El Tarf, they come from the two dams which are the Cheffia dam and the Mexa
dam.

Dams Chaffia
& Mexa

Underground
Resources

AEP, Industry AEP, Industry

& Irrigation & Irrigation
of the of the
Wilayas of El Wilayas of
Tarf Annaba

Fig.10: Satisfaction of the water needs of the two wilayas.

Page 198
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The waters are intended to cover all the amenities of the two wilayas (Annaba & el Tarf)
(Table 2).

Table 2: Inputs from the Cheffia & Mexa dams

Volume
production Transfert Designation
(m3/d)
Barrage Chaffia_ ST CHAIBA Water volume traited for Annaba 72000
Barrage MEXA_ ST CHAIBA Water volume traited for Annaba 85000
Total volume 157000

The quantities of water from small dams (hill reservoirs):

The region has 86 hillside reservoirs, mostly built during the 1980s, with a total capacity of
8,895,000 m3. A number of these facilities have been damaged by flooding and siltation and
are out of use or abandoned. Distribution by municipality of hill reservoirs in the Wilaya of
Annaba, (See Table 3)

Table.3: showing the distribution of hill reservoirs at the level of the Wilaya of Annaba

hill reservoirs
Municipality
Number Capacity (m3)
El-Bouni 01 90000
Berrahal 09 1070000
O.Aneb 08 555000
Treat 11 1356000
Ain Berda 18 1945000
Cheurfa 10 706000
Eulma 16 2368000
Chétaibi 13 805000
Total 86 8 895 000

The surface resource remains low and below expectations in the wilaya of Annaba. Anarchic
urbanization has meant that sites for the installation of dams and hillside reservoirs are rare.
In addition, with the aim of avoiding overexploitation and marine intrusion, many boreholes
(Salines) have been voluntarily shut down. This makes the resource scarce.
As an indication, the real DWS needs of households and industry are around 210,000 m3 /d.”
The desalination of sea water will bring 300,000 m3 /d but not in the immediate future this
will make it possible to remedy the problems of shortage in the region, including the wilaya
of Annaba which will benefit from a quantity of around 170,000 m3 /d more than half of
production.

Groundwater (fig.8):
The region is supplied by the neighboring wilayas of El Tarf, Skikda (Guerbes) and Guelma
(Guelâat Bousbaa), plus the boreholes located in the territories of the Wilaya.hey would come
from the neighboring wilayas of El Tarf, Skikda (Guerbes) and Guelma (Guelâat Bousbaa),
plus the boreholes located in the territories of the Wilaya.

Page 199
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Boreholes
Wilaya of
El Tarf

Groundwater

Boreholes Boreholes
Wilaya of of
Skikda Guelma

Fig.8: Origins of groundwater used in the region

The next table N°4: summarizes the contributions by the various capturing fields.

Table N°4: summarizes the contributions by the various capturing fields

N° Designation Volume (m3/d) N° Designation Volume (m3/d)

01 Guerbes 11232 08 El Eulma 5184
02 Berrahal 1382 09 Chetaibi 1900
03 Gueireche 1036 10 Oued Aneb 864
04 Tacha 1036 11 LES SALINES 3283
05 Draa Riche 1132 12 Fedzara 1036
06 Treat 4492 13 Guelaat Bousbaa 5529
07 El Eulma 5184 14 Pont BOUCHET 5184
Total volume (m3/d) 43290

The contribution of groundwater is very important in the water balance of the region.

Global and exhaustive assessment of the water table:

The following Table N°5 shows the state of the balance sheet. We notice a deficit which is
increasing because the climate of the region is impacted by climatic variations.

Table N°5: provides an overview of the balance sheet

Global Throughput (10 6 m 3.an -1)

Oued Superficial aquifer Ddeep aquifer
Inputs 964.8 24.66 17.21
Outputs 941.35 24.41 17.84
Difference -23.45 -0.25 -0.63
Percentage Difference -2.43 -1.03 -3.68

We note that the balance is negative, despite the region's water wealth. Indeed, this area
receives good year in bad year around 850 mm/year. This observed deficit is caused by the

Page 200
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 anarchy of the use of water, hence the recourse to the aquifer contract which could constitute
a solution to the observed waste.

Map of water families: (fig.9):

The distribution map of water families (fig.9), shows three water families:
- the family of sodium chlorinated waters, characterizing the littoral zone of the saltworks,
-the family of mixed waters are present throughout the plain,
-the family of calcium sulphate waters accompanied by nutrients. In this part irrigation is
important.

Fig.9: Map of water families

The implementation of the aquifer contract:

Starting from the observation made on the field where each user exploits the water in his own
way, which has resulted in an overexploitation of the water tables resulting in reality in a
deficit which is accelerated by the climatic variations, forced the officials to seek a new
method of water management.

The principle of the groundwater contract:

participatory management in the distribution of the resource is not a new fact our ancestors
used in time the FOGGARAS system based on the equitable sharing of the resource. Today
to achieve our objective, the purpose of the aquifer contract is the participatory management
of the population (state & individual). To succeed in uniting the different fringes of society,
we must find

Page 201
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Problems encountered:
The first and most important problem is to unite users to this new concept. We must start
from a management made according to each other towards a management where the
destination of each liter must be known. Violators should be penalized.
The mission is divided into three parts:
- convince users to adhere to this new policy,
- share knowledge of the field,
- do self-monitoring.
The first point is accepted by all because it is for the general interest.
The second point poses a problem because the accualisation of the data poses a problem.
-The third point is accepted but we must pay attention to the tacit agreements between each
other.

CONCLUSION

The initiation of this project is linked to the support of the population and the goodwill of the
authorities. These two parameters are not yet acquired. However, we continue to move
forward by taking inventory of the various parameters (number of boreholes, number of
wells, contributions from dams, etc.), allowing to go quickly in the realization of this project.

REFERENCES

[1] BENOUNICHE Maya, KUPER Marcel, HAMMAMI Ali, «Mener le goutte à goutte à
l’économie d’eau: ambition réaliste ou poursuite d’une chimère?», in Alternatives
Rurales, no 2, 2014, p. 36-47.
[2] KUPER Marcel et ZWARTEVEEN Margreet (dir.), Drip Irrigation for Agriculture:
Untold Stories of Efficiency, Innovation and Development, Londres & New York,
Routledge, 2017.
[3] LASCOUMES Pierre, LE GALÈS Patrick (dir.), Gouverner par les instruments, Paris,
Presses de Sciences Po, 2005, 371 p.
[4] MOLLE François & TANOUTI Oumaima, « La micro-irrigation et les ressources en eau
au Maroc: un coûteux malentendu», in Alternatives Rurales, 5, 2017, p. 22-39.
[5] VENOT Jean-Philippe, KUPER Marcel & ZWARTEVEEN Margreet (dir.), Drip Irrigation
for Agriculture: Untold Stories of Efficiency, Innovation and Development, Londres
& New York, Routledge, 2017, 508 p.
[6] S HADJ SAID, L.Djabri, R.BOUSSAHEL, A.HANI, C.LAMOUROUX (2005):
Application de l’outil hydrochimique pour la détermination du biseau salé du système
aquifère de Guerbès (Nord-Est Algérien).Cahiers de l’association Scien.Euro.pour
l’eau et la santé. Vol 10. N°1.2005 (p.51 à 58).
[7] Djabri L & all. 2007. Origin of water salinity in a lake and coastal aquifer system.
Environ Geol, DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0851-2.
[8] DJABRI L. et al. 2010: Interférence d’une invasion marine sur les eaux des nappes
côtières: région de Annaba (Est Algérien). Journal of hydrocarbon and environment.
[9] A. Rouabhia, L. Djabri, R. Hadji, F.Baali, Ch. Fehdi, A. Hani (2010) : Geochimical
characterzation of groundwater from shallow aquifer surrounding Fetzara Lacke N. E.
Algeria. Arab J Geosci. DOI 10.1007/s12517-010-0202-6.

Page 202
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [10] M. Draoui, J. Vias, B. Andreo, K. Targuisti et J.E. Stitou El Messari (2008): A
comparative study of four vulnerability mapping methods in detritic aquifers under
mediterranean climatic conditions. Environmental Geology, 54, 455-463.
[11] El Assaoui E, 2009. Valorisation des Ressources en eau Souterraine par l’irrigation
privée : Cas de la nappe de Berrechid. PFE, Département génierural. Institut
agronomique et vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat. FAO, 2016. Le diagnostic de la
gouvernance inclusive de la nappe deBerrechid au Maroc.
[12] Faysse N, Hartani T, Frija A., Tazekrit I, Zairi C, 2011. Agricultural Use
ofGroundwater and Management Initiatives in the Maghreb: Challenges
andOpportunities for Sustainable Aquifer Exploitation. African DevelopmentBank
Economic
[13] Brief. Gana A, El Amrani M, 2006. Crise hydraulique au Maghreb. Raréfaction dela
ressource ou problèmes de gestion? Géocarrefour, 1, 2–21
[14] T. Jakeman: (2022): Alternatives Rurales Le contrat de gestion participative pourrait-
il résoudre la crise de gouvernance des eaux souterraines? Cas de la nappe de
Berrechid au Maroc.
[15] Zerkak A. (2019): Essai d’élaboration d’un contrat de nappe (cas de la wilaya
d’Annaba-Master 2 en hydrogéologie. Université Badji Mokhtar Annaba. 80p

Page 203
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN FORMS AND HEAVY
METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE RÁKOS STREAM NEAR THE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN PÉCEL
Ágnes BÁLINT1*, Zoltán ANGYAL2, Xuechu WANG2, Csaba MÉSZÁROS2

Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary, e-mail: [email protected]

1
2
Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary, e-mail:
[email protected]

Abstract: Conducting studies in our natural waters’ environment is important. In this case, it was
monitored in and along the Rákos stream to determine whether these areas were contaminated. Pécel,
measurements were carried out in the Rákos stream and its surroundings near the local wastewater
treatment plant. The analyses covered the test of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cr, Al, Cu) in the
Rákos stream - in its water, sediment, and the soil of its channel wall - and inorganic nitrogen forms
(nitrite-N, nitrate-N and ammonium-N) in the stream water. There were three sampling events: soil,
sediment, and water sampling. Laboratory measurements were taken after each sampling. The values of
heavy metal concentrations measured in soils and sediments were compared with the B contamination
limit values set in the Joint Decree 6/2009 (IV. 14.) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment
and Water Management [1], which showed that only the amount of Cd exceeded the contamination limit
value. According to the MSZ 12749: 1993 [2] for surface water, the water of the Rákos stream is classified
as largely or heavily contaminated for the measured heavy metals, which indicates that further measures,
such as phytoremediation, are necessary. Given the measurement results, further investigations would be
needed to determine why cadmium levels are higher in soil and sediment and where the heavy metal content
in the Rakos stream comes from. The higher ammonium-N and nitrate-N concentrations measured in Rákos
stream would also require intervention. The Rákos stream could be suitable for agricultural irrigation
based on its ammonium-N and nitrate-N concentrations. Still, it would not be recommended based on its
high heavy metal content.

Keywords: ammonium-N, heavy metals, nitrate-N, monitoring, stream

INTRODUCTION

Today, alongside information technology and biotechnology [3], the environment has the biggest
impact on our society and economy. There is a growing wish to pass on a better, more liveable
planet to the next generation than what was inherited. [4]. Consequently, there is an increasing
need to describe the state of the environment around us as accurately as possible to measure the
impact of environmental pressures on the biosphere and humans [5].
Our planet’s natural mediums for life are water, air, and soil. Through agricultural, industrial and
community activities, the Earth’s environmental elements are polluted with many harmful

Page 204
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 substances [6]. The rate of spread of these pollutants is not uniform, being relatively slower in soil
than in surface water, groundwater, and air.
In the latter two, the substance, whether harmful or harmless, can travel vast distances quickly
without regard to national or continental boundaries. Consequently, one of society’s major tasks
in environmental protection is monitoring pollution in space and time [7]. Although significant
improvements have been achieved in recent decades in reducing the number of harmful substances
emitted, the will to further reduce and monitor pollution has increased.
It is safe to say that this feedback is essential to achieve sustainable development. This feedback
provides sufficient authority to make the appropriate laws and regulations. Of course, the basis
for the rules is the evidence gathered through scientific monitoring.
To create regulations that benefit the environment and people, they need to have a strong
justification. It is important that measurements well support the evidence of pollution. This means
that they need to be repeatable, usable, and subsequently standardised to silence various interests
and lobbies.
The most common way of doing this today is continuous instrumental monitoring. What they have
in common is that they allow us to monitor the quality and quantity of pollutants entering water,
air, and soil.
Water was the birth of life; it is still a condition of life. All living organisms “feed” primarily on
water, the basis of much of their body mass. Most of the water is found in the ocean basins.
However, the Earth’s water is in constant flux through circulation, linking all the spheres. This is
why protecting our environment - soil, air, and water resources- is important.
Only 3% of the Earth’s water is potable freshwater [8]. The drinking water use rate is increasing
worldwide, particularly in developed countries. At the same time, according to a UNICEF and
WHO report that 1 in 3 people have access to healthy and safe drinking water [9].
“Citizens, nature, and industry all need healthy rivers and lakes, groundwater, and bathing waters.
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) focuses on ensuring good qualitative and quantitative
health, i.e., reducing and removing pollution and ensuring that there is enough water to support
wildlife at the same time as human needs.” [˙10].
This paper aims to assess the pollution of a section of the Rákos stream, namely the wastewater
treatment area of Pécel. Investigations will include the measurement of inorganic nitrogen forms
(nitrite-N, nitrate-N and ammonia-N) and heavy metal loads in the water, sediment and soil of the
Rákos stream.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling
The water samples (3 samples) were taken from the Rákos stream; the first sampling site was at
the outfall of the wastewater treatment plant in Pécel, the second 1 m from the spout and the third
10 m from the spout (see Figure 1 and 2.).
Water samples for the determination of inorganic nitrogen forms were taken on three occasions,
while for heavy metal analyses, sampling was done on two occasions (times 2 and 3). The first
sampling was on 17 March, the second on 24 March and the third on 31 March. The water samples
were sampled using MSZ EN ISO 5667-1:2007 [11].

Page 205
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 1. The sampling area

Figure 2. Sampling places

Sediment and soil samples were also collected on these dates. 4 soil samples and 4 sediment
samples were taken according to MSZ-21470-1:1998 [12]. The sediment samples were taken from
the Rákos stream bed, while the soil samples were taken from the stream channel. There were
four to four sampling sites. Samples were taken directly at the spillway and 10 m from the
spillway, but two additional samples were also collected upstream. The sampling locations are
shown in the figure.

Page 206
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Preparation of soil and sediment samples
As a first step, all samples were poured into separate plastic trays and then pre-sorted to remove
large gravel, wood, roots, and other debris. After drying, they were sieved through a 2 mm mesh
sieve, and then a small portion of each sample was also sieved through a 0.2 mm mesh sieve.

Determination of dry matter content (MSz-08-0205-1978 [13])

5 g of the air-dry sample was weighed on an analytical balance into a grinding weighing pan of
known weight. The vessels containing the air-dry sample (with an open lid) were placed in the
drying cabinet and dried at 105°C to constant weight. This took approximately 72 hours. After
drying, the samples were placed in an exicator until cool and weighed again on an analytical
balance. The concentration values were corrected for the dry matter content of the soil.

Digestion of soil, sediment, and water samples

From the air-dry soil and sediment samples, about 0.5 g of soil was weighed into Teflon bombs,
followed by adding 5 cm3 of 65% nitric acid and 2 cm3 of 30 % hydrogen peroxide.
From the water samples, 5 cm3 was measured into the Teflon bombs, adding 5 cm3 of 65% nitric
acid and 1 cm3 of 30% hydrogen peroxide.
Digestion was done using a Milestone (MLS) 1200 mega Teflon bomb microwave digestion oven.
Digestion was performed according to the program given in Table 1.
After digestion, the samples were cooled for half an hour and then filtered through 0.45 µm pore
size filter paper into 25 cm3 flasks. The samples were placed on the mark and homogenised. The
samples were poured into labelled plastic containers and stored in the refrigerator until
measurement.

Table 1. Digestion program for measuring heavy metal concentrations.

Soil and Sediments Water

Steps Required time Required time
Operation Operation
(minutes) (minutes)
Digestion, Digestion,
1. 5 6
250Watts 250Watts
Digestion,
2. 2 Ventilation 6
400Watts
Digestion, Digestion,
3. 5 6
400Watts 650Watts
Digestion, Digestion,
4. 5 6
250Watts 250Watts
Digestion,
5. 7 5 Ventilation
700Watts
6. 5 Ventilation - -

Measurement of heavy metal content by ICP-AES

Pseudo-total heavy metals in soil, sediment and water samples were determined using a Jobin-
Yvon 24 inductively coupled plasma source atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES).

Determination of ammonium-N
The ammonium ion reacts with phenol and phenol compounds in alkali in the presence of
hypochlorite to form a bluish indophenol, the formation of which is catalysed by Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
(nitroprusside sodium).

Page 207
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 To 5 cm3 of a water sample, 0.5 cm3 of salicylate reagent was added, then after thorough mixing,
0.5 cm3 of oxidising reagent was added and shaken thoroughly. After 30 minutes of standing time,
but within 60 minutes, the absorbance was measured with a Spekol spectrophotometer at 680 nm
against a blank test.

Determination of nitrite-N (MSZ-448-12:1982 [14])

Interaction of nitrite ions with p-amino benzenesulfonic acid (sulphanilic acid) in acid yields a
diazonium compound converted to a red azo dye by α-naphthylamine. The colour intensity of the
solution at certain pH values is in proportion to the concentration of nitrite ions.
The stock solution was: 0.217 mmol NaNO2. For the calibration series, 0.5-1-2-5 cm3 of the
working solution was added to 50 cm3 flasks and then made up to the mark with double distilled
water. 10 cm3 of the sample was weighed into 50 cm3 volumetric flasks. 25 cm3 of double distilled
water was used as a blank solution. To the prepared solutions, 1cm3 sulphanilic acid and, after
standing for 5 minutes, 1 cm3 α-naphthylamine were added and made up to the mark with double-
distilled water. Between 40 and 120 min, the absorbance of the solutions was measured at 540 nm
using the same photometer.

Determination of nitrate-N
Determination of nitrate-N concentration according to MSZ-448-12:1982 [14]
The working solution was a 0.016mM KNO3 solution. The calibration series was prepared: 0.5-
1.0-2.0-5.0-10.0cm3 of the working solution was measured into a 50 cm3 standard volumetric
flask and made up to the mark with double distilled water. 5 cm3 of the samples were measured
into an evaporating beaker. The blank solution was 5 cm3 of double distilled water. 1 cm3 of
sodium salicylate solution was added to the prepared solutions, and the solution was evaporated
to dryness in a drying oven. After cooling the dry residue, 1cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid
was added. After dissolution, 25 cm3 of distilled water and 10 cm3 of 10 molar NaOH solution
were added to the mark in a 50 cm3 flask with distilled water. The absorbance of the solutions was
measured with a spectrophotometer at 410 nm wavelength against the blank solution.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Statistical data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and two-way analysis of
variance [15] with SPSS 14.0.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Heavy metal concentration in the soil of the embankment along the Rákos stream
The concentration of heavy metals in the Rákos stream gravel soil was measured three times in
the vicinity of the wastewater treatment plant in Pécel. The results were compared with the B
contamination limit values in Joint Decree 6/2009 (IV. 14.) of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry, Environment and Water Management [1]. The measurement results for each sampling
point are presented in Table 2.

Page 208
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 2. Average heavy metal concentrations in the embankment soil of the Rákos stream
near Pécel

The average concentration of heavy metals in embankment soil (mg/kg d.m.) (±SD)
Zn Cd Ni Pb Fe Mn Cr Al Cu
43.40 ±11.80 1.36 ±0.20 9.30 ±1.47 14.69 ±2.08 8637.51 ±2116.35 286.37 ±33,67 16.44 ±2,63 9909.25 ±1725.52 11.63 ±2.77

The results showed that the Bridge samples (see Figure 2) had the highest concentrations of all
heavy metals. The results also show that the concentrations of zinc, nickel, total chromium, and
copper in the soil are always below the contamination limit. There are no limits in the Regulation
for measured iron, manganese, and aluminium heavy metals.
The average manganese content of the area is 286.37 ±33.67 mg/kg dry matter (hereafter referred
to as d.m.), which is to the soil data for Hungary given by several authors [16-18]. According to
Pais [10], the iron content of Hungarian soils is high, averaging 30,000 mg/kg. The iron content
measured in the survey averaged 8637.51±2116.35 mg/kg d.m. below this value.
Among the heavy metals, the concentration of cadmium exceeded the contamination limit. Its
average concentration in the survey area was 1.36±0.20 mg/kg d.m. A two-way (location and
time) random block design with two-way analysis of variance confirms (Table 3) that there is no
significant difference in soil cadmium concentrations by sampling location (LSD5%= 0.33) and
time (LSD5%= 0.29).

Table 3. Two-way random block order variance table for cadmium concentrations in the
sediment of the Rákos stream

Factors SQ FG MQ F p LSD5%
Correction
44.227 1 44.227 655.897 0.000
factor
Replicates 0.167 1 0.167 2.472 0.144 0.23
Site 0.342 3 0.114 1.691 0.226 0.33
Time 0.221 2 0.111 1.639 0.238 0.29
Site*time 0.321 6 0.053 0.792 0.595 0.57
Error 0.742 11 0.067
Total SQ 1.792 23

The studies in the Galga River [19] found that the river sediment was highly contaminated with
cadmium. It was found that the heavy metals were moved from the area by the rolled material
mainly because of higher amounts of precipitation. This was because only traces of cadmium were
detected in samples taken after the wetter weather.

Heavy metal content in sediments of the Rákos stream

The heavy metal load of the sediments of the Rákos stream was also determined based on the B
contamination limits set in the Joint Decree 6/2009 (IV. 14.) of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry, Environment and Water Management [1]. In the stream sediments, only the
concentration of cadmium exceeds the pollution limit value, even for the bottom sediment (Table
4).

Page 209
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 4. Average heavy metal concentrations in the sediment of the Rákos stream near
Pécel

Average concentration of heavy metals in sediment (mg/kg d.m.) (±Standard Deviation)

Zn Cd Ni Pb Fe Mn Cr Al Cu
76.77 ± 32.63 1.35 ± 0.35 9.57 ± 3.28 16.55 ± 6.01 9825.39 ± 2734.88 387.76 ± 143.81 23.86 ± 10.7 9912.48 ± 2964.67 19.39 ± 8.82

The average cadmium concentration in the sediment was 1.35 ± 0.36 mg/kg d.m., but there is a
significant difference (LSD5%=0.23) between sampling sites (Table 4. shows the ANOVA
results), with cadmium concentrations decreasing away from the bridge, but with a significant
maximum at the spout. The average cadmium concentration at the spout was 1.43 ± 0.37 mg/kg
d.m. The cadmium concentration at the sampling point 10 m downstream of the outfall of the
wastewater treatment plant is already below the limit value. This, therefore, means that a
significant amount of cadmium is also being discharged from the treated effluent. The distribution
of cadmium by sampling point is shown in Figure 3.

2,0
1,8
Concentration (mg/kg d.m.)

1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
Bridge 10*m Spout 10m
Sampling site

Figure 3. Cadmium concentration in sediments of the Rákos stream

Table 4. Two-way random block order variance table for cadmium concentrations in the
sediment of the Rákos stream

Factors SQ FG MQ F p LSD5%
Correction
43.578 1 43.578 2713.869 0.000
factor
Replicates 0.024 1 0.024 1.499 0.246
Site 1.321 3 0.440 27.424 0.000 0.23
Time 0.882 2 0.441 27.466 0.000 0.14
Site*time 0.538 6 0.090 5.580 0.007 0.28
Error 0.177 11 0.016
Total SQ 2.941 23

For the other heavy metals, except for chromium, aluminium, and copper, it can be stated that the
values at the outfall are, on average higher than at other sampling points, but below the pollution

Page 210
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 limit. Chromium, copper and aluminium Concentrations are highly variable over time at the
sampling sites at Bridge and 10* m. Their concentrations are always higher in samples taken at
the end of March than before. However, the attention of sediment samples taken at the wastewater
treatment plant in Pécel and 10 m from the outfall (10 m) show relatively constant values over
time.
The higher cadmium concentrations in the sediment and embankment soil around the wastewater
treatment plant in Pécel (Tables 2 and 3.) were nearly constant over the period studied, while the
sediment and water of the stream were also contaminated with cadmium. This suggests that it is
very likely that the cadmium in the environment comes from the water of the treatment plant. Due
to its poor water-solubility, which depends on the pH and organic matter content of the medium
[20-23], cadmium is mainly not present in dissolved form, but adsorbed on organic and inorganic
colloidal surfaces, trapped in soil sediments by occlusion, precipitation with other compounds and
biological organic binding [24].

Heavy metal content in the water of the Rákos stream

The concentration of heavy metals in the water of the Rákos stream has been compared with the
limit values established by MSZ 12749:1993 [2]. This standard specifies five water quality classes
for surface water quality.
Based on the measurement results, it can be concluded that the lead concentrations were below
the detection limit, and the attention of manganese was in the excellent quality class in all cases.
The same could not be said for the other heavy metals, as the water in the Rákos stream was
mostly highly polluted. Most of the time, it had to be classified in the fifth category, i.e., highly
polluted, according to the degree of contamination.
The zinc (Figure 4) load of the Rákos stream water was highly polluted on both sampling days.
The concentration of copper also exceeded the 75 μg/l limits (water quality limit values for
pollutants according to Decree No 10/2010 (VIII. 18.) VM of 18.08.2010) [1] for the heavily
polluted water quality class. Thus, the stream is classified as highly polluted based on copper and
zinc contamination.
Chromium (Figure 4) contamination in Rákos stream is relatively constant over time, but the
highest value was measured at the outfall, but there is no significant difference between sampling
sites. Aluminium (Figure 4) shows highly variable values over time compared to chromium.
Higher values were measured on the second sampling day. The measurement results show that
aluminium is present in higher concentrations 1 m after the spout. Still, the measurement data are
very scattered so no significant difference can be found for aluminium between sampling sites
and time.
The loading of zinc, chromium, copper, and aluminium in the Rákos stream water is shown in
Figure 4.

Page 211
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 1200

Concentration (μg/l)
1000
800
600
400
200
0

1m

1m

10m

10m
1m

1m

10m
Spout

10 m

Spout

Spout

Spout
Zn Cr Cu Al
Heavy metals and sampling sites

Figure 4. Concentrations of zinc, chromium, copper, and aluminium in the water of the
Rákos stream

The tests also included cadmium, nickel, and iron in the stream water. Cadmium (Figure 5)
exceeded the contamination limit in the bedrock and sediment of the Rákos stream and was also
present in the water in significant quantities. Cadmium concentrations were highest at the spout,
averaging 8.75 ± 0.002 mg/l. The data are scattered for samples taken at 1 m, so no significant
difference between sampling sites can be detected. The cadmium concentration in the stream
water is classified as contaminated or highly contaminated.
The Rákos stream receives treated wastewater from several locations, but not all measure such
high contamination levels. A 2007 SZIE-RET project [25] investigated how much water flowing
through the Fiók-Rákos branch is polluted by heavy metals, among other factors under
investigation. The tests showed that the Rákos stream's water quality was rated as excellent for all
heavy metal components. The nickel (Figure 5) concentration in the water of the Rákos stream is
within a constant value interval over time. Its value averages 3.58 ± 3.15mg/l in the area.
The iron (Figure 5) concentrations in the water at the 10 m sampling point are scattered and,
therefore, unavailable for analysis. At and near the outfall, the values are nearly the same, and the
concentrations do not vary much over time. The stream is again classified as water quality class
V in light of the results obtained. The concentrations of cadmium, nickel and iron in the stream
water are illustrated in Figure 5.

c (μg /l) 1800

1600

1400

1200

1000
Spo ut
800 1 m
600 10 m

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cd Ni Fe

H ea vy m et als

Figure 5. Cadmium, nickel, and iron concentrations in the water of the Rákos stream

Page 212
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Bowen [26] determined the average concentration of each metal in the geosphere and hydrosphere
(Table 5). The data are typical of the uncontaminated state. Comparing the measured data with
these values, the average concentration of all heavy metals is above these values with the export
of iron (and aluminium). Therefore, the wastewater treatment plant in Pécel has a high
environmental impact on the recipient.

Table 5. Average concentrations of metals in the geo- and hydrosphere (without pollution)
[26]

Average concentration
in earth crust in soils in freshwaters in marine waters
Element
mg kg-1 mg kg -1
µg dm-3 µg dm-3
Ag 0.07 0.01-8 0.01-3.5 0.03-2.7
As 1.5 0.1-40 0.2-230 0.5-3.7
Cd 0.11 0.01-2 0.01-3 <0.01-9.4
Cr (III) 100 5-1500 0.1-6 0.2-50
Cr (IV)
Cu 50 2-250 0.2-30 0.05-12
Fe 4.1*104 4-55*104 10-1500 0.03-70
Hg 0.05 0.01-0.5 0.0001-2.8 0.01-0.22
Mn 950 20-10000 0.02-130 0.03-21
Mo 1.5 0.1-40 0.03-10 4-10
Ni 80 2-750 0.02-27 0.13-43
Pb 14 2-300 0.06-120 0.03-13
Sb 0.2 0.2-10 0.01-5 0.18-5.6
Se 0.05 0.01-2 0.02-1 0.052-0.2
Zn 75 0-900 0.2-100 0.2-48

Ammonium-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N in the Rákos stream

Based on the results obtained after the measurements, the Rákos stream has been classified
according to MSZ 12749:1993 [2] for inorganic nitrogen forms (Figure 6-8).
The concentration of ammonium-N in the Rákos stream (Figure 6) and at all time points and
sampling locations was well above the limit value for category V (>2 mg/l), i.e., it was highly
contaminated. Based on the nitrite-N concentration (Figure 7), the stream was classified as
polluted (IV; 0.3 mg/l) in all cases. The nitrate-N concentration (Figure 8) showed that in all cases,
the stream was classified as heavily polluted (V; >25 mg/l)) with one exception, the sample taken
at the outfall on 17 March was polluted (IV; 25 mg/l)).

Page 213
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 6: Ammonium-N concentration in the water of the Rákos stream

Figure 7: Nitrite-N concentration in the water of the Rákos stream

Based on the measured data, it is striking that the concentration of nitrate-N in the water increases
away from the wastewater treatment plant. There have been many studies on the Rákos stream
from many different perspectives. There has also been a biological survey. According to one of
the surveys [27], 15 sampling points were chosen. One of the sampling points was just outside
Pécel. It was sampled 7 times from December to August. Nitrite-N, nitrate-N, and ammonium-N
were also measured in this survey.
Biological classification was also carried out. Taxons were measured. From this point of view,
the water quality class of the stream at Pécel was III at the March sampling. The concentration of
nitrate-N was about 9 mg/l, nitrite-N about 0.4 mg/l and ammonium-N: 1.4 mg/l.
The average concentrations of ammonium-N were 3.8 mg/l, nitrate-N between 15.3 mg/l and
nitrite-N between 1.9 mg/l. In all the authors’ measurements, the average concentrations were
higher than those measured by others. Further investigation is needed to determine why the

Page 214
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 concentrations of the three inorganic nitrogen ions were elevated compared to previous
measurements.

Figure 8: Nitrate-N concentration in the water of the Rákos stream

In 2020, ZÖLD XVII Environmental, Nature Protection and Urban Development Association [28]
surveyed the Rákos stream, where nitrate-N, nitrite-N and ammonium-N concentrations were
measured at several sites using colourimetric methods. Nitrite-N (0-0.4 mg/l NO2-N); Nitrate-N
(0-40 mg/l NO3-N); Nitrogen ammonia (0-3.0 mg/l NH4-N). Higher values were measured in the
area around the Péceli spout. 10 m from the spout of the water treatment plant, quite high values
of around 20 mg/l were measured.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results clearly show that in the section of the Rákos stream, the only heavy metal concentration
of the 9 heavy metals tested in the samples of the copper soil and sediment that exceeded the
contamination limit was cadmium. Cadmium is considered one of the most dangerous heavy metals
due to its toxic and carcinogenic effects. Methods such as phytoremediation and electrokinetic
cleaning may be appropriate to reduce the concentration of cadmium in the study area.
Electrokinetic cleaning is based on the principle that charged particles, including contaminants,
migrate to an anode or cathode in the soil when exposed to an electric current [29]. However,
electrokinetic cleaning is an expensive process and requires electricity. Therefore, a cheaper
cleaning technology would be phytoremediation, which uses plants to clean the environment of
inorganic or organic chemical pollutants. Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly,
relatively inexpensive technology [30]. The higher concentrations of ammonium-N and nitrate-N
measured in the Rákos stream would also require intervention. The concentration of ammonium-
N and nitrate-N in the Rákos stream could be suitable for agricultural irrigation. Still, its heavy
metal content would make it unsuitable for irrigation, except after its removal. As there is no known
deliberate pollution in the area, further investigation would be needed to determine the exact cause
of the higher pollution levels.

Page 215
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Dr M. Horváth for performing the measurements with ICP. The authors would
like to thank G. Bernvalner for her help in evaluating the measures.

REFERENCES

[1] Joint Decree 6/2009 (IV. 14.) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and
Water Management
[2] MSZ 12749: 1993 Felszíni vizek minősége, minőségi jellemzők és minősítés ((Surface
water quality, quality characteristics and classification)
[3] Soetaert W., Vandamme E.: The impact of industrial biotechnology. Biotechnology
Journal. Special Issue: White Biotech. 2006; 1(7-8): 756-769.
https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200600066
[4] Emina KA: Sustainable development and the future generations. Social Sciences,
Humanities and Education Journal. 2021; 2(1): 57–71.
http://doi.org/10.25273/she.v2i1.8611
[5] Naidu R., Biswas B., Willett I.R., Cribb J., Singh B.K., Nathanail C.P., Coulon F., Semple
K.T., Jones K.C., Barclay A, Aitken R.J.: Chemical pollution: A growing peril and
potential catastrophic risk to humanity. Environment International. 2021; 156: 106616.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616.
[6] Ukaogo P.O., Ewuzie U., Onwuka C.V.: 21 - Environmental pollution: causes, effects,
and the remedies. Editor(s): Pankaj Chowdhary, Abhay Raj, Digvijay Verma, Yusuf
Akhter. Microorganisms for Sustainable Environment and Health. Elsevier; 2020. 419-
429. ISBN 9780128190012. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819001-2.00021-8
[7] Jin M., Yuan H., Liu B., Peng J., Xu L., Yang D.: Review of the distribution and detection
methods of heavy metals in the environment. Analytical methods. 2020; 12: 5747-5766.
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01577F
[8] Hossain M.F.: Potable Water. In: Global Sustainability in Energy, Building,
Infrastructure, Transportation, and Water Technology. Springer; Cham. 2020. 225–236.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62376-0_12
[9] https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-
to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who
[10] https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/water-framework-directive_en
[11] MSZ EN ISO 5667-1:2022 Vízminőség. Mintavétel. 1. rész: Útmutató mintavételi
programok és mintavételi technikák tervezéséhez (ISO 5667-1:2020) – Az MSZ EN ISO
5667-1:2007 helyett (Water quality. Sampling. Part 1: Guidance for the design of
sampling programmes and sampling techniques (ISO 5667-1:2020) - Replaces ISO 5667-
1:2007)
[12] MSZ 21470-1:1998 Környezetvédelmi talajvizsgálatok. Mintavétel (Environmental soil
tests. Sampling)
[13] MSZ-08 0205:1978 Talajok szárazanyag és/vagy nedvességtartalmának elemzése
(Analysis of dry matter and/or moisture content of soils)
[14] MSZ 448-12:1982 Ivóvízvizsgálat. Nitrát- és nitrition meghatározása (Drinking water
testing. Nitrate and nitrite determination)
[15] Sváb J.: Biometriai módszerek a kutatásban (Biometric methods in research).
Mezőgazdasági Kiadó; 1981. Budapest, 1-557. ISBN: 9632310136
[16] Stefanovits P., Filep Gy., Füleky Gy.: Talajtan (Soil Science). Mezőgazda Kiadó; 1999.
Budapest

Page 216
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [17] Pais I.: Mikrotápanyagok szerepe a mezőgazdaságban (The role of micronutrients in
agriculture). Mezőgazda Könyvkiadó, 1980. Budapest
[18] Szabó S. A., Regiusné M. Á., Győri D., Szentmihályi S.: Mikroelemek a
mezőgazdaságban 1., Esszenciális mikroelemek (Microelements in agriculture 1, Essential
microelements). Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, 1987. Budapest
[19] Szlepák E.: Kis vízfolyások komplex monitoring rendszerének kidolgozása a Galga-patak
példáján (Development of a complex monitoring system for small streams using the
example of the Galga stream). PhD thesis, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, 2010. Gödöllő
[20] Kirkham, M. B.: Cadmium in plants on polluted soils: Effects of soilfactors,
hyperaccumulation, and amendments. Geoderma. 2006; 137: 19-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.08.024
[21] Seutjens P., Mallants D., Šimůnek J., Patyn J., Jacques D.: Sensitivity analysis of physical
and chemical properties affecting field-scale cadmium transport in a heterogeneous soil
profile. J. Hydrol. 2002; 264: 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00071-9
[22] Amini M., Khademi H., Afyuni M., Abbaspour K.C.: (2005) Variability of available
cadmium in relation to soil properties and landuse in an arid region in central Iran. Water
Air Soil Pollut. 2005; 162: 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-6273-4
[23] Basta N.T., Ryan J.A., Chaney R.L.: Trace element chemistry in residual-treated soils:
keyconcepts and metal bioavailability. J. Environ. Qual. 2005; 34: 49-63.
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0049dup
[24] Kádár I.: A talajok és növények nehézfémtartalmának vizsgálata (Analysis of heavy
metals in soils and plants). Környezet és Területfejlesztési Minisztérium MTA Talajtani
és Agrokémiai Kutató Intézete, 1991. Budapest
[25] Heltai Gy.: Komplex monitoring rendszer és adatbázis kidolgozása különböző
környezetterhelésű kisvízfolyásokon az Eu VKI ajánlásainak figyelembevételével című
K+F projekt 1. részjelentése (Development of a complex monitoring system and database
for small watercourses with different environmental pressures, considering the
recommendations of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD)). A pályázat
nyilvántartási száma: KMFP 00079/2003, 2004. Budapest
[26] Bowen H. J. M.: Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press. 1979. New
York, 333.
[27] Rákos-patak kutatások: Fodor Krisztina: Az EU Víz Keretirányelv megvalósításának
gazdasági és szervezeti kérdései Nagy Zsuzsanna: Víz Keretirányelv, revitalizációés annak
végrehajtási lehetőségeiTörő Károly: A Rákos-patak biológiai vízminősítése Tanulmány
Támogatta a Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Minisztérium (Rákos strem research: Krisztina
Fodor: Economic and organisational issues of the implementation of the EU Water
Framework Directive Zsuzsanna Nagy Zsuzsanna Nagy: Water Framework Directive,
revitalisation and its implementation possibilities Károly Törő: Biological water quality
assessment of the Rákos streamStudySupported by the Ministry of Environment and
Water, Budapest), Budapest, 2003 /https://adoc.pub/download/rakos-patak-kutatasok.htm
[28] http://zoldxvii.hu/rakos-patak-civil-tudomany-projekt-vizminoseg-kiertekeles/ (2020)
[29] Simon L. (1998): Talajszennyeződés, tisztítás (Soil contamination, cleaning). GATE
MFK college notes, 1998. 68 p.
[30] Simon L.: Fitoremediáció (Fitoremediation). BME OMIKK, 2004. Budapest, 58 p.

Page 217
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE PRACTICES AND
MONSOON AT MICRO WATERSHED LEVEL ON SOIL
PROPERTIES INCLUDING EARTHWORM POPULATION AND
CROP PRODUCTION IN RED AND LATERITE AGROCLIMATIC
ZONE UNDER MOIST SUB-HUMID REGION OF WEST BENGAL
STATE IN INDIA
Anirban BHOWMIK1, Subhabrata PANDA1,2
1
Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, [email protected]
2
AICRP on Agroforestry, Regional Research Station (Red & Laterite Zone), Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram, West Bengal, India, [email protected]

Abstract: The sustainability in soil fertility, crop production and the population of matured
earthworms in the soil were influenced by both agricultural land use practices and the monsoon
rainfall. The study was conducted in the years of 2020 and 2021 within three micro watersheds in the
Paschim Medinipur district (22˚57' 06.4''N Lat., 87˚21'41.0''E Long. to 21˚46'06.4''N Lat.,
87˚24'06.9''E Long. in N-S; and 22˚23'00.0''N Lat., 87˚18'15.0''E Long. to 22˚23'41.7''N Lat.,
87˚39'05.7''E Long. in E-W) within Red and Laterite Agroclimatic zone of West Bengal state in India.
Data from twenty different farming practices, i.e., treatments were analysed following Duncan’s
Multiple Regression Test involving various soil physicochemical, biological properties and yield of
the crops. Significant changes were found in various soil characteristics including matured
earthworm population after monsoon period and agricultural land use practices, including bunding,
organic manure application, boundary plantation, etc. In 2020, the C14 land use system had the
highest average number of earthworms at 7.33 m-2, while the lowest value was found in C5 with 3.00
m-2. In the same period in 2021, C2 had the highest average number of earthworms at 6.67 m-2, while
C5 had the lowest value of 3.33 m-2. The overall yield of kharif rice ranged from 1.73 tha-1 in C12 to
2.25 tha-1 in C6 land use system, while the yield of potato varied from 17.63 tha-1 in C12 to 18.36 tha-
1
in C9 land use system. Earthworm population ranged from 3.00 m-2 in C5 to 6.67 m-2 in C13 and
C14 land use systems. Principal component analysis revealed that earthworm population and crop
production were influenced by soil properties such as bulk density, porosity, total aggregate,
moisture, permeability, infiltration, pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, and land use practices.

Keywords: Agricultural land use, crop yield, earthworm. monsoon, micro watershed, soil properties.

INTRODUCTION

Land use plays a vital role in the existence and advancement of human civilization. To create
human settlements and semi-natural environments such as cultivated fields, pastures, and
managed forests, it is necessary to manipulate and modify the natural wilderness into

Page 218
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 developed ecosystems. Effective management of land use is crucial for both the directing land
allocation for specific purposes and conserving natural resources for the wellbeing of future
generations.
Changes in land use patterns may result in changes in land cover patterns, which could have
an impact on the structure of ecosystem. The physical, chemical, and biological activities of
the soil are all significantly impacted by the changes in land use and land cover (Bahrami et
al., 2010; Kizilkaya and Dengiz, 2010). The qualities of soil are the dominant factors of soil
degradation related to land and soil mismanagement practices, whereas planting of suitable
crop types in a cropping system can play a crucial role in improving the soil organic matter
and soil nutrient status essential for both plants and soil microorganisms (Sharma et al., 2012).
In such background, present study was conducted to investigate the impact of different
cropping systems on soil properties, especially before and after the monsoon period, at the
micro watershed level. The objective of the study was to evaluate suitable agricultural land
use practices towards conserving sustainability in efficient ecosystem services of land
resources and securing sustainable food productions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Location of the study area: The study area (Fig. 1) is located in the Paschim Medinipur
district (N-S: 22˚57' 06.4''N Lat., 87˚ 21'41.0''E Long. to 21˚46'06.4''N Lat., 87˚24'06.9''E
Long; and E-W: 22˚23'00.0''N Lat., 87˚ 18'15.0''E Long. to 22˚23'41.7''N Lat., 87˚39'05.7''E
Long.) with the district headquarters at Medinipur within the state of West Bengal in India
(Das and Panda, 2022; SLUSI, 2020). The experimental sites, considered as treatments in the
present study, are farmers’ fields, located in three micro watersheds within one watershed
(Table 1; AISLUS, 1984, and 2020) in the Red and Laterite agroclimatic zone in West
Bengal.
According to the "Watershed Atlas of India" (AISLUS, 1984), three micro watersheds
(2A2C5a2, a1 and b1) are situated within Water Resource Region 2 (Rivers flowing into the
Ganges), 2A (lower Ganges basin), 2A2 (left bank of the Ganges and Bhagirathi from delta up
to the confluence with Ghugri catchment), 2A2C (Rupnarayan sub-catchment), 2A2C5
watershed. The villages of Benua, Kuchiara, and Konan (Fig. 3.1a) were selected (SLUSI,
2020) for field research within micro watershed W1 (2A2C5a2). The distances between these
areas and Keshpur, the block headquarters, are 8.2, 7.3, and 10.5 kilometres, respectively. In
micro watershed W2 (2A2C5a1), Kantadarja, Uttar Jharia, and Suratpur villages (Fig. 3.1b)
were chosen for field investigations (SLUSI, 2020). From the block headquarters at Daspur,
those villages are 7.2 km, 7.9 km, and 3.2 km apart respectively. In micro watershed W3
(2A2C5b1), Baladeb Khamar, Gohalara, and Bilat Kuli villages (Fig. 3.1c) were chosen for
field investigations (SLUSI, 2020). From Keshpur, the block headquarters, those villages are
6.4 km, 8.3 km, and 10.6 km apart respectively.

Climate and weather information during experimental period: In the study area, a hot
tropical monsoon climate is prevalent, and that area was classified as the moist sub-humid
climate (Raju et al. 2014). Summer lasts from mid-April through mid-June. Rains caused by
the southwest monsoon can sometimes continue up to September during the monsoon season,
which remains active lasts from mid-June to August. Winters prevail from December to
January; however, they can sometimes continue up to February. The mean maximum and
minimum temperatures varied significantly throughout the year in different seasons. The
meteorological information was obtained from the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science

Page 219
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Program-funded POWER Project at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC, NASA
2022).

Figure 1: Location of the study area and three micro watersheds (2A2C5a2, a1 and b1) (Based
on Das and Panda 2021 and SLUSI 2020)

Experimental details: Twenty land use systems (Table 2) were chosen in the study area (Fig.
1) to fulfil the goals of the current study. Major soil physicochemical and hydrological
parameters were chosen to evaluate the year-to-year effects of specified land use regimes.
Experimental Design
Season: Premonsoon (pre-Kharif), Monsoon (Kharif), Post-monsoon (rabi); Duration: 2
years (2020-2021);
Page 220
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Experimental Plots for crops: Farmers' fields in micro watersheds (Fig. 1); Replications: 3
(in each micro watershed); Design of the experiment: Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

Table 1 List of three micro watersheds under study within the watershed 2A2C5
in Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India*

Sl. Micro watershed

Location (Latitude-Longitude) Reference
No. No.
Benua -22˚ 36' 24''N 87˚ 28' 28''E
Microwatershed
1. W1 Kuchiara-22˚ 36' 13''N 87˚ 28' 33''E
Map:2A2C5a2
Konan – 22˚ 35' 55''N 87˚ 30' 21''E
Kantadarja- 22˚ 35' 39''N 87˚ 34'
58''E
Microwatershed
2. W2 Uttar Jharia- 22˚ 35' 28''N 87˚ 34'
Map: 2A2C5a1
13''E
Suratpur- 22˚ 35' 12''N 87˚ 33' 23''E
Baladeb Khamar- 22˚ 35' 36''N 87˚
27' 43''E Micro watershed
3. W3
Gohalara- 22˚ 36' 47''N 87˚ 26' 57''E Map: 2A2C5b1
Bilat Kuli-22˚ 37' 00''N 87˚ 27' 16''E
*Based on SLUSI, 2020

Table 2 List of Treatments (i.e., prominent agricultural land use systems selected) in each
atershed

Cropping seasons Land use management farmers’ choices

Livestock
Grazing
Irrigation Betw
Treatments Pre- During Boundary Organic Tillage een
kharif Rabi
Kharif Pre- plantation manure operation During Two
Kharif Fallow Crop
seaso
ns
Fallo
1. (C1) Rice Rice without with with With With With
w
Fallo witho
2. (C2) Rice Rice Without without without With With
w ut
Sesam witho
3. (C3) Rice potato With with with With Without
e ut
Sesam witho
4. (C4) Rice potato With without without With Without
e ut
witho
5. (C5) Rice Rice Potato With with with With without
ut
witho
6. (C6) Rice Rice Potato With without without With without
ut
Cucu
7. (C7) Rice Cauliflower With with with With without With
mber
Cucu witho
8. (C8) Rice Cauliflower With without without with without
mber ut
Groun witho
9. (C9) Rice Potato With with with With without
dnut ut
Groun witho
10. (C10) Rice Potato With without without With without
dnut ut
Ridge witho
11. (C11) Rice Potato with with with With without
gourd ut

Page 221
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Ridge witho
12. (C12) Rice Potato with without without With without
gourd ut
Fallo witho
13. (C13) Rice Mustard without with without With with
w ut
Fallo witho
14. (C14) Rice Mustard without without without With with
w ut
Sesam witho
15. (C15) Rice Fallow with with with With with
e ut
Sesam witho
16. (C16) Rice Fallow with without with With with
e ut
17. (C17) Jute Fallow Tomato with with with With with With
witho
18. (C18) Jute Fallow Tomato with without without With with
ut
witho
19. (C19) Jute Fallow Cabbage with with with With with
ut
witho
20. (C20) Jute Fallow Cabbage with without with With without
ut

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Soil analysis

Collection of soil samples:

During the study period, augers were used to randomly collect soil samples from the top 15 cm
of the surface layer from each of the 20 specified agricultural land use systems, i.e., treatments.
Then soil samples were dried under the shade and then those were passed through a 2 mm sieve
and were finally put into fabric bags for further laboratory analysis. In the laboratory, soil samples
were used for (i) Soil mechanical analysis, (ii) Soil physical and hydrological analysis, and (iii)
Soil chemical analysis.

Soil physical and hydrological analysis

Bulk density:
The bulk density of the soil was determined by core sampler method by Piper (1966). Porosity:
The Porosity of the soil was determined by core sampler method as described by Piper (1966).
Soil moisture content:
The soil moisture content was determined by gravimetric method by Yoder and Claude (1936).
Soil aggregation:
Aggregate size distribution of soils was determined by Wet sieving method by Yoder (1936).
Infiltration rate:
The infiltration rate was determined by following single cylinder infiltrometer method by Bouwer
(1986).
Permeability:
Soil permeability rates have been determined with constant head permeability test by Darcy
(1856).

Soil chemical analysis

Soil pH:
The pH of the soil samples was determined in soil-water suspensions (soil: water: 1:2.5) method
by Jackson (1973).
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC):
SOC was estimated by oxidizing soils with 1 N K2Cr2O7 in presence of concentrated H2SO4 and
back titrating the remaining K2Cr2O7 with ferrous ammonium sulphate solution using
diphenylamine indicator, following the wet digestion method of Walkley and Black (1934).
Page 222
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Soil Available Nitrogen:
The available nitrogen content of the soil samples was determined by modified Kjeldhal method
using distillation with alkaline potassium permanganate as described by Subbiah and Asija
(1956).

Soil biological property:

Numbers of matured earthworm per hectare: a) Numbers of earthworm per one square meter
from four inward corners and middle places in each replicated plot, b) Average of No. of
earthworms per m2plot = (earthworm m-2), c) Average (earthworm ha-1) = (earthworm m-2) X
10000.

Crop data: Crop yield (t ha-1) data were collected from each replicated plot.
Monsoon Analysis: Rainfall data were collected from NASA (2020); and occurrences and ends
of monsoon periods were analysed following the standard methodology (Raman, 1974; Ashok
Raj 1979).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

One-way ANOVA was used to analyse how each treatment affected the parameters of the soil.
The means of the various soil parameters were compared using Duncan's multiple range test
(DMRT, Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 22.0) was used
to conduct the statistical analysis (IBM, 2022). Some of the variables being interrelated, Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) was followed to measure how each variable was associated with one
another using a covariance matrix. In PCA, eigenvalues are coefficients applied to eigenvectors
that give the vectors their length or magnitude. Thus, PCA could help to understand the directions
of the spread of our data using eigenvectors. An eigenvector with reversed signs for all its
components is still considered a valid solution. Through PCA, data with multiple dimensions,
were transformed into principal components (or, scores), and then a biplot and scree plot were
generated (Jolliffe, 2002; PAST 2022).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the post-monsoon period of 2020, the C14 land use system recorded the
highest average number of matured earthworms, with a value of 7.33. The C13 land
use system followed closely that value with an average of 7.00 matured earthworms,
while the minimum average number of matured earthworms was recorded in C5
with 3.00, followed by 4.00 in C4 (Table 3).
Scatter diagram (Fig. 3) and loading diagram (Fig. 4) obtained through PCA showed
the impact of soil moisture, infiltration, porosity, bulk density, SOC and the
corresponding agricultural land use systems on earthworm population in soil.
In the post-monsoon period of 2021, the C2 land use system had the highest average
number of matured earthworms, with a value of 6.67. The C9 land use system
followed that value closely with an average of 6.33 matured earthworms, while the
minimum average number of matured earthworms was recorded in C5 with 3.33,
followed by 3.00 in C4 (Table 3). Scatter diagram (Fig. 5) and loading diagram (Fig.
6) obtained through PCA showed the impact of soil moisture, infiltration, porosity,
Page 223
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 bulk density, SOC and the corresponding agricultural land use systems on
earthworm population in soil.
From the overall results for 2020 and 2021, it was found that matured earthworm
population ranged from 3.00 in C5 to 6.67 in C13 and C14 agricultural land use
systems (Fig. 2).
Table 3: Numbers of matured earthworms in post-monsoon period:

No. of earthworms per m2 area

Treatmen
(Mean of three replicated plots)
t
2020 2021
C1 6.00abc 5.00abcde
C2 6.33abc 6.67a
abcd
C3 5.67 5.00abcde
C4 4.00cd 3.33de
C5 3.00d 3.00e
cd
C6 4.00 4.33abcde
C7 4.67abcd 3.67cde
abcd
C8 5.00 4.00bcde
C9 5.67abcd 6.33ab
abcd
C10 5.00 5.67abcd
C11 4.00cd 3.00e
C12 4.33bcd 5.00abcde
ab
C13 7.00 6.33ab
C14 7.33a 6.00abc
abc
C15 6.00 5.33abcde
C16 6.00abc 5.67abcd
abcd
C17 4.67 4.00bcde
C18 4.33bcd 4.67abcde
C19 4.00cd 3.00e
abcd
C20 5.67 4.33abcde
For a column, values followed by different letters differ significantly at p<0.05 by Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; IBM, 2022).

Page 224
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 2: Overall (2020 and 2021) number of matured earthworms in the study area

Figure 3: PCA Scatter plot:

Relationship of earthworm population (2020) with other soil parameters under different
agricultural land use practices

Page 225
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 4: PCA loadings plot:
Relationship of earthworm population (2020) with other soil parameters under different
agricultural land use practices

Figure 5: PCA Scatter plot:

Relationship of earthworm population (2021) with other soil parameters under ifferent
agricultural land use practices

Page 226
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 6: PCA loadings plot:
Relationship of earthworm population (2021) with other soil parameters under different
agricultural land use practices

Crop data
From the preliminary survey, it was revealed that rice and potato were found to be the main
cultivated crops during kharif and rabi seasons respectively in the study area. On the other hand,
other crops like pre-kharif crops of sesame, rice, cucumber, groundnut, ridge gourd and jute; and
also, the rabi season crops of cabbage, cauliflower, mustard and tomato were sparsely cultivated
in two to four treatments, i.e., those subsidiary crops during pre-kharif and rabi seasons, mostly
covered ten percent to 20% (only jute) of all the treatments under the present study (Tables 4 and
5).

Table 4: Crop yield (t/ha) of individual crops in 2020

Yield (t/ha)
Crops grown (2020) (Mean of 3 micro watersheds)
Treatment
Pre-kharif Kharif Rabi Pre-kharif Kharif Rabi
C1 Fallow Rice Rice - 2.02bc 2.51f
C2 Fallow Rice Rice - 1.78c 2.40f
C3 Sesame Rice potato 0.38g 1.91bc 18.01c
C4 Sesame Rice potato 0.32g 1.86bc 17.86c
C5 Rice Rice Potato 1.91f 2.12b 18.23c
C6 Rice Rice Potato 1.97f 2.68a 17.50c
Cauliflowe
C7 Cucumber Rice 6.37e 1.70c 6.98e
r

Page 227
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Cauliflowe
C8 Cucumber Rice 6.16e 1.72c 6.90e
r
C9 Groundnut Rice Potato 1.63f 2.00bc 18.11c
C10 Groundnut Rice Potato 1.59f 1.95bc 18.03c
C11 Ridge gourd Rice Potato 8.81d 1.83bc 17.64c
C12 Ridge gourd Rice Potato 8.54d 1.80bc 17.20c
C13 Fallow Rice Mustard - 2.01bc 0.71g
C14 Fallow Rice Mustard - 1.92bc 0.65g
C15 Sesame Rice Fallow 0.31g 2.00bc -
C16 Sesame Rice Fallow 0.28g 1.84bc -
Jute
C17 Fallow Tomato 14.34ab - 15.00d
(*bales/ha)
Jute
C18 Fallow Tomato 14.01bc - 14.48d
(*bales/ha)
Jute
C19 Fallow Cabbage 14.50a - 23.71a
(*bales/ha)
Jute
C20 Fallow Cabbage 13.60c - 21.55b
(*bales/ha)
For a column, values followed by different letters differ significantly at p<0.05 by Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test. (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; IBM, 2022). *1bale = 180 Kg

Table 5: Crop yield (t/ha) of individual crops in 2021

Yield (t/ha)
Crops grown (2021)
Treatment (Mean of 3 micro watersheds)
Pre-kharif kharif Rabi Pre-kharif Kharif Rabi
C1 Fallow Rice Rice - 2.09a 3.00f
C2 Fallow Rice Rice - 2.03ab 2.92f
C3 Sesame Rice potato 0.41f 1.89ab 18.68c
C4 Sesame Rice potato 0.38f 1.85ab 18.57c
C5 Rice Rice Potato 1.81e 1.90ab 18.20c
C6 Rice Rice Potato 1.70e 1.82ab 18.11c
C7 Cucumber Rice Cauliflower 6.68d 1.98ab 8.33e
C8 Cucumber Rice Cauliflower 6.08d 1.90ab 8.15e
C9 Groundnut Rice Potato 1.82e 1.78ab 18.60c
C10 Groundnut Rice Potato 1.75e 1.70ab 18.31c
C11 Ridge gourd Rice Potato 9.45c 1.69ab 18.11c

Page 228
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 C12 Ridge gourd Rice Potato 9.30c 1.66ab 18.05c
C13 Fallow Rice Mustard - 1.72ab 0.78g
C14 Fallow Rice Mustard - 1.63b 0.71g
C15 Sesame Rice Fallow 0.37f 1.80ab -
C16 Sesame Rice Fallow 0.31f 1.70ab -
Jute
C17 Fallow Tomato 13.27a - 17.95d
(*bales/ha)
Jute
C18 Fallow Tomato 13.20ab - 17.40d
(*bales/ha)
Jute
C19 Fallow Cabbage 12.67ab - 26.37a
(*bales/ha)
Jute
C20 Fallow Cabbage 12.50b - 24.55b
(*bales/ha)
For a column, values followed by different letters differ significantly at p<0.05 by Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test. (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; IBM, 2022). *1bale = 180 Kg

In the year 2020, the yield of kharif rice ranged from 1.70 t/ha in C7 to 2.68 t/ha in C6 agricultural
land use system, while the yield of potato was 17.20 t/ha in C12 to 18.23 t/ha in C5 agricultural
land use system (Table 4).
In the year 2021, the yield of kharif rice ranged from 1.63 t/ha in C14 to 2.09 t/ha in C1 agricultural
land use system, while the yield of potato was 18.05 t/ha in C12 to 18.68 t/ha in C3 agricultural
land use system (Table 5).
From the overall results for 2020 and 2021, it was found that yield of kharif rice ranged from 1.73
t/ha in C12 to 2.25 t/ha in C6 agricultural land use system, while the yield of potato was 17.63
t/ha in C12 to 18.36 t/ha in C9 agricultural land use system (Figs. 7 and 8).
Scatter diagram (Fig. 9) and loading diagram (Fig. 10) obtained through PCA showed the impact
of soil moisture, total aggregate, infiltration, porosity, soil pH, SOC, soil available N, number of
earthworms in soil and the corresponding agricultural land use systems on yield of kharif rice in
2020 and 2021.
Scatter diagram (Fig. 11) and loading diagram (Fig. 12) obtained through PCA showed the impact
of soil moisture, total aggregate, infiltration, porosity, soil pH, SOC, soil available N, number of
earthworms in soil and the corresponding agricultural land use systems on yield of potato in rabi
season in 2020 and 2021.

Page 229
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 7: Crop yield (t/ha) of individual crops in 2020 and 2021

3
Rice yield (t/ha) 2020 Rice yield (t/ha) 2021

2,6

2,2
Yield

1,8

1,4

1
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16
Treatment

19
Potato yield (t/ha) in 2020 Potato yield (t/ha) in 2021
18,8
18,6
18,4
18,2
Yield

18
17,8
17,6
17,4
17,2
17
C3 C4 C5 C6 C9 C10 C11 C12
Treatment

Figure 8: Rice and potato yield overall (2020 and 2021) under various agricultural land use practices,
i.e., treatments

Page 230
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 9: PCA Scatter plot:
Relationship of rice yield (Overall 2020 and 2021) with other soil parameters under different agricultural
land use practices

Figure 10: PCA loadings plot:

Relationship of rice yield (Overall 2020 and 2021) with other soil parameters under different agricultural
land use practices

Page 231
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 11: PCA Scatter plot:
Relationship of potato yield (Overall 2020 and 2021) with other soil parameters under different
agricultural land use practices

Figure 12: PCA loadings plot:

Relationship of potato yield (Overall 2020 and 2021) with other soil
parameters under different agricultural land use practices

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the comprehensive results obtained for both the years of studies 2020 and 2021, it was
determined that the matured earthworm population varied within a range of 3.00 in the C5
agricultural land use system to 6.67 in the C13 and C14 agricultural land use systems. The matured
earthworm population demonstrated a clear correlation with soil moisture, infiltration, porosity,

Page 232
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 bulk density, and soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, indicating their influence on earthworm
abundance in soil.
Based on the preliminary survey, it was discovered that rice and potato were the primary
cultivated crops during the kharif and rabi seasons, respectively, in the study area. However, other
crops such as sesame, rice, cucumber, groundnut, ridge gourd, jute (during pre-kharif season),
and cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, and tomato (during rabi season) were cultivated to a lesser
extent. Additionally, the yield of kharif rice; and potato during the rabi season in 2020 and 2021
was influenced by factors such as soil moisture, total aggregate, infiltration, porosity, soil pH, soil
organic carbon (SOC), soil available nitrogen (N), and the number of earthworms in the soil and
the corresponding agricultural land use systems.

REFERENCES

[1] AISLUS. (1984). Watershed Atlas of India (1:1 million Scales): Compendium of Watersheds. All
India Soil and Land Use Survey (AISLUS), New Delhi. p.99.
[2] Ashok Raj, P. C. (1979). Onset of effective monsoon and critical dry spells.
[3] Bahrami, A., Emadodin, I., Ranjbar Atashi, M. and Rudolf Bork, H. (2010). Land-use change and
soil degradation: A case study, North of Iran. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America,
1(4), 600-605.
[4] Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John wiley
& sons.
[5] Jolliffe, I. T. (2002). Principal component analysis for special types of data (pp. 338-372). Springer
New York.
[6] Kizilkaya, R. and Dengiz, O. (2010). Variation of land use and land cover effects on some soil
physico-chemical characteristics and soil enzyme activity. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 97(2), 15-24.
[7] Panda S., Das, N.C., & Dhara, P.K. (2021). ‘Sustainable Watershed Management through Argo-
ecosystem Approach in Indian Context’, in Goyal R.K. & Gaur, Mahesh, K. (Eds.)
Perspectives in Natural Resources Management-Watershed-based Approach. Central West
Publications, New South Wales, 2800 Australia, pp. 1-18.
[8] Raman, C. R. V. (1974) Analysis of commencement of monsoon rains over Maharashtra state for
agricultural planning. Prepublished scientific Report No. 216., India Meteorological Department,
Poona.
[9] Sharma, A. R., Jat, M. L., Saharawat, Y. S., Singh, V. P., & Singh, R. (2012). Conservation
agriculture for improving productivity and resource-use efficiency: prospects and research needs in
Indian context. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 57(3s), 131-140.

Page 233
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 COMPARISON OF SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES BETWEEN
GRASSLAND AND ARABLE SOIL
Sagrario CORRALES1*, Tibor SZILI-KOVÁCS2, Hosam E.A.F. BAYOUMI
HAMUDA1
1
Environmental Engineering, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary, [email protected],
[email protected]
2
Department of Soil Biology, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for
Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
[email protected] (link sends e-mail)

Abstract: We have compared two different land uses, cropland and grassland at three soil types
(Arenosols, Chernozems and Cambisols) for the soil microbial respiration as an indicator for soil quality.
Soil samples were taken from the upper soil layer (0-20 cm) in May of 2022. All measurements with 24
soil samples were made in the Institute for Soil Sciences (Budapest, Hungary) using MicroResp technique
to detect the catabolic level physiological profile (CLPP) of soil microbial communities. Basal
respiration and cumulative substrate-induced respiration resulted in significant differences between
grassland and cropland at each soil type investigated with higher respiration rates for grasslands. Inverz
Simpson index showed higher values also at the grasslands, but the difference was significant only at
Balatoncsicso (Cambisols). CLPP was significantly different across all sites investigated and evaluated
by per-mutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and with the principal coordinate analysis. The
most significant substrate respiration rates responsible for discrimination between sites were different,
not only one substrate but at least five substrates had a significant effect on soil group separation.

Keywords: CLPP, cropland, grassland, soil respiration.

INTRODUCTION

Soils are a vital component of the functioning mechanisms of terrestrial ecosystems which provide the
essential service to the ecosystems. Some of these essential services are nutrient cycling, water regulation
and support of the biodiversity of the ecosystem, among many others. The biological activity of every
soil plays a crucial role in soil health maintenance and thus proper functionality, including the organic
matter decomposition, microbe and plant-based interactions and many others. All these functionalities
and services in higher pictures of ecosystems can be influenced by many other varying external factors
of which the most important ones are human factors from which the most influential ones are agricultural
practices and traditions of people of the habitats place.
In this work, we will be dealing with three types out of many soils found here, in Hungary. We have
visited 4 major places from which we drew the data and based our research on. These sites are Örbottyán,
Martonvásár, Bicske and Szentantalfa. These soil types are chernozem, arenosols and cambiosols, which
are relatively characteristic soils of this region of the world and contain many different characteristics
and various levels of biodiversity as well as bioactivity which would be the focus of our work here as
part of the great picture of comparison of bioactivity between grassland and arable soils.

Page 234
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Grasslands are generally known as areas dominated by grass with exceptionally high plant-based
diversity and low human interactions with it. On the other hand, great contrast can be seen in arable soils
which are generally known as agricultural lands which are used for agricultural purposes and made them
subject to various agricultural practices like fertilization, pesticide application, tillage, and many others.
We will explain them in more depth as we go further in our work. The impacts of these traditions and
measures on the biological activity of the soil require deep investigation, however, we will give a short
introduction to them here.
Arenosols are soils that are found in sandy areas and are formed by sand-type parental materials. The
main characteristic relevant to our research is that it contains extremely low nutrient levels and water-
holding capabilities. Moving up the ladder we have cambiosols which are soils specific by the
accumulation of organic forestry matter with good mineral accumulation. Lastly, chernozems are the
types of soils that are most heavily influenced by agriculture since these lands are having enormous
reserves of organic-rich layers that penetrate deep. On top of that, they contain extremely high amounts
of nutrients and water-holding capabilities making them extremely fertile ground which must be
efficiently utilized.
The key aspect of this study is to compare these soil types of biological activities and physical properties
with respect to their arable or grassland-type background of them. This will include spectating for health
indicators of soils like microbial biomass, enzyme activity, respiration levels etc. With respect to physical
parameters, we will look at the moisture content.
The results of this study should be providing the audience with insight into the impacts of agricultural
traditions and practices on soils biological activities and biodiversity and thus, its influence on soil quality
and ecosystem functioning. In good hope, this study will show the results of proper or improper use of
these soils and its effects on the ecosystem of the regions and be used as potential guidelines for better
future appliances of these soils.
The objective of this study is to do the investigation of the impact of fertilizer usage on soil health. The
goal is to achieve this by comparing the community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) of arable and
grassland oils. We used several locations in our work to achieve the diversity of data. We compared the
CLPP from particularly arable soils and grasslands from the Pest, Fejér and Veszprém counties, where
we looked at both meadows as representative of grasslands as well as croplands which are representative
of arable soils. These cropland soils have been treated with KNP fertilizer mixtures of unknown contents
close to grassland soil that has not been spoiled. The testing was to be done by using various methods
which will be elaborate further in the work. These methods will be our foundation in corroboration of the
fact that the microbial function of the arable soil is less compared to the other proving then that the usage
of fertilizers, in this case, KNP treatment does significantly affect the soil’s quality. The samples of the
analysis were taken from areas of Örbottyán, Martonvásár, Bicske and Balatoncsicso.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling Sites
Altogether 6 sites were investigated during this study all of them represent different soil types (Arenosols,
Chernozems and Cambisols) which are all abundant soil types in Hungary. In each soil type, a pair of
different land uses cropland, and a grassland (or meadow) were selected. At each of the 6 sites, 4 plots
were appointed for soil sampling. Here I describe the sites in detail, geographic locations are given in
WGS84 and EOV systems:

Site 1: Calcareous sand (Arenosols according to the WRB classification) at Örbottyán

• Site 1a: Meadow on sandy soil
Located: near Örbottyán village, near the Tece stream.
Geographical location: N 47°41'30"; E 19°13'37" [EOV= 663473; 260887]
• Site 1b: Cropland site on sandy soil
Located: near Örbottyán village.
Geographical location: N47° 40' 22,41"; E19° 14' 51,42" [EOV=665030; 258803]

Page 235
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Site 2: (Loess soil, Chernozem soil type) at Bicske and Martonvásár
• Site 2a: Meadow site at Bicske on loess soil
Geographical location: N47° 28' 11,22"; E18° 39' 22,44" [EOV= 620508; 236277]
N47° 28.187'; E18° 39.374
• Site 2b: Cropland site at Martonvásár on loess soil
Geographical location: N47° 19' 52,26"; E18° 47' 23,16" [EOV= 630523; 220827]
47°19.871’; 18°47.386

Site 3: (Calcaric Cambisol - Raman brown earth) at Balatoncsicsó.

• Site 3a: Grassland (meadow)
Geographical location: between Balatoncsicsó and Dörgicse. N46° 54' 44,35"; E17° 41' 51,14" [EOV=
547173; 175120] 46.91232° N, 17.69754° E,
• Site 3b: Cropland soil
Geographical location: between Balatoncsicsó and Dörgicse. N46° 55' 35,36"; E17° 40' 56,86" [EOV=
546052; 176715] (46.92649° N, 17.68246° E)

All samples were taken from the upper 2–12 cm soil layer by sample corer at three sampling points per
land use evenly distributed along an approximately 15-m-long transect line.

EXPERIMENTS

Soil Dry Mass and Water Content:

It is necessary to measure the soil water content and dry mass in all types of soil studies. The soil
samples are put into a drying cabinet at 105 ± 5 °C until mass constancy is reached. In order to get the
water content of the soil we need to measure the differences in masses before and after drying them.
The water content is calculated on a gravimetric basis: (g water /100 g dry soil). The determination of
dry mass on a mass basis can be described by this procedure.

Measuring Soil Chemical Characteristics:

In order to get all the chemical analyses, the soil samples were air-dried state soils. We got the humus
content with the Shimadzu UV-1601 spectrophotometer (MSZ-08-0210:1977). The soil organic C and
total N content were analysed by Dumas type dry combustion analysis by Leco CN628 element analyser.
We were able to determine the total salt content based on the conductivity of the saturated soil paste by
WTW InoLab Cond 730 (MSZ-08-0206:1978.2.4.) CaCO3 content was determined by a Scheibler type
calcimeter (MSZ-08-0206-2:1978.2.2).

pHKCl and pHH2O solutions were both determined at a soil: solution ratio of 1:2.5 (weight : volume)
Thermo Orion Star2 pH meter according to the Hungarian standard (MSZ-08-0206-2:1978.2.1). Soil
nitrate N was analysed from 1N KCl extract by Shimadzu UV-1601 spectrophotometer. Ammonium-
lactate (AL) soluble P2O5.
Soil samples were homogenized and analysed for total nitrogen content, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, K2O (AL
soluble), P2O5 (AL soluble), soil organic carbon (SOC), electrical conductivity, and pHH2O. NH4+-N and
NO3−-N values were obtained based on KCl extraction and stream distillation technique. SOC contents
were measured by wet digestion using the Tyurin method. The total nitrogen was determined using the
modified Kjeldahl method (ISO 11261:1995). K2O and P2O5 measurements were done using an
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Quotation ICP-OES, Ultima 2) after
ammonium lactate extraction (AL). Most of these measurements in the present study were chosen as
basic indicators to analyse soil chemical changes and nutrient dynamics, so we could get a more complete
picture of carbon and nitrogen cycling at the investigated sites. In addition, we also measured CaCO 3
contents using Scheibler calcimeter for the arable and vineyard soils. Soil element concentrations are
reported as mg kg−1 dry-weight soil.

Page 236
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Measuring Soil Community Level Physiological Profile (CLPP) by MicroRespTM:
The MicroRespTM system was designed to quantify the microbial activity of soils. The procedure was
performed in accordance with the Technical Manual of the MicroRespTM system. [1]
The soil samples were taken from the fridge with their moisture set to approximately 40% water holding
capacity; then they were added and incubated in the deep-well plate(s) for 5 days prior for the addition
of the carbon sources and detection plate. We used the MicroRespTM filling device for this step but. We
inserted the Perspex sheet in between the filling device and placed the filling device on top of the
deepwell (DW) plate. We got rid of the excess soil over the filling device by brushing the soil into the
wells until they are evenly filled and tapped it once to evenly arrange and compact the soil before adding
more soil. Then repeat. The Perspex sheet was removed from between both plates, letting the soil fall
into the deepwells. Stocked soil particles, pushing down into the wells using a clean rod. The soil weight
in each plate was then determined by weighing the deepwell plate with soil inside it on a balance (after
weighing the plate without soil). Next, we placed a piece of Parafilm M over the DW plate. In order to
compute the dry mass of soil filled into the deepwell plates, we measure the soil moisture in a piece of
the sieved soil. For five days prior to measurements, we placed all of the filled and Parafilm M-covered
plates into a plastic box with a baker with sodalime (to get rid of the CO2 in the box) and wet wipes.
We removed the substrate-plate from the freezer (-20 °C) the day before the MicroRespTM
measurements and placed them in the refrigerator at 4º C. We removed the substrate plate from the
refrigerator the following morning to bring it to room temperature. Additionally, we removed the
Parafilm M cover from the soil-containing DW-plates in the container box and set them on top of a lab
table.
Then, we poured 25 μl of each chosen substrate into the appropriate wells of the deepwell plate using the
8-channel electronic pipette with 1000 μl pipette tips. After dispensing each substrate, we switched
pipette tips. Each deepwell plate contained four replicate substrates for each of the 23 substrates plus
distilled water. We waited for 40 minutes to equilibrate with the air to remove abiotic CO 2 production
after dispensing all substrates for all plates. The deepwell plate(s) were then sealed with the MicrorespTM
seal (blue Teflon-coated silicon sheet).
The computer and spectrophotometer microplate reader with ADAP software were then turned on in the
following step. In order to read the detection plate at a wavelength of 570 nm for absorbance, we first
removed the Parafilm cover off the top of the detector plates and put them in the spectrophotometer.
These are the values that will be "At0" at time=0 hour. The application (ADAP) automatically saves
values. Additionally, we put the detection plate over so that A1 matched up with A12 on the deepwell
plate before attaching it to the MicroRespTM seal. To properly seal and hold the plates in a
MicroRespTM clamp, apply firm pressure. We sealed all the plates and incubated them at 25ºC for 5
hours. We took the assembly out of the clamp, took the detecting plate out, and peeled the seal after 5
hours of incubation. In the following, we read the detection plate by photometer and saved the results
“At5” to file as we did before. Practically, the “A” is replaced by the number of the detection plate for
identification.
After a thorough wash, the deepwell plates can be utilized once more. As long as the agar has not dried
out and the detection plates have restored to their normal colour and absorbance measurement, they can
also be used again. Then, the MicrorespTM seals were cleaned with detergent and rinsed with deionised
water and put to dry. These Seals can withstand autoclaving at 160°C and cleaning with
ethanol/disinfectant. We used 23 different substrates and distilled water in 4 replicates for 96 wells in
each plate. These substrates were prepared and stored at -20 °C in the deep-well plates:

Page 237
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Distilled water served as a control substrate. The substrate solution was made by first preparing a 25 cm3
container for each substrate. All the substrates mentioned before were placed in glass flasks and weighed
before being dissolved in deionized water. For acids and amino acids, the pH was then adjusted to 6.5 by
adding a few drops of 1 mol/L NaOH or HCl solutions. During pH adjustment, the pH was measured
using an electronic pH-meter and a glass electrode. Then all substrates were injected into the DW-plates
(600 μl/well) in 4 consecutive replicate wells within a plate with another 8-channel electronic pipette,
Therefore, substrate solutions from the 25 ml substrate solutions could be used to fill 10 DW-plates. A
plate cover was used to seal these plates, and they were put in a deep freezer (-20°C). Within six months,
the frozen substrate solutions can be applied. Twenty sample MicroRespTM measurements can be
performed on a single substrate plate.
Agar and the indicator solution are each prepared separately. First, we purified Oxoid agar (1%
concentration), which can be done by mixing it in a 1:2 ratio (agar : indicator) with the indicator solution.
There is enough agar/indicator solution in 300 ml to make 15 plates. A 1000 ml indicator stock solution
was made: Cresol red: 18.78 mg, , 16.77 grams of potassium chloride (KCl), and 0.316 grams of sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3). A volumetric flask was filled with the components, 900 ml of warm (50°C),
deionized water was added, and it was left overnight for the ingredients to thoroughly dissolve. After
that, we added 1000 ml of deionized water. After combining the 200 ml solution, we transferred it into
250 ml with screw-caps bottles, yielding 5 bottles of 200 ml indicator solutions, which we then put in the
refrigerator. For up to six months, this solution can be kept in the refrigerator (+5°C). On the day we put
together the detection plates, we separately made fresh agar solutions. For this, 100 ml of deionized water
and 3g of purified Oxoid agar were combined in a flask. The flask was then autoclaved at 121°C for 20
minutes. In addition to ensuring sterility, autoclaving checks that the agar has adequately dissolved.
When the sample was prepared, we put a bottle of indicator solution and the hot agar solution in a water
bath that was set to 60°C. When the agar and indicator solutions both reached the necessary 60°C
temperature, we combined them in an 800 ml glass baker, set it atop a heating magnetic stirrer with a
magnetic rod to stir the solution gradually, and set a Petri dish on top of the baker to prevent evaporation
loss. When the agar/indicator solution temperature reached 60 °C which we checked with a thermometer
we dispensed 150 μl aliquots into wells of the microplates by using an electronic 8-channel pipette (1200
μl). We wait until solidification of the poured agar/indicator solution then covered them with Parafilm
and placed them into a tightly closed plastic box (5-6 Liter volume approx.) which contains a baker of
water and a baker of sodalime to prevent desiccation of the agar and also to absorb all CO 2 within the
box. The plastic box with detection plates can be stored in a dark place or can be covered by aluminium
foil because the cresol red is sensitive to light.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

In an Excel spreadsheet, we imported the files from the spectrophotometer ADAP program, and we sorted
the Absorbance (A570) data into a list format with the 0hr (At0) and 5hr (At5) data in single columns
next to one another. By dividing the A570 data by the A570 data at time 0 (At0) and multiplying the
result by the mean of the A570 reading at time 0 (At0), we normalized the data (Ai) for both time 0 and
time 5hour. To normalize:
Page 238
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 t0norm: Ai = (At0 / At0) x Mean(At0)
t5norm: Ai = (At5 / At0) x Mean (At0)

%CO2 calculations:
The following formula (Harris-model) converts the normalized 5hr data (t5norm) to %CO2:

% CO2 = 1/(A + (B*t5normi^C))

Where A = 2.078 B = 41.815 C = 4.593, if the Absorbance > 0.42
Where A = -0.042 B = 30.751 C = 2.83 if the Absorbance < 0.42
The formula (Harris-model) is for a hyperbola standard curve fit. As a result, we split the calibration into
two halves. When the absorbance was less than or more than 0.42, separate parameters were employed
in the same model to fit appropriately. Unfortunately, we were unable to create a model that matched
well for the entire range.

CO2 rate (μgCO2-C/g soil/h) =

(%CO2/100) x vol x (44/22.4) x (12/44) x (273/(273+T) / (soil fresh wt x (soil %dwt/100)) / incubation
time

The CO2 rate is calculated by converting the 5 hr %CO2 data (%CO2) to μg/g/h CO2-C using gas
constants, and constants for incubation temperature in 0C (T), headspace volume (vol) in the well (μl),
fresh weight (fresh wt) of soil per well (g), incubation time (hr) and soil sample % dry weight (dwt).
Headspace volume (vol) is 945μl for our standard set-up. The following statistics were used during the
evaluation of the results: ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA),
Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM), and Similarity percentages (SIMPER) test.

Program used:
R statistics version 4.0.3. (R Core Team, 2018)

R-packages, used:
• rstatix version: 0.6.0 (Kassambra 2020a)
• pairwiseadonis version 0.4 (Arbizu, 2020)
• vegan version: 2.5-7. (Oksanen et al. 2020)
• ggplot (Wickham, 2016)
• ggpubr version: 0.4.0 (Kassambra 2020b)
• dplyr version: 1.0.2 (Wickham et al. 2020a)
• devtools version: 2.3.2 (Wickham et al. 2020b)

ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) of basal respiration, cumulative substrate induced respiration
and inverz Simpson index with rstatix package. Metric multidimensional scaling (= principal coordinate
analysis) using capscale function with Bray-Curtis distance in the vegan package was used for
MicroRespTM data and also PERMANOVA (permutational multivariate analysis of variance) with
adonis2 function in vegan package. Call data to R programme. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Cropland versus grassland 2022-year MicroRespTM

We have altogether 6 sampling sites, all sites with 4 replicate plots, therefore 24 samples. The sites are
situated on three soil types as mentioned in the materials and methods: Arenosols, Chernozem and
Cambisols. At each soil type, two different land uses were compared, cropland versus grassland (Table
1).

Table 1: Experimental sites, soil samples and their codes used in this study.

Page 239
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Sites Site codes Land use Land use code Soil type Soil type code
Örbottyán
OM grassland M Arenosols O
grassland
Örbottyán
OC cropland C Arenosols O
cropland
Bicske
MM grassland M Chernozem M
grassland
Martonvásár
MC cropland C Chernozem M
cropland
Balatoncsicso
BM grassland M Cambisols B
grassland
Balatoncsicso
BC cropland C Cambisols B
cropland

BASAL RESPIRATION, CUMULATIVE SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION,

AND INVERZ SIMPSON INDEX

Data for soil basal respiration (abbreviated as Aqua), cumulative substrate induced respiration
(abbreviated as sum substrate) and inverz Simpson index (abbreviated as invsimpson) for 24 samples, 6
sites, 2 land use type (cropland=C; grassland=M) in 3 soil types (Arenosols at Örbottyán=O; Chernozem
at Martonvásár =M; Cambisols at Balatoncsicso=B) alltogether moved from excel to txt file resulting
this:

site sample land use soil Aqua sum substrate invsimpson

1 OM OM1 M O 0.201099435 17.72209194 20.49707518
2 OM OM2 M O 0.249667741 20.95842884 20.17406231
3 OM OM3 M O 0.270738462 19.24784669 21.29695008
4 OM OM4 M O 0.229677496 17.51454358 21.06057912
5 OC OC1 C O 0.116710413 7.712324161 19.94817829
6 OC OC2 C O 0.159739346 9.385210081 20.41347035
7 OC OC3 C O 0.136499215 10.43445054 19.66107574
8 OC OC4 C O 0.145792932 9.225825075 20.08789984
9 MM MM1 M M 0.331552284 47.22176277 19.20536964
10 MM MM2 M M 0.312618927 50.55301822 19.42399405
11 MM MM3 M M 0.351187999 50.33915045 19.55937754
12 MM MM4 M M 0.263610161 31.97171525 19.69403852
13 MC MC1 C M 0.131581775 7.128919528 17.15535787
14 MC MC2 C M 0.1311296 9.04746774 14.0250788
15 MC MC3 C M 0.152921381 8.710451474 19.89654019
16 MC MC4 C M 0.155780238 9.561678162 19.57950203
17 BM BM1 M B 0.785602195 53.93825954 20.3806037
18 BM BM2 M B 0.680626607 47.98635503 20.97709275
19 BM BM3 M B 0.78142608 51.04014601 21.23958117
20 BM BM4 M B 0.619670207 46.73140865 20.26844707
21 BC BC1 C B 0.290107116 21.01989386 18.69048725
22 BC BC2 C B 0.216847869 14.15497783 19.38188324
23 BC BC3 C B 0.180001909 16.7141674 17.46368526
24 BC BC4 C B 0.214080936 22.3906335 17.45585524

R statistics version 4.0.3. (R Core Team, 2018)

Page 240
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 2: Basal respiration averages (means) and standard deviations by sites.

site landuse soil variable n mean sd

<fct> <fct> <fct> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 BC C B Aqua 4 0.225 0.046
2 BM M B Aqua 4 0.717 0.081
3 MC C M Aqua 4 0.143 0.013
4 MM M M Aqua 4 0.315 0.038
5 OC C O Aqua 4 0.14 0.018
6 OM M O Aqua 4 0.238 0.03

Table 3: Cumulative substrate-induced respiration averages (means) and standard deviations by

sites.

site landuse soil variable n mean sd

<fct> <fct> <fct> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 BC C B sumsubstrate 4 18.6 3.81
2 BM M B sumsubstrate 4 49.9 3.23
3 MC C M sumsubstrate 4 8.61 1.05
4 MM M M sumsubstrate 4 45 8.83
5 OC C O sumsubstrate 4 9.19 1.12
6 OM M O sumsubstrate 4 18.9 1.6

Table 4: Inverz Simpsopn index averages (means and standard deviations by sites.

site landuse soil variable n mean sd

<fct> <fct> <fct> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 BC C B invsimpson 4 18.2 0.953
2 BM M B invsimpson 4 20.7 0.467
3 MC C M invsimpson 4 17.7 2.72
4 MM M M invsimpson 4 19.5 0.208
5 OC C O invsimpson 4 20 0.313
6 OM M O invsimpson 4 20.8 0.514

Box plots (ggplot2 Wickham (2016), ggpubr Kassambara (2020b) packages)

Statistical test (T-test) for soil basal respiration

Page 241
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 1: Boxplot of the basal respiration comparing cropland (C) and grassland (M) at the three
soil type locations (B = Balatoncsicso; M = Martonvásár/Bicske; O = Örtbottyán)

Statistical test (T-test) for cumulative substrate induced respiration.

Figure 2: Boxplot of the cumulative substrate-induced respiration comparing cropland (C) and
grassland (M) at the tree soil type locations (B = Balatoncsicso; M = Martonvásár/Bicske; O =
Örbottyán)

Statistical test (T-test) for inverz Simpson index.

Page 242
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 3: Boxplot of the Inverz Simpson index calculated from the substrate induced respiration
data from 23 substrates comparing cropland (C) and grassland (M) at the three soil type
locations (B = Balatoncsicso; M = Martonvásár/Bicske; O = Örbottyán)

Data analysis Principal coordinate analysis and Permanova

Principal coordinate analysis - PCoA (identical as metric multidimensional scaling (abbreviated as

mds)) using Bray-Curtis distance, standardized substrate induced respiration data for 24 samples with
23 substrates

Capscale pcoA (vegan package (Oksanen et al. 2020))

Eigenvalues for unconstrained axes:

MDS1 MDS2 MDS3 MDS4 MDS5 MDS6 MDS7 MDS8
0.26604 0.21606 0.13320 0.09497 0.07281 0.05446 0.05179 0.04505
(Showing 8 of 23 unconstrained eigenvalues)

Page 243
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 5: The first two axis of the principal coordinate analysis.

MDS1 MDS2
1 -0.60551576 -0.473957411
2 -0.22577629 -0.278065545
3 -0.55648712 -0.312135728
4 -0.61038078 -0.416430292
5 -0.05323430 -0.331484114
6 -0.26555221 -0.384834056
7 0.11650360 -0.215512528
8 -0.12463206 -0.333181322
9 0.37227859 -0.021306060
10 0.30386795 -0.007334964
11 0.18828444 -0.116005179
12 0.18404584 -0.085541862
13 -0.64579632 1.257249815
14 -0.72446248 1.489261240
15 0.33532256 0.033095660
16 0.45098135 -0.012604809
17 0.67893135 0.240772864
18 0.49746303 0.045100489
19 0.85717513 0.282973546
20 0.86477748 0.367090697
21 0.01144175 -0.143292015
22 -0.19243200 0.123793867
23 -0.51805364 -0.329596729
24 -0.33875010 -0.378055564

Visualization figure:

Figure 4: Principal coordinate plot showing the 24 samples belonging to 6 sites, Balatoncsicso
cropland = BC; Balatoncsicsó grassland = BM; Martonvásár cropland = MC; Bcske grassland =
MM; Örbottyán cropland = OC; Örbottyán grassland = OM.
Page 244
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Permanova

Table 6: Distance matrix from standarized MicroResp data (1-23)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 .08594202
3 0.06871605 0.08221128
4 0.07363068 0.11544039 0.06250533
5 0.07633906 0.08716530 0.09217219 0.07915334
6 0.06937009 0.08925815 0.08158253 0.06928781 0.03848128
7 0.09444600 0.08934276 0.09744844 0.09325460 0.04926441 0.05485069
8 0.08483552 0.09093445 0.08567418 0.07279067 0.04533220 0.03187281 0.05820957
9 0.11570491 0.09768496 0.10558495 0.13153133 0.09208346 0.10288218 0.07041264
10 0.12688084 0.10722515 0.10550213 0.12463035 0.08679321 0.09981209 0.06983569
11 0.10970400 0.08716379 0.09050771 0.11460552 0.08741150 0.08633154 0.06584757
12 0.11217244 0.09946439 0.08391055 0.11180449 0.09400187 0.10824095 0.07602973
13 0.16999329 0.17385601 0.15423724 0.17291748 0.16232850 0.15736332 0.15937171
14 0.19849083 0.19985746 0.18335286 0.19549772 0.19629812 0.19336781 0.19185382
15 0.12026927 0.10686527 0.10685236 0.11291958 0.07006082 0.07591408 0.07118639
16 0.11608399 0.09795882 0.11321211 0.11995228 0.05830323 0.07616101 0.04914583
17 0.15185244 0.13101899 0.13671864 0.14632587 0.09253085 0.11292628 0.08241588
18 0.11796326 0.09980984 0.10537448 0.12518040 0.07139212 0.08457216 0.06002198
19 0.16804256 0.14490520 0.16431774 0.17298147 0.11012514 0.13090334 0.10047206
20 0.17017656 0.14611598 0.15921341 0.17827988 0.11415645 0.13815217 0.10578705
21 0.09734591 0.10909530 0.09210953 0.10699509 0.07853342 0.09316726 0.06199052
22 0.15625925 0.16250766 0.12136766 0.13908173 0.14856241 0.15342109 0.14641028
23 0.06261651 0.10054996 0.05155282 0.07110795 0.08175652 0.07264865 0.08890385
24 0.06493539 0.09216660 0.08251258 0.09894085 0.08798385 0.09342838 0.09470678

8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 0.09507001
10 0.08711040 0.04217112
11 0.07627737 0.03234984 0.03505796
12 0.09636294 0.03545109 0.04389930 0.04132860
13 0.16335047 0.16512777 0.15753211 0.16011306 0.16522699
14 0.19267772 0.19712200 0.19613938 0.19154799 0.19490733 0.06767366
15 0.07497166 0.07481344 0.09085113 0.08527840 0.08878555 0.16006795 0.18940096
16 0.07528630 0.06258523 0.06602204 0.07353716 0.08154218 0.16449527 0.19382828
17 0.09997960 0.07290673 0.06879112 0.08241695 0.08118801 0.17240117 0.20077813
18 0.07731263 0.05538243 0.06794030 0.06314211 0.06836302 0.16381158 0.19078456
19 0.11983381 0.09068922 0.10234518 0.10828892 0.10627625 0.20096201 0.22404926
20 0.12088976 0.08895145 0.09769975 0.10340024 0.10632138 0.19344933 0.21561540
21 0.09486348 0.07558297 0.06509313 0.07876870 0.06536988 0.16205365 0.19364147
22 0.15510003 0.13146388 0.12599442 0.13850813 0.11517352 0.18320249 0.21469355
23 0.07946343 0.10289622 0.09880302 0.08693391 0.08557329 0.15381809 0.18138062
24 0.09573852 0.08716312 0.09458874 0.08341238 0.08943344 0.17574126 0.20192108

Page 245
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 0.03851586
17 0.06895619 0.05205466
18 0.04241772 0.03328220 0.04262669
19 0.08272839 0.07130419 0.05884875 0.06586964
20 0.08459643 0.07426525 0.05067607 0.06190308 0.02586613
21 0.09219843 0.06967565 0.09064961 0.07585099 0.11947640 0.12081123
22 0.14104136 0.13920195 0.14307197 0.13208000 0.17115195 0.16973410 0.10125617
23 0.10792660 0.10300835 0.12449969 0.10076126 0.15737831 0.15967576 0.06491686
24 0.11210227 0.10602961 0.13149575 0.10370645 0.14922121 0.15443507 0.09698772

22 23
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 0.11510738
24 0.13795209 0.06564161

From the distance matrix, we make the Permanova analysis using the adonis2 function in the vegan
package.

Page 246
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Df SumOfSqs R2 F Pr(>F)
Site 5 0.090555 0.57007 4.7734 0.000999 ***
Residual 18 0.068295 0.42993
Total 23 0.15885 1
Signif. codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 Df: degree of freedom
Sum of squares
R2: determination coefficient
P value obtained by permutation (1000)
The Permanova analysis shows a strong significant (p=0.00099) effect on microrespiration pattern
among 6 sites.
Another possible evaluation using two-factorial design one is the landuse (cropland or grassland).
Number of permutations: 1000

Table 7: The 2-way permanova analysis.

Df SumOfSqs R2 F Pr(>F)
landuse 1 0.025698 0.16177 6.7729 0.000999 ***
soil 2 0.035836 0.2256 4.7226 0.000999 ***
landuse:soil 2 0.029021 0.18269 3.8244 0.001998 **
Residual 18 0.068295 0.42993
Total 23 0.15885 1
Signif. codes: ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05

The 2-way permanova analysis shows a strong significant (p=0.00099) effect for both land use types
and soil types on microrespiration pattern. However, the strong significant interaction mean that the
effect of land use can be different on different soil types.

Pairwise Adonis (Arbizu, 2020) package in R.

We used this package for the comparison between pairs of sites if they are significant or not.

Table 8: Pairwise comparison of the standardised substrate induced respiration data for 24
samples including 3 soil types and 2 landuse types based on.

pairs Df SumsOfSqs F.Model R2 p.value

1 OM vs OC 1 0.007591 3.318452 0.356116 0.03996
2 OM vs MM 1 0.017268 8.211998 0.577822 0.036963
3 OM vs MC 1 0.023827 3.292009 0.354284 0.028971
4 OM vs BC 1 0.035796 14.75897 0.710968 0.022977
5 OM vs BM 1 0.00941 2.214434 0.269578 0.048951
6 OC vs MM 1 0.012696 13.65042 0.694663 0.027972
7 OC vs MC 1 0.018267 3.011813 0.334207 0.030969
8 OC vs BC 1 0.017689 14.12089 0.701802 0.028971
9 OC vs BM 1 0.013217 4.29602 0.417251 0.032967
10 MM vs MC 1 0.020654 3.512339 0.36924 0.026973
11 MM vs BC 1 0.011914 11.15484 0.650245 0.027972
12 MM vs BM 1 0.010419 3.602819 0.375184 0.02997
13 MC vs BC 1 0.024233 3.906554 0.39434 0.023976
14 MC vs BM 1 0.022209 2.76683 0.315602 0.033966
15 BC vs BM 1 0.026473 8.235307 0.578513 0.01998

Page 247
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The pairwise comparison (Table 8) shows that all comparisons are significant (p<0.05), but the
significance level is not very low because of the limited number of observations, however there is strong
evidence that both land use type (cropland versus grassland) and soil type have significant effect on the
pattern of the catabolic activity profiles of soil microbial assemblages.

SIMPER-test (vegan package)

• Similarity percentage (SIMPER) – to identify the relative importance of each species in

distinguishing between two levels of a categorical variable (Clarke, 1993) by vegan package
simper function.
• average = average contribution of this species to the average dissimilarity between observations
from the two groups. The sum of this column is the average dissimilarity between observations
from the two groups.
• sd = standard deviation of the contribution of this species (i.e., based on its contribution to all
dissimilarities between observations from the two groups).
• ratio = ratio of average to sd. Basically, a coefficient of variation (CV).
• ava, avb = average abundance of this species in each of the two groups. Only included if a
grouping variable (group) was included in the original call to simper ().
• cumsum = cumulative contribution of this and all previous species in list. Based on average, but
expressed as a proportion of the average dissimilarity and therefore the maximum value of this
column is 1.
• p = permutation-based p-value; probability of getting a larger or equal average
contribution for each species if the grouping factor was randomly permuted.

Table 9: Most important substrates for discriminating land use types at the three different soil
types.

Contrast: OM_OC
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Mal 0.010749 0.00376 2.859 1.4886 1.9831 0.1271 0.009 **
Tre 0.008465 0.004775 1.7731 1.0968 0.75 0.2272 0.196
Asn 0.007173 0.007152 1.0029 1.2242 1.5155 0.312 0.226
Glc 0.005427 0.00376 1.4435 1.4842 1.6793 0.3762 0.939
Dhb 0.005092 0.003244 1.5696 1.1136 0.8985 0.4364 0.871
Suc 0.004132 0.001657 2.4936 1.2378 1.2279 0.4853 0.467
Ala 0.004112 0.001579 2.6037 0.7974 0.6083 0.5339 0.055 .
Glu 0.003701 0.002045 1.8095 1.2297 1.064 0.5777 0.92
Fru 0.003684 0.002347 1.5695 1.245 1.3572 0.6212 0.994

Contrast: MM_MC
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Cit 0.034448 0.034306 1.004 0.8438 2.3994 0.2687 0.024 *
Tre 0.012723 0.003515 3.62 1.5012 0.916 0.368 0.005 **
Glc 0.009979 0.004584 2.177 1.9927 1.5337 0.4458 0.116
Asn 0.007704 0.006399 1.204 1.4067 1.0542 0.5059 0.165
Gla 0.007178 0.003649 1.967 0.6715 1.0017 0.5619 0.003 **
Fru 0.006178 0.004675 1.322 1.647 1.4636 0.6101 0.772
Rha 0.005804 0.002038 2.847 0.4788 0.7458 0.6553 0.001 ***

Contrast: BC_BM

Page 248
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Mal 0.015044 0.002731 5.5094 2.0742 1.3821 0.1144 0.001 ***
Glc 0.014754 0.006 2.4589 2.1466 1.468 0.2266 0.002 **
Fru 0.012779 0.004771 2.6788 2.0073 1.4194 0.3238 0.006 **
Tre 0.008327 0.003614 2.3043 0.8481 1.2311 0.3871 0.247
Xyl 0.008127 0.004983 1.631 1.5552 1.1958 0.4489 0.008 **
Ino 0.006903 0.004695 1.4703 0.7011 0.9977 0.5014 0.042 *
Dhb 0.006277 0.004353 1.4419 0.4398 0.7094 0.5491 0.544
Gln 0.005647 0.002891 1.9536 0.787 0.8866 0.5921 0.496
Gal 0.005374 0.001603 3.3529 1.0787 0.8315 0.6329 0.003 **

Table 10: Most important substrates for discriminating soil types in grassland land uses.

Contrast: OM_MM
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Glc 0.011054 0.004244 2.605 1.4842 1.9927 0.1026 0.041 *
Tre 0.008793 0.006233 1.4107 1.0968 1.5012 0.1842 0.155
Fru 0.00874 0.004136 2.1129 1.245 1.647 0.2653 0.284
Gln 0.007987 0.001869 4.2746 1.226 0.8586 0.3394 0.045 *
Glu 0.00762 0.001342 5.6778 1.2297 0.8792 0.4101 0.007 **
Dhb 0.007511 0.003147 2.3864 1.1136 0.7681 0.4798 0.184
Gla 0.00585 0.003133 1.8673 0.9406 0.6715 0.5341 0.021 *
Asn 0.005714 0.006386 0.8948 1.2242 1.4067 0.5872 0.53
Suc 0.004751 0.00361 1.3161 1.2378 1.0577 0.6312 0.289

Contrast: OM_BM
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Ino 0.009693 0.005087 1.9056 0.5518 0.9977 0.09638 0.001 ***
Dhb 0.008787 0.005021 1.7501 1.1136 0.7094 0.18374 0.052 .
Gln 0.007424 0.005965 1.2445 1.226 0.8866 0.25756 0.079 .
Asn 0.005944 0.00576 1.032 1.2242 1.3408 0.31666 0.462
Glu 0.005596 0.003775 1.4823 1.2297 0.9724 0.3723 0.214
Tre 0.005518 0.004921 1.1215 1.0968 1.2311 0.42717 0.936
Fru 0.004897 0.00345 1.4193 1.245 1.4194 0.47586 0.943
Arg 0.004707 0.002631 1.7891 0.6027 0.5819 0.52266 0.124
Sor 0.004604 0.003601 1.2786 0.8175 0.9254 0.56844 0.023 *
Suc 0.004526 0.003256 1.3901 1.2378 1.283 0.61344 0.343

Contrast: MM_BM
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Glc 0.011407 0.004388 2.5996 1.9927 1.468 0.1197 0.026 *
Ino 0.006814 0.00469 1.453 0.6989 0.9977 0.1912 0.04 *
Tre 0.005871 0.003277 1.7919 1.5012 1.2311 0.2528 0.901
Mal 0.005763 0.003302 1.7452 1.639 1.3821 0.3133 0.853
Gla 0.005547 0.001956 2.8354 0.6715 0.9267 0.3715 0.044 *
Fru 0.005224 0.003421 1.527 1.647 1.4194 0.4263 0.905

Page 249
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Suc 0.005148 0.003176 1.6209 1.0577 1.283 0.4803 0.162
Xyl 0.005083 0.00351 1.4483 1.355 1.1958 0.5337 0.422
Ala 0.005049 0.002595 1.9453 0.63 0.857 0.5866 0.009 **
Gln 0.00483 0.003036 1.5906 0.8586 0.8866 0.6373 0.741

Table 11: Most important substrates for discriminating soil types in cropland land uses.

Contrast: OC_MC
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Cit 0.034548 0.034405 1.004 0.8349 2.3994 0.2809 0.023 *
Asn 0.010027 0.006785 1.478 1.5155 1.0542 0.3625 0.018 *
Gln 0.008532 0.003093 2.758 1.1401 0.7477 0.4318 0.016 *
Fru 0.00606 0.002944 2.058 1.3572 1.4636 0.4811 0.764
Dhb 0.005931 0.004048 1.465 0.8985 0.6426 0.5293 0.68
Glu 0.005917 0.002833 2.088 1.064 0.7918 0.5775 0.106
Glc 0.00512 0.003479 1.472 1.6793 1.5337 0.6191 0.958

Contrast: OC_BC
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Fru 0.014132 0.003776 3.742 1.3572 2.0073 0.1395 0.001 ***
Glc 0.010508 0.005319 1.976 1.6793 2.1466 0.2431 0.062 .
Dhb 0.009972 0.003739 2.667 0.8985 0.4398 0.3415 0.01 **
Gln 0.007678 0.002321 3.308 1.1401 0.787 0.4173 0.065 .
Glu 0.007057 0.002239 3.152 1.064 0.7393 0.4869 0.024 *
Asn 0.006646 0.002729 2.435 1.5155 1.2098 0.5525 0.31
Xyl 0.005975 0.003467 1.723 1.3008 1.5552 0.6115 0.178
Ara 0.005292 0.002273 2.328 0.9143 1.1578 0.6637 0.004 **
Gal 0.005207 0.001884 2.764 0.8392 1.0787 0.7151 0.008 **
Lys 0.004054 0.001517 2.672 0.4724 0.2859 0.7551 0.002 **

Contrast: MC_BC
average sd ratio ava avb cumsum p signif.
Cit 0.035243 0.034734 1.015 2.3994 0.7887 0.2722 0.013 *
Glc 0.013326 0.006145 2.168 1.5337 2.1466 0.3751 0.006 **
Fru 0.011819 0.007325 1.614 1.4636 2.0073 0.4664 0.019 *
Xyl 0.007456 0.004189 1.78 1.2378 1.5552 0.524 0.019 *
Asn 0.006009 0.003928 1.53 1.0542 1.2098 0.5704 0.428
Mal 0.005682 0.003523 1.613 1.8128 2.0742 0.6143 0.867
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05
Permutation: free
Number of permutations: 999

Excessive use of fertilizer in soil impacts negatively the soil’s microbiome. To keep control of soil health
from arable land there it’s a continuous investigation in the soil respiration between arable soil from
specific locations in Hungary and the closest grassland to the previous, with the same type of soil to get
more close accurate results. Four samples from arenosols were being used for cropping; four samples of
arenosols from grassland; four samples from chernozem soils use for cropping; 4 samples from

Page 250
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 chernozem soils from grassland; 4 samples from cambiosols for cropping; and 4 samples from cambisols
from grassland. Each type of soil contains different physical characteristics; therefore, they will have
different biological properties, consequently, their soil respiration will differ regardless if they are used
for the same purpose or not.
The method that decided to use for the measurement of the soil’s CO2 was MicroRespTM.
The CO2 of the soil samples had to be measured with their original moisture, then dry it out; and then
measure again without the moisture. To measure the results from the MicroResp it was necessary to use
a spectrophotometer, the data collected by it went into the program R statistics version 4.0.3. (R Core
Team, 2018) to interpret the results into statistical box & whisker plots. We were able to confirm that the
use of fertilizers does indeed affect the soil microorganisms' presence, therefore, reducing the soil
respiration.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, our study focused on comparing cropland and grassland land uses across three different
soil types (Arenosols, Chernozems, and Cambisols) by examining soil microbial respiration as an
indicator of soil quality. The research was conducted in May 2022, and a total of 24 soil samples were
collected from the upper soil layer (0-20 cm) at the Institute for Soil Sciences in Budapest, Hungary. The
MicroResp technique was employed to analyze the catabolic level physiological profile (CLPP) of soil
microbial communities.
Our findings revealed significant differences in basal respiration and cumulative substrate-induced
respiration between grassland and cropland, regardless of the soil type. Grasslands exhibited higher
respiration rates compared to croplands across all soil types investigated. Additionally, the Inverse
Simpson index, a measure of biodiversity, was also higher in grasslands, although the difference was
only statistically significant in Balatoncsicso (Cambisols).
The CLPP analysis demonstrated significant differences among all the sites investigated. This was
confirmed by both the permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and the principal coordinate
analysis. Notably, the discrimination between sites was primarily influenced by substrate respiration
rates. Multiple substrates, rather than a single substrate, had a significant effect on the separation of soil
groups. At least five substrates played a crucial role in distinguishing between the different sites.
These findings highlight the impact of land use on soil microbial respiration and soil quality across
different soil types. Grasslands exhibited higher microbial activity and biodiversity, indicating better soil
health compared to croplands. The CLPP analysis further demonstrated that the microbial communities
in grasslands and croplands differed significantly, emphasizing the importance of land use in shaping soil
microbial composition.
Understanding the relationship between land use, soil microbial respiration, and soil quality is essential
for sustainable land management practices. As humans, we cannot stop depending on the sources that the
earth provides us with, but we have to learn how to take from it without disrupting it. Our study provides
valuable insights into the potential benefits of promoting grassland ecosystems in maintaining and
enhancing soil health. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects of land use on soil
microbial communities and to develop targeted management strategies that can optimize soil quality in
agricultural landscapes. This study has opened my curiosity to find out more about which would be the
best alternative for common fertilizers that do not negatively impact the soil they have been put on to.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was a part of the project supported by Széchenyi 2020 program, the Hungarian
Government, and the European Regional Development Fund “SoilBiom Research Transdisciplinary
Centre of Excellence establishment for development of sustainable soil resources” (GINOP-2.3.2-15-
2016-00056).

Page 251
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 REFERENCES

[1] The James Hutton Institute, "What is MicroRespTM?," The James Hutton Institute, [Online].
Available:
https://www.microresp.com/#:~:text=What%20is%20MicroResp™%3F,in%20a%20small
%20compact%20space.. [Accessed 2023].
[2] Kassambara A. (2020a), "rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R packages
version 0.4.0.," [Online]. Available: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rstatix. [Accessed
2023].
[3] Kassambara A. (2020b), "ggpubr: 'ggplot2' Based Publication Ready Plots. R package version
0.6.0.," [Online]. Available: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr. [Accessed 2023].
[4] Arbizu M.P. (2020), "pairwiseAdonis: Pairwise multilavel comparison using adonis. R package
version 0.4.," [Online]. [Accessed 2023].
[5] Oksanene J. et al. (2020), "vegan: Community Ecology PAckage. R package version 2.5-7,"
[Online]. Available: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan. [Accessed 2023].
[6] R Core Team (2018), "R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R. Foundation
for Statistical Computing , Vienna, Austria," [Online]. Available: https://www.R-project.org/.
[Accessed 2023].
[7] Wickham H. (2016), "ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York,"
[Online]. [Accessed 2023].
[8] H. Wickham, R. François, L. Henry and K. Müller, "A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package
version 1.0.2.," [Online]. Available: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr.
[9] H. Wickham, H. J. and W. Chang, "devtools: Tools to Make Developing R Packages Easier. R
package version 2.3.2.," [Online]. Available: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=devtools.

Page 252
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 A REVIEW ON CLIMATIC CHANGE: CAUSES, IMPACTS ON
WILDFIRES AND HMUAN HEALTH
Yara EzAl Deen SULTAN1, Kanni Raj arumugam PILLA2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Humanities, Vel Tech
Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai-600062, TamilNadu, India
2
Professor, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Humanities, Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai-600062, TamilNadu, India
*
Corresponding Author – Email: [email protected], Mobile: +917305510664

Abstract: A climatic change happens when the climate’s standards undergo critical variations, which causes
perilous problems for the environment and society. Any defect in the climate conditions leads to alter in
humidity, temperature, and precipitation. This process has a detrimental impact on the balance of the
ecosystem. This review article distinguishes two types of climatic change causes: natural and anthropogenic.
As far as natural far natural causes are concerned, harmful gases emission by volcanic eruptions are major
detrimental problems to the environment, rise in average earth temperature and snow melting and in turn rise
of sea level result in changes in the climate metrics which, in turn, lead to disagreeable effects on all forms of
life on the earth. Meanwhile, it is noticeable that anthropogenic effects got more complicated in recent decades.
Human activities have led to an increase in global warming through deforestation, increasing the emission
levels of greenhouse gases, and producing more pollutants to be stuck in the atmosphere and water bodies. This
paper aims at pointing out the relationship between climate change and wildfires specifically. The impact of
climate change on the forest fire and vice versa. It is worth noting the effects of climatic change on the health
of flora and fauna and local people. This review highlights the climate issues and gives a brief conceptual
review of climate change to examine the preeminent and improve human health.

Keywords: Anthropogenic, Wildfires, health, Global warming.

INTRODUCTION

It is apparent that the climate of the Earth has been exceedingly changing; mostly due to
anthropogenic causes that affect all forms of life. Scientists predict that this process is abnormally
influences human life and the infrastructure as well [1]. It is obvious that natural disasters such as
hurricanes, floods, drought, and wildfires have become more common in the last five decades, due to
the planet’s warming that can reach over 0.5°C, with more emissions these events will be more
frequent. It is expected that the warming will increase four times to 4°C which exposes about 80% of
the population all over the world to overheating [2].
The main changes that occur all over the world are those related to the climate and the atmosphere,
including global warming as a result of human activities [3]. So, climate variability, recurrence,
density, period, spatial extent, extreme weather, and climate events are basically the outcomes of
climate change [4]. Globally catastrophic incidents, such as melting glaciers, sea level rise, increasing
temperature, and altering the precipitation system, occur due to climatic change.

Page 253
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Climate change plays an essential role in the balance of the ecosystem and human beings. Since this
phenomenon increased in recent decades, it is worth noting the causes of climate change both
anthropogenically and naturally.
Considering that climate change is the most fundamental health bluster in the twenty-first century,
tackling climate change crucial with regard to health [5]. Global warming, which results from human
emissions of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and other greenhouse gases (GHG). [6].
Consequently, an alteration in the characteristics of the atmosphere is to be observed. [7].
The unpleasant human-made effects on climate have become numerous. These effects have led to
producing extra greenhouse gases, thus releasing more pollutants into the atmosphere. Consistently
increasing human greenhouse gases (GHG) affect the climate globally and regionally. [8]. On the
other hand, natural factors like volcanic eruptions, ice melting, wind speed, etc, give rise to adverse
climate conditions.
The amount of carbon dioxide, methane, and trace gases is increasing in the atmosphere owing to
human actions. As long as the ice in the Arctic Ocean is melting, global warming will get aggregated,
and it will affect forests, agricultural lands and water supplies. Besides, lots of coastal areas will
disappear because of the raising sea level [9].
Changes in the climate would cause the displacement of various species of animals and plants. [10].
As well as this, it is observed that climate change plays a vital part in wildfires, which, in turn,
influences the fire regime that identifies fire spread and severity. Climate change has disagreeable
impacts on the environment and human health. In consonance with World Health Organization
(WHO), climatic change and global warming are the utmost confrontations that humans face in the
twenty-first century [11]. In the case of facing this disaster and reducing its negative effects, we need
to highlight the causes and effects of climate change to reach our target.

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2014, both natural and anthropogenic factors
bring about changes in the ecosystem’s balance and climate change. Any of these factors would
convert the amount of received radiation from the sun, or prevents the heat to escape from the Earth
to space. So, it is important to distinguish between man-made and natural climate change.

❖ Anthropogenic Causes:
Human activities have increased and changed the characteristics of the atmosphere. Such actions
include logging, burning fossil fuel, building roads, agriculture road expansion, industrial activities
etc. All of which contribute to releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere

1- Deforestation:
Forests play an essential role in the Earth’s climate system in various ways. They grab carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and alter it through photosynthesis into the living biomass. Forests are natural
strainers to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Vegetation modulates the temperature
of the surface and air by absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2). Any reduction in the forest area leads to an
increase in the temperature. Thus, increasing the greenery in tropical regions causes more evaporation
that leads to making the weather cooler.
Once the evapotranspiration rises, there will be cooler days. After burning or cutting down the forests,
for different reasons like agricultural purposes, pastoral purposes, urbanization etc, carbon flowing
from the atmosphere to the forests, stops.
Deforestation has recently raised the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Changes in
the flora affect the temperature of the Earth’s surface. Besides, the elimination of the forest cover
converts the patterns of global and regional climate, which causes devastating rainstorms followed
by long and dry seasons [12].

Page 254
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 2- Alters in Land-use:
Changes in land use, the concentration of land use and climate change have taken in land degeneration
and desertification. Converting the way of land use such as forests land use, farms land use, cities
land use etc, affect the amount of reflected sunlight into the space. Unreasonable land use leads to
changing forests to agricultural lands and increasing carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions by 10-50 %
[12].

3- Greenhouse Gases Emissions:

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are essential for the world’s food production. One of these gases
is CO2 which is considered as a major factor in climate change. The sources of Greenhouse gases are
a major prevalent problem than any other environmental ones [13].
The temperature of the surface air of the Earth raises due to greenhouses gases emissions (GHG) [14],
[12]. In the last 25 years, the temperature increased almost everywhere. Globally, more greenhouse
gases emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide) have increased owing to economic
sectors, such as industry, fossil fuel combustion, transportation etc. Fossil fuel is a main source of
greenhouse gases which emits 22% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Increasing the concentration
of CO2 is an essential reason for global warming. [12].
GHG, such as CO2, absorb the surface Earth’s heat. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution,
human activities have led CO2 to grow in the atmosphere by over 40%. This event is accompanied by
a rise in sea level, warming of the ocean, melting of the glacier, and so extreme weather. Continuous
emissions of GHG will cause more climate change and increase the surface Earth’s temperature and
change the regional climate [15].

4- Agricultural Expansion and other human activities:

Using composts that contain Nitrogen leads to an increase in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide
(No2) in the atmosphere causing climate change. The expansion of agricultural lands towards forests
results in negative effects on biodiversity. Other human activities like ranching, filling landfills, using
natural gases etc., lead to a rise in methane (CH4), which is a major factor in climate change. [12].

❖ Natural Causes:
As human activities are the main reason for climate change which influences forest fires, there are
some natural factors that lead to climate change and wildfires.

1- The intensity of the Sun:

The solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth affects the climate. That there are many factors
that influence the reception of heat energy, one of which is the angle of the sun, as it is variable based
on the location, time of day, and season. All of that is associated with Earth’s rotation.

2- Changes in the Earth’s Orbit:

The author pointed out that the Earth’s climate is affected by its position to the Sun. This includes
Earth’s axial angle tilt and the distances between the Earth and the Sun all year around.

3- Volcanic Eruptions:
Molten rocks (Lava) and greenhouse gases (GHG) erupt during volcanic eruptions, which throw dust,
gases and ashes into the atmosphere. Volcanoes release water vapor and carbon dioxide which highly
affect the climate. [12].

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WILDFIRES:

Climate changes heat up the planet, mainly due to human activities as they change the metrics of the
atmosphere, and lead to an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, oceans and ice melting. As
well as this, it has fundamental effects on excessive events [16]. Given that wildfires are one of these
destructive events, it is worth noting that the weather plays a critical role in forest fire incidents and

Page 255
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 growth. The importance of weather in ignition factors, where is lightning a main agent of the forest
fire [17], [18]. On the other hand, the weather determines ignition sources, such as fuel moisture,
which determines the possibility of inflammation and weather the fire will grow or not.
Weather conditions, like temperature, wind speed, rainfall, and relative humidity affect fire spread
[19]. Fire growth results from many variables. However, dry fuel and wind speed are the main factors
for fire propagation [20], [17]. Climate trends have increased fire frequency, which extends to
hundreds of thousands of hectares in large geographic areas, leading to destroying the forest’s
ecosystem, eradicating the biodiversity and extirpating the sources of the forest’s raw materials [21].
Climate change contributes to fires worldwide, which will be the cause of more harsh fires in the next
decade. Since climate change increases, the severity, duration and frequency of forest fires, it leads
to longer fire seasons. Hence, the fast-paced process of ice cover melting and the increasing
temperature lead to an increase in the incidence and intensity of wildfires. It is worth noting that the
increase in temperature causes a high rate of evapotranspiration and reduces humidity [22], [23].
Authors have indicated that there is a relationship between large fires and wind speed. Climate change
gives rise to circuitous results related to forest fires [23], which, in turn, affect vegetation allocation
and human health [23], [20].
Conversely, the risk of pasture and bush wildfires in conditions of climate change is less clear, and
active years of wildfires are associated with positive variables in moisture during the growing season
prior to a year or more of the fire season [2]. It is important to mention that, the major climate variables
affecting wildfires point out a raise in temperature and reduce in precipitation, especially in summer
[24].
The author noted that forests deprivation due to wildfires lead affects the Earth’s ability to absorb
carbon dioxide (CO2) and so cool the climate. Besides, wildfires release greenhouse gases (GHG)
into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) [25].

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH

It is anticipated that climate change will affect human health in the coming decades. It is expected
that the Earth’s surface temperature will increase to 2°C. The authors indicated that climate change
has direct and indirect effects on global health which will be noticeable in food and water insecurity,
threats to shelters and human settlements, population growth and migration, and extreme climate
incidents. In addition, there will be an increase in vector-borne diseases and a rise in fatalities,
especially among elderly people [26].
Since human health is sensitive to variations in relation to the patterns of weather, as mentioned
above, the impacts of climate change are classified into two groups, direct and indirect effects.
Direct effects occur owing to extreme weather incidents, such as changes in rainfall, the temperature,
the occurrence of floods, heat waves, drought, and fires. Indirect effects occur due to crop failures,
migration, food insecurity, higher food prices, etc.
Increasing temperatures have raised the risk of death and illnesses related to rising temperatures.
Local alters in precipitation and temperature led to a change in the distribution of some disease vectors
and water-born illnesses, and decreased food production.
If the climate kept changing as expected, it would lead to a greater risk of death and ailments spread.
As mentioned above, food insecurity, unemployment and low labour productivity of the populations
are all affected by climate change [27], [28]. Besides, the increasing temperature of the sea surface
led to the blooming of the alga which may cause cholera outbreaks [29] and reduce the availability of
potable water [30].
Converts in climate parameters lead to growth in respiratory diseases and death rates among people
who suffer from chronic lung diseases, such as asthma [5], [31], [32], chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), and cardiovascular diseases. Respiratory system diseases grow among children
during heat waves since high temperatures and high humidity cause the emergence of symptoms of
asthma. Similarly, cold weather and exposure to cold conditions lead to infections in the respiratory
system among people that suffer from (COPD) [31], [32]. Some examples of hopw climate change
may affect Health are demonstrated in figure 1.

Page 256
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 1. Examples of how CC may affect Health: Source [33]

CONCLUSION

The influence of volcanoes and changes in the solar activity would result in cooling off rather than
warming over the past 50 years.
Global warming that is being witnessed over the past 150 years matches nearly perfectly what is
expected to occur due to greenhouse gas emissions and other human activities. In other words, the
accurate estimate of the human contribution to modern warming is around 100% as wildfire estimates
show that 85% are human-made. Over the past 100 years, wildfires rose by 57% mostly owing to
climate change.
After covering all climate change causes, and since climate change together with other natural
and human-made health stressors, affect human health and disease spread in numerous ways, which
leads to the extinction of animal and plant species, we need to take action to protect the environment
because we can’t assume how much the negative effects on natural sources are.
We are facing critical issues, and that’s why we need to take precautions towards human activities to
reduce the disagreeable impacts on the environment and health as well.

REFERENCES

[1] S. Caney, “Climate change and the duties of the advantaged,” Crit. Rev. Int. Soc. Polit. Philos.,
vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 203–228, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1080/13698230903326331.
[2] A. L. Westerling and B. P. Bryant, “Climate change and wildfire in California,” Clim. Change,
vol. 87, no. 1 SUPPL, 2007, doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9363-z.
[3] G. D’Amato et al., “Effects on asthma and respiratory allergy of Climate change and air
pollution,” Multidiscip. Respir. Med., vol. 10, no. 1, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1186/s40248-015-
0036-x.
[4] P. K. Thornton, P. J. Ericksen, M. Herrero, and A. J. Challinor, “Climate variability and
vulnerability to climate change: A review,” Global Change Biology, vol. 20, no. 11. pp. 3313–
3328, Nov. 01, 2014. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12581.
[5] J. G. Demain, “Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018,”
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, vol. 18, no. 4. Current Medicine Group LLC 1, Apr. 01,
2018. doi: 10.1007/s11882-018-0777-7.
[6] P. Collier, G. Conway, and T. Venables, “Climate Change and Africa,” 2008.
[7] T. R. Karl and K. E. Trenberth, “Modern Global Climate Change,” Science, vol. 302, no. 5651.
pp. 1719–1723, Dec. 06, 2003. doi: 10.1126/science.1090228.
Page 257
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [8] M. De Sario, K. Katsouyanni, and P. Michelozzi, “Climate change, extreme weather events,
air pollution and respiratory health in Europe,” European Respiratory Journal, vol. 42, no. 3.
pp. 826–843, Sep. 01, 2013. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00074712.
[9] R. A. Houghton and G. M. Woodwell, “Global Climatic Change,” 1989. [Online]. Available:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24987210
[10] S. R. Loarie, P. B. Duffy, H. Hamilton, G. P. Asner, C. B. Field, and D. D. Ackerly, “The
velocity of climate change,” Nature, vol. 462, no. 7276, pp. 1052–1055, Dec. 2009, doi:
10.1038/nature08649.
[11] A. El-Sayed and M. Kamel, “Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence
of diseases,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 27, no. 18. Springer, pp.
22336–22352, Jun. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08896-w.
[12] S. T. Fakana, “Causes of Climate Change: Review Article,” 2020.
[13] R. S. J. Tol, “The Economic Effects of Climate Change.”
[14] “Causes of Climate Change Over the past 1000 years”.
[15] T. Royal Society, “Climate Change: Evidence & Causes 2020.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18373]
[16] K. E. Trenberth, “Climate change caused by human activities is happening and it already has
major consequences,” Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, vol. 36, no. 4. Taylor
and Francis Ltd., pp. 463–481, Oct. 02, 2018. doi: 10.1080/02646811.2018.1450895.
[17] M. D. Flannigan, B. J. Stocks, and B. M. Wotton, “Climate change and forest fires,” 2000.
[18] R. Xu et al., “Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health,” N. Engl. J. Med., 2020.
[19] M. W. Jones, A. Smith, R. Betts, J. G. Canadell, I. C. Prentice, and C. Le Quéré, “Rapid
Response Review using ScienceBrief.org.” [Online]. Available: www.sciencebrief.org
[20] X. Zong, X. Tian, and Y. Yin, “Impacts of climate change on wildfires in Central Asia,”
Forests, vol. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.3390/f11080802.
[21] A. Z. Shvidenko and D. G. Schepaschenko, “Climate change and wildfires in Russia,”
Contemp. Probl. Ecol., vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 683–692, Dec. 2013, doi:
10.1134/S199542551307010X.
[22] J. T. Abatzoglou and A. P. Williams, “Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire
across western US forests,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 113, no. 42, pp. 11770–11775,
Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113.
[23] Y. E. D. Sultan and K. R. A. Pillai, “Wild Fires and Climate Change: Health, Air Quality,
Wild Fires and Causes in India,” Indones. J. Soc. Environ. Issues, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 72–80,
Apr. 2023, doi: 10.47540/ijsei.v4i1.789.
[24] M. Turco, M. C. Llasat, J. von Hardenberg, and A. Provenzale, “Climate change impacts on
wildfires in a Mediterranean environment,” Clim. Change, vol. 125, no. 3–4, pp. 369–380,
2014, doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1183-3.
[25] R. Xu et al., “Wildfires, Global Climate Change, and Human Health,” 2020.
[26] A. Costello et al., “Managing the health effects of climate change. Lancet and University
College London Institute for Global Health Commission,” The Lancet, vol. 373, no. 9676.
Elsevier B.V., pp. 1693–1733, 2009. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1.
[27] A. Woodward et al., “Climate change and health: On the latest IPCC report,” The Lancet, vol.
383, no. 9924. Elsevier B.V., pp. 1185–1189, 2014. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60576-6.
[28] S. Barna, B. Goodman, and F. Mortimer, “The health effects of climate change: What does a
nurse need to know?,” Nurse Educ. Today, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 765–771, Oct. 2012, doi:
10.1016/j.nedt.2012.05.012.
[29] A. Haines and J. A. Patz, “Health Effects of Climate Change.” [Online]. Available:
www.jama.com
[30] J. Barnett, “Security and climate change,” 2003.
[31] G. D’Amato, L. Cecchi, M. D’Amato, and I. Annesi-Maesano, “Climate change and
respiratory diseases,” Eur. Respir. Rev., vol. 23, no. 132, pp. 161–169, Jun. 2014, doi:
10.1183/09059180.00001714.
[32] M. Franchini and P. M. Mannucci, “Impact on human health of climate changes,” European
Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1. Elsevier B.V., pp. 1–5, Jan. 01, 2015. doi:

Page 258
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.12.008.
[33] W. J. Fisk, “Review of Some Effects of Climate Change on Indoor Environmental Quality and
Health and Associated No-Regrets Mitigation Measures,” 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/

Page 259
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 A RELATION BETWEEN EXTREME DAILY
PRECIPITATION AND EXTREME SHORT-TERM
PRECIPITATION
Yanina L. ROMERO1*, Janette BESSEMBINDER2, Nick van de GIESEN3, Frans van
de VEN3
1
Beuningen, The Netherlands, [email protected]
2
Climate Services, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands
3
Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract: The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has published the KNMI’06 climate
scenarios in 2006. These scenarios give the possible states of the climate in The Netherlands for the
next century. Projections of changes in precipitation were made for a time scale of 1 day. The urban
drainage sector is, however, more interested in projections on shorter time scales. Specifically, time
scales of 1 hour or less. The aim of this research is to provide projections of precipitation at these
shorter time scales based on the available daily scenarios. This involves an analysis of climate
variables and their relations to precipitation at different time scales. On the basis of this analysis, one
can determine a numeric factor to translate daily projections into shorter time scale projections.

Keywords: correlation, extreme, precipitation, ratio, urban, variables

INTRODUCTION

Rising temperatures are generally expected to be accompanied by increases in rainfall intensities at

mid- and high latitudes [1], [2]. Urban areas are especially vulnerable to increased rainfall intensities,
especially during convective summer storms [3], [4], [5]. Regional impacts will differ from average
climate predictions, which make regional studies necessary, such as this one for The Netherlands. The
goal of this study is to examine the impact of possible climate change on rainfall intensities at a time
scale of 1 h.
The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) developed four KNMI'06 climate scenarios
that provide information on projected changes in daily precipitation. These scenarios are based on a
large number of global and regional climate models. For urban drainage design, daily precipitation is
less relevant; critical response times of storm sewerage and surface drains are in the order of minutes
to hours [3], [6]. Regional climate model output on peak precipitation for shorter time scales is not
(yet) reliable enough to allow for a publishable estimate. Therefore, a new method was developed to
study the relation between daily and shorter time interval precipitation from historical data. The
objective is to use variables available in the KNMI’06 scenarios to obtain conditional relations between
daily and shorter interval precipitation. If it can be assumed that these relations will remain more or
less the same in the future, estimates could also be made for short term peak precipitation in the future.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Page 260
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The applied methodology involves selection of climate variables that are likely to affect rainfall
intensities at the desired short time scales, acquisition and selection of historical data, and the analysis
of correlations between variables available in the KNMI’06 scenarios and the ratio of 1 h and daily
precipitation. The selection of the KNMI’06 scenarios is based on two steering parameters: change in
global mean temperature and change in air circulation pattern. This resulted in four scenarios shown in
Fig. 1. The scenarios span a large part of the uncertainty about our future climate, and they are a
translation of larger scale climate change projections to climate change in The Netherlands. It was first
assumed at KNMI in 2007 that extreme hourly rainfall would change in the same way as the extreme
daily rainfall. This research aimed at checking this hypothesis and providing a further elaboration of
the KNMI’06 scenarios with information about hourly precipitation extremes and quantification
thereof. Explanatory climate variables that could be linked to the steering parameters in the KNMI'06
scenarios were selected to this end. These variables were then analyzed with hourly and daily
precipitation.

Figure 5: The Four KNMI'06 Climate Scenarios [7]

SELECTION OF CLIMATE VARIABLES

The main variables that, a priori, could have an influence on extreme precipitation include:
• wind (speed, direction) or wind at higher altitudes
• air temperature
• humidity
• air pressure
• sea-surface temperature (The Netherlands)
Based on literature study and expert consultation, wind direction and maximum daily air temperature
were chosen to be used for further analysis. Some studies conducted in the Iberian Peninsula and the
British Isles have led to the conclusion that a correlation exists between wind or atmospheric circulation
and extreme precipitation [8], [9], [10]. KNMI concluded that wind direction but not wind velocity was
an indicator for precipitation [11]. Wind direction or, better, geostrophic circulation (wind at higher
altitudes) could be an explanatory climate variable linked with differences between the KNMI'06
scenarios. The wind direction at higher altitudes determines from where air masses are transported to
The Netherlands, for example from over the ocean (generally moist) or over land (in summer often dry
and warm). Rain cloud formation is often caused by south-westerly circulation, corresponding to a
limited range of G-West values. Under such circulation patterns, warmer air from the Mediterranean
region is transferred to The Netherlands after absorbing moisture over the North Sea. At the surface

Page 261
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 the wind direction can be different, due to friction. G-west is a measure used at KNMI to quantify
geostrophic wind from westerly direction. G-West is the magnitude of the velocity of the wind coming
from the west at 270°. A negative value of -2.6 m/s would correspond to a wind coming from the east
at 90° with a speed of 2.6 m/s. G-west is thought to be an important explanatory variable for
precipitation. A data series was compiled based on data from the ERA-40 database [12] for The
Netherlands and they are available from 1958. G-west is determined six times daily and is derived
from surface pressure. For this study, average daily values are used.
Warm weather has been found to be key for short duration, high intensity rainstorms [3], [13], [14].
Former analysis showed that the annual maxima for 24 h and 4 h mostly occurred during the months
May-September. KNMI experts also indicated that maximum daily temperature could be an
explanatory climate variable that can be linked with differences between the KNMI’06 climate
scenarios. Warmer air can contain more moisture which is favorable for precipitation. Maximum daily
temperature can be used instead of average daily temperature because it can easily be linked to
KNMI’06 climate scenarios, which provide average daily temperature. Based on observations over the
last 30 years, the difference between maximum, minimum, and average daily temperature did not really
change. It is assumed that this relation between maximum, minimum, and average temperatures will
not change in the future.

SELECTION AND VALIDATION OF HISTORICAL DATA

KNMI has an automatic and manual rain gauge network to record precipitation. Until the 1970s,
mechanical pluviographs were used as automatic rain gauges. Pluviographs have since then been
replaced by electronic rain gauges. At the automatic stations, each hour recordings are made, at the
manual stations only once per day. The 60-min precipitation data used in this paper were recorded with
automatic rain gauges because the 60-min precipitation data recorded before 1980 have not yet been
digitized. The quality of the 60-min automatic measurements was checked by comparing their daily
sums with 24-h manual measurements.
At KNMI in The Netherlands, historical precipitation data is available for daily, 1-h and 10-min
observational time segments. Many years of historical data are available for precipitation amounts
daily. In comparison, fewer years of data are available on an hourly basis. Less than 25 years of data
are available for shorter time intervals including 15-min or less. Five to 10 min data is the most
interesting for urban drainage and urban water management. Urban water managers wish to have
information about 10-min precipitation recordings as the characteristic time of urban runoff processes
is of that order of magnitude [3], [15]. However, 10-min recordings are not validated and/or the
available number of years is too limited to cover most of the natural variability.
That is why it was decided to use validated 60-min precipitation data recorded at the station De Bilt in
The Netherlands for this research. The station De Bilt was chosen for the long (>50 years) time series
available for both daily and hourly precipitation. A minimum of 30 years of data is generally used to
describe most of the natural variability, but for extreme values preferably even larger time series are
used [16]. In addition, De Bilt is a non-coastal location where there is hardly or no effect of seawater
temperatures on extreme precipitation therefore making it easier to link extreme precipitation to air
temperature and G-west. It is also recognized that urban areas may exacerbate formation of summer
storms [6] due to the urban heat island and that this effect is also not reflected in the time series of De
Bilt.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

The analysis consists of three parts. First, an exploratory analysis of the correlation between temperatures and
precipitation extremes is put forward. Second, a similar analysis concerning the correlation between circulation
patterns (G-west) and precipitation extremes is given. Finally, the ratio between daily and hourly precipitation as
a function of maximum daily temperature and G-west is given, which allows for temporal downscaling on the basis
of climate projections.

Page 262
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 RESULTS

Temperature and precipitation extremes

A visual technique was used to obtain a first idea of how maximum daily temperature and G-west
correlate with daily precipitation. Scatter plots were made using other climate variables to obtain a
sense of when and under which circumstances extreme precipitation occurs. Raw data hardly show a
relation between daily precipitation and maximum daily temperature.
Based on the data series 1958-2006, Fig. 2 presents a scatter plot of maximum daily temperature versus
maximum hourly precipitation per day. It shows no clear relation between precipitation and
temperature. However, the maximum values seem to have some relation with temperature. An
interesting point is that extreme hourly precipitation amounts of more than 20 mm (shown in Fig. 2)
do indeed occur during warmer temperature days of 20ºC and above. However, in a plot of the annual
maximum precipitation against temperature, there is no clear relation. Annual maxima often occur
during the summer half of the year with relatively high temperature [17]. The main focus of this
research is extreme precipitation and therefore these months will be analyzed further.

Figure 6: Maximum daily temperature vs. maximum hourly precipitation per day for De Bilt
1958-2006. Green line is the linear regression value of 0.0048

Circulation and precipitation

The second explanatory variable for climate change in The Netherlands is G-west. As mentioned
earlier, G-west is derived from surface pressure. Fig. 3 shows a scatter plot of G-west and daily
precipitation for De Bilt during summer months June, July, and August. Fig. 4 is a plot of G-west and
maximum hourly precipitation per day.

Page 263
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 7: Daily average G-west vs. daily precipitation for summer months (De Bilt 1958-2006).
Green line is the linear regression with a regression coefficient r2=0.015

Figure 8: Daily average G-west vs. maximum hourly precipitation per day for summer months
(De Bilt 1958-2006). Green line is the linear regression value with a regression coefficient
r2=0.0048

Both Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show that extreme daily precipitation and extreme maximum hourly precipitation
per day occurred with a G-west value close to 0 m/s. This suggests that daily maxima and hourly maxima
may occur during the same or similar meteorological conditions. Correlation between maximum daily
temperature and G-west was not significant (>95% confidence). Therefore, we can assume for the
remainder of this analysis that maximum daily temperature and G-west are independent of each other.

Page 264
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Correlations between daily and hourly precipitation and climate variables
Since we are interested in extreme hourly rainfall and we only have information about the change of
extreme daily rainfall in case of climate change we decided to investigate the ratio between maximum
hourly versus daily rainfall in relation to temperature and G-west. We also determined the quantiles.
Primarily the upper quantiles: 90%, 95%, and 99% are of interest to us, as these indicate extremes of
the recorded daily and hourly precipitation versus maximum daily temperature and versus G-west
respectively.
Fig. 5 shows a frequency representation (lower part of figure) of two climate parameters: maximum
daily temperature and amount of precipitation (only wet days). The data represent the summer months
May, June, July, August, and September for the years 1958-2006. In the upper half of Fig. 5, lines
indicate the percentage of data that are below the line (90% quantiles equals 90% below, 10% above).
Fig. 6 shows maximum daily temperature versus maximum hourly precipitation per day. Both figures
allow for a comparison of maximum daily temperature with hourly and daily precipitation.
Below the horizontal axis, a histogram represents the frequency of the data. For both figures, more hours
or days of precipitation occur with a maximum daily temperature value between 15ºC and 20ºC, at
higher temperatures maximum hourly precipitation seems to increase with temperature. This is not
clearly the case for daily precipitation. This is in line with our expectation that extreme precipitation is
generally occurring during warmer days.
Fig. 7 presents a frequency representation of daily G-west and precipitation (only wet days). Fig. 8
shows G-west versus maximum hourly precipitation per day. Both plots show that more hours or days
of precipitation occur with a G-west value of approximately 5 m/s.

Figure 9: Maximum daily temperature vs. daily precipitation for summer months (May-
September)

Page 265
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 10: Maximum daily temperature vs. maximum hourly precipitation per day for summer
months (May-September)

Figure 11: G-west vs. daily precipitation for summer months (May until and including
September)

Page 266
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 12: G-west vs. maximum hourly precipitation per day for summer months (May until
and including September)

In the next step of our analysis, we started comparing points on the percentile lines for daily versus
hourly precipitation. So we took the value of e.g. the 95% line of Figs. 5 and 6 for the same temperature
and determined the ratio of daily versus hourly rainfall. We did this for the whole range of temperatures
from 10-29°C. And a similar analysis was made for G-west.
Fig. 9 is a plot of the relation between daily and maximum hourly precipitation in relation to maximum
daily temperature plotted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. The thin-dashed line is the 95% ratio. This was constructed
by dividing the 95% percentile line for daily precipitation (Fig. 5) by the 95% percentile line for hourly
precipitation (Fig. 6). If we assume a linear relation between these data points, the result is the bold-
dashed line which gives the ratio of daily to maximum hourly precipitation versus maximum daily
temperature. A change in ratio indicates a different relation with maximum daily temperature and
therefore a different relation between daily and hourly precipitation. The linear equation for the bold-
dashed line in Fig. 9 is,

y95 = -0.16x95 + 5.59

x = maximum temperature in °C
y= ratio of daily to hourly precipitation

A similar calculation was made for the 99% percentile line ratio, which is represented by the solid line.
The linear equation for the solid line is,

y99 = -0.18x99 + 5.78

Page 267
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 13: Daily/maximum hourly precipitation ratio in relation to maximum daily temperature
for summer months (May-September). The bold-dashed line is the regression value of 0.69. The
solid line is the regression value of 0.71

Fig. 10 is a similar representation as shown in Fig. 9, but now in relation to G-west. The bold-dashed
line gives the ratio of daily to hourly precipitation for 95% percentile line versus G-west;

y95 = 0.09x95 + 1.99

x = G-west in m/s
y=ratio of daily to hourly precipitation

The same was done for the 99% percentile line ratio (solid line);

y99 = 0.08x99 + 1.92

Page 268
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 14: Daily/maximum hourly precipitation ratios in relation to G-west for summer months
(May-September). The bold-dashed line is the regression value of 0.64. The solid line is the
regression value of 0.57

Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 show that the ratios of extreme daily to hourly precipitation for temperature and G-
west are certainly not constant. The higher the temperature the closer this ratio between daily and
maximum hourly rainfall approaches the value 1 (which means that all daily rainfall occurs within 1 h).
With strong westerly winds, daily rainfall is much higher than the maximum hourly rainfall.
Now, a relation has been established for extreme daily and hourly precipitation with the explanatory
climate variables average daily temperature and G-west. These relations allow us to transform design
storms and existing time series of hourly rainfall to new, synthetic series of rainfall under the assumption
of a certain climate change scenario. Synthetic series or design storms can now be produced with the
aid of the four KNMI’06 climate scenarios using projected daily precipitation, G-West, and maximum
daily temperature.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the KNMI’06 climate scenarios, projections have been made for daily precipitation events for the time
horizons 2050 and 2100. The methodology described above enables us to project these daily precipitation events
into maximum hourly precipitation events. By examining historical data and analysing the relationships between
precipitation, at both daily and maximum hourly time scales, and explanatory climate variables, it was possible to
determine a ratio to apply to daily precipitation projections that result in maximum hourly precipitation projections.
Interestingly, although correlations between explanatory variables and precipitation were relatively weak, the
correlation between explanatory variable and the daily/hourly precipitation ratio is strong. This strong correlation
is the main finding of this paper.
A useful extension of this research would be construction of synthetic maximum hourly precipitation.
This extension would allow us to transform design storms and existing time series of hourly rainfall into
new synthetic series taking into account climate change scenarios. Eventually, as a second extension,
these synthetic data can be used as input for an urban drainage model. With such a drainage model and

Page 269
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 synthetic data for design storms or design series the effects of climate change on the systems’
performance can be assessed and the efficiency of adaptive measures can be investigated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This article was originally published in Climatic Change.

REFERENCES

[1] Meehl, G.A., Arblaster, J.M., Tebaldi, C. Understanding Future Patterns of Increased Precipitation Intensity
in Climate Model Simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32:L18719. DOI:10.1029/2005GL023680
[2] Meehl, G.A., Stocker, T.F. et al Global Climate Projections. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen,
Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. (eds) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp 747-846, Cambridge, UK
[3] Smith, J. A., Baeck, M.L., Morrison, J.E., Sturdevant-Rees, P., Turner-Gillespie, D.F., Bates, P.D. The
Regional Hydrology of Extreme Floods in an Urbanizing Drainage. J. Hydrometeorol., 2002, 3(3):267– 282
[4] Waters, D., Watt, W.E., Marsalek, J., Anderson, B.C. Adaptation of a Storm Drainage System to
Accommodate Increased Rainfall Resulting from Climate Change. J. Environ. Plan. Manag., 2003, 46:755-
770
[5] Kundzewicz, Z.W., Mata, L.J., Arnell, N.W., Döll, P., Kabat, P., Jiménez, B., Miller, K.A., Oki, T., Sen, Z.,
Shiklomanov, I.A. Freshwater Resources and Their Management. In: Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof,
J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E. (eds) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp 173-210, Cambridge, UK
[6] Ntelekos, A.A., Smith, J.A., Baeck, M.L., Krajewski, W.F., Miller, A.J., Goska, R. Extreme
Hydrometeorological Events and the Urban Environment: Dissecting the 7 July 2004 Thunderstorm Over
the Baltimore MD Metropolitan Region. Water Resour. Res., 2008, 44: W08446.
DOI:10.1029/2007WR006346
[7] Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Climate Change Scenarios 2006 for the Netherlands. Scientific
Report, 2006, WR 2006-01. De Bilt, The Netherlands
[8] Phillips, I.D., McGregor, G.R. The Relationship Between Synoptic Scale Airflow Direction and Daily
Rainfall: A Methodology Applied to Devon and Cornwall, South West England. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,
2001, 69:179-198
[9] Gallego, M.C., García, J.A., Vaquero, J.M. The NAO Signal in Daily Rainfall Series Over the Iberian
Peninsula. Clim. Res., 2005, 29:103-109
[10] Mitchell, R.M., Phillips, I.D. Warm Season Extreme Precipitation Events at Sunderland 1940-2000, The
Royal Meteorological Society. Weather, 2006, 61(8)
[11] Overeem, A., Buishand, A., Holleman, I. Rainfall Depth-duration-frequency Curves and Their Uncertainties.
J. Hydrol., 2008, 348:124-134
[12] Lenderink, G., van Meijgaard, E. Increase in Hourly Precipitation Extremes Beyond Expectations from
Temperature Changes. Nature Geoscience, 2008, 1(8)
[13] Doswell, C.A. III, Brooks, H.E., Maddox, R.A. Flash Flood Forecasting: An Ingredients-based
Methodology. Weather Forecast., 1996, 11:560– 581
[14] Chang, C.B. A Case Study of Excessive Rainfall Forecasting. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 1998, 66(3– 4):215–
227
[15] Graf, W.L. Network Characteristics in Suburbanizing Streams. Water Resour. Res., 1977, 13(2):459-463
[16] Heijboer, D., Nellestijn, J. (KNMI), Klimaatatlas Van Nederland, De Normaalperiode 1971-2000. Elmar
B.V., 2002, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
[17] STOWA Statistiek van Extreme Neerslag in Nederland, report nr. 26, Hageman Fulfilment., 2004, Available
from: https://www.stowa.nl/publicaties/statistiek-van-extreme-neerslag-nederland

Page 270
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MAIN ECONOMIC FEATURES OF FRANCE BETWEEN 2019 AND
2023
ZSARNÓCZAI, J. Sándor1,2 - LENTNER, Csaba3
1
Leading Researcher, University of Public Service, Budapest, Faculty of Governmental and
International Studies, Kálmán Széll Public Finance Pub, Ludovika tér 2., Budapest, Hungary
2
Óbuda University, Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering Institute
of Environmental Engineering, Doberdó u. 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary,
e-mail: [email protected]
1,3
Professor, Director, University of Public Service, Budapest, Faculty of Governmental and
International Studies, Kálmán Széll Public Finance Pub, Ludovika tér 2., Budapest, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The study overviews the main economic variables as features of France between 2019 and
2023, naturally the data concerning 2023 are estimated. The main variables of this study are real
GDP, domestic demand, private consumption, public consumption, gross fixed investment, gross
national savings, gross domestic investment, general government balance as budget and general
government gross debt in percent of GDP. Also, the study emphasizes the employment issue based on
the employment, and unemployment rate. The balance of payment in current account and trade
balance of goods and services based on export and import conditions contribute to main economic
conditions of the France economy. According to above-mentioned economic variables the role and
importance of France can be characterised by foreign direct investment as net balance and the net
international investment position in percent of GDP of France. The statistical methods are wide-sidle
needed for discovering main correlations among different economic variables. The public financial
issues have recently been going wrong in France which can be proofed that the negative general
government balance as budget increased from 3.1% in 2019 to 5.3% in 2023 and the general
government gross debt increased to level of 97.4% in 2019 and 112% in percent of GDP. The
unemployment decreased from 8.4% in 2019 and to 7.6% in 2023, which decrease was little measure
than the level required by the policymakers. It can be summarised that the French economy has not
strengthened for the lates period from point of view of public financial conditions and net
international investment position. The solution is for escaping from negative economic trends to
increase the innovative investment and to strengthen the international economic conditions of France.

Keywords: domestic demand, employment, general government balance, general government gross
debt, international economic conditions, private consumption

INTRODUCTION

Objective of the study is very recent and actual, because France as a mean leading and establishing
economy in the EU-27, in G-7 countries including United States and Canada and member state of OECD
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries as highly developed economies
of the world economy. Recently economic conditions have been wronging in France, because mostly

Page 271
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
the global economic crisis based on the medical and energy difficulties, which last one was resulted by
the Russian war in Ukraine from the beginning of 2022. Governments need agile fiscal policies as food and
fuel prices spike spending imperatives from pandemic and war meet high debt and tight budget constraints
[1].
The study analyses the latest economic conditions of France by using statistical analysing methods. The
study overviews the main economic variables as features of France between 2019 and 2023, naturally
the data concerning 2023 are estimated. The main variables which are focused on by the study concern
the real GDP, domestic demand, private consumption, public consumption, gross fixed investment,
gross national savings, gross domestic investment, general government balance as budget and general
government gross debt in percent of GDP. Also, the study emphasizes the employment issue based on
the employment, and unemployment rate. The balance of payment in current account and trade balance
of goods and services based on export and import conditions contribute to main economic conditions of
the France economy. According to above-mentioned economic variables the role and importance of
France can be characterised by foreign direct investment as net balance and the net international
investment position in percent of GDP of France. The latest data base used by this study come from
Eurostat, France statistical offices and International Monetary Fund.
Because of increasing trends of debt-conditions even in France, the role of bank sector became more
important accompanying with technical improvement for the faster financial transfer, as Csiszárik-
Kocsir (2021) [2] declared that since the mid-2010s smartphones have become more popular. From this
point of view customers follow bank selection concerning the value-based analysis of the financial issues
and their financial management [3], [4].
The increasing financial transfers of either population or companies the national banks have more
intensive role, which can be proofed by growth credit program of the and credit-installation assets of
the National Bank of Hungary (MNB = Magyar Nemzeti Bank = National Bank of Hungary, 2016) [5].
The growth credit program launched by the National Bank of Hungary is the low -interest funding with
the provision of interest reductions implemented - promoted the recovery of the small and medium
entrepreneur (SME) sector lending, thereby supporting the SME sector growth. In addition, the program
for the recruitment of investment or this program could also contribute to the reduction of corporate
bankruptcy and liquidations, so the program could also help raise growth potential [5], [6]. We need to
switch to an intensive growth model. The Hungarian economic model of the last decade has been an
extensive model with intensive features. Sources of extensive growth are increasingly drowned. Success
can only be made to exploit intensive growth sources. During the transition, the results achieved so far
must be preserved. In addition to maintaining full employment to improve productivity, high in addition
to the investment rate, the proportion of smart investments is needed. The technological and green
transition, as well as the total digital turnaround, cannot be postponed in 11. Point [7]. According to
the EU Nyikos-Kondor (2022) [8] declared that their original setup and objectives are already in
accordance with the new expectations, and they invest mostly in economic sectors that the new taxonomy
system classifies as sustainable.
Halmai (2022) [9] points to difficulties of euro when he analysed the unsustainable balance of the EMU
(European Monetary Union) and stated that despite the progress of recent years, the EMU 1.0 remains
an unsustainable balance. Its main characteristics are the lack of the financial union (deficiencies in
the Banking Union and the Association of Capital Markets) and the lack of central fiscal stabilization
function. In this context, the system does not contain a satisfactory mechanism of movement either at
the private or government level [9].
Additionally, to the above mentioned, the net international investment position (NIIP) measures the
gap between a nation’s stock of foreign assets and a foreigner's stock of that nation's assets.
Essentially, it can be viewed as a nation’s balance sheet with the rest of the world at a specific point in
time.
• A net international investment position (NIIP) measures the gap between a nation’s stock of foreign
assets and a foreigner's stock of that nation's assets.
• It can be viewed as a nation’s balance sheet with the rest of the world at a specific point in time.
• A nation with a positive NIIP is a creditor nation, while a nation with a negative NIIP is a debtor
nation [10].

Page 272
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
• The NIIP position is an important barometer of a nation’s financial condition and
creditworthiness. A negative NIIP figure indicates that foreign nations own more of the
domestic nation’s assets than the domestic nation does of foreign assets, thus making it
a debtor nation. Conversely, a positive NIIP figure indicates that the domestic nation's
ownership of foreign assets is greater than the foreign nation's ownership of that domestic
nation's assets, thus making it a creditor nation [10].
In the case-study the hypotheses are summarised, which are as follows:
It should be proofed that the real GDP growth (RGDP1) has important correlations with domestic
demand (DoDem2), private consumption (PrivCon3), public consumption (PubCon4), gross fixed
investment (GFixInv5), employment issue (Emp10) and net international investment position in France
(FrNIIP17).
The domestic demand (DoDem2) has any correlations with the private consumption (PrivCon3), public
consumption (PubCon4), gross fixed investment (GFixInv5) and net international investment position
in France (FrNIIP17).
The private consumption (PrivCon3) has considerable correlations with public consumption (PubCon4),
gross fixed investment (GFixInv5), employment issue (Emp10) and net international investment
position in France (FrNIIP17).
It should be proofed that the public consumption (PubCon4) has important correlations with gross fixed
investment (GFixInv5), employment issue (Emp10) and net international investment position in France
(FrNIIP17).
It should be proofed that the gross fixed investment (GFixInv5) has any correlations with gross national
savings (GNaSa6), employment issue (Emp10) and net international investment position in France
(FrNIIP17).
It should be proofed that the gross national savings (GNaSa6) has important correlations with
employment issue (Emp10), current account (BoPay12), trade balance of goods and services (TradeB13)
and net international investment position in France (FrNIIP17).
The above-mentioned correlations should be proofed to clear the economic developing trend in France,
which can show that this trend create better or less favourable economic conditions for France in the
near future. Also, it is important to describe the possible solutions for economic difficulties resulted by
the global economic-financial crisis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The statistical methods are wide side needed for discovering main correlations among different
economic variables. In this case the most favourable statistical method is the SPSS [11]. The study uses
main economic variables as features of France economy. The economic analyse introduces the real GDP
(RGDP1), domestic demand (DoDem2), the private consumption (PrivCon3) and public consumption
(PubCon4). Also, the study focuses on changes of gross fixed investment for extending fixed capital as
machines, equipment, buildings (GFixInv5), gross national savings (GNaSa6), gross domestic
investment (GDoInv7). The analyses overview main financial issues as general government balance
(GGovBal8), general government gross debt (GGovDebt9) and current account (BoPay12) in percent
of GDP, which show the financial dependence on national and international financial resources. The
employment issues are based on data concerning changes in fields of employment and unemployment
conditions (Emp10) (UnEmpl11).
The trade balance of goods and services in percent of GDP (TradeB13) can also contribute to change of
the balance of payment based on the exports of goods and services (Export14) and imports of goods and
services (Import15) in percent of GDP. The study analyses the foreign direct investment (FDI16) as net
international investment position in France (FrNIIP17) in percent in GDP.
The study analyses correlations among economic variables concerning their importance of the economy
of France in different years and principal component analysis concerning rotation method as varimax
with Kaiser normalization within the SPSS statistical analyse. The correlations among economic
variables can be very strong if the value is between 0.800 and 1.000 (80%-100%), if the value is between
0.500 and 0.800 (50%-80%) the correlations are titled as strong. Under the level of value 0.500 (50%)
Page 273
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
correlations are not important for analysing. In some cases, values of economic variables are negative,
which means that these economic variables are inversely proportional to the other positive variables, but
the negative variables are direct proportional to themselves (Table 2 and Table 3).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Table 1. France: Selected Economic Indicators, 2019–27 (In percent of GDP unless otherwise
indicated)
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023*
Real economy (change in percent)
RGDP1 1.9 -7.9 6.8 2.6 0.7
DoDem2 2.1 -6.7 6.6 3.1 0.5
PrivCon3 1.8 -6.8 5.3 2.6 0.5
PubCon4 1.0 -4.0 6.4 2.3 0.3
GFixInv5 4.2 -8.4 11.3 2.2 0.5
In percent of GDP
GNaSa6 24.9 21.8 24.9 23.5 21.9
GDoInv7 24.4 23.6 24.6 25.0 23.5
Public finance (percent of GDP)
GGovBal8 -3.1 -9.0 -6.5 -5.0 -5.3
GGovDebt9 97.4 114.7 112.6 111.6 112.0
Labour market (change in percent)
Emp10 0.8 -0.3 1.7 0.4 -0.1
UnEmpl11 8.4 8.0 7.9 7.5 7.6
Balance of payments (percent of GDP)
BoPay12 0.5 -1.8 0.4 -1.5 -1.6
TradeB13 -0.9 -1.8 -1.2 -1.7 -1.5
Export14 32.7 28.4 31.2 39.3 40.7
Import15 -33.6 -30.2 -32.4 -41.1 -42.2
FDI16 1.1 0.2 -0.4 0.4 0.8
France - Net international investment position (percent of GDP)
FrNIIP17 -30.0 -23.2 -30.7 -32.1 -26.2
Sources: Haver Analytics, INSEE, Banque de France, and IMF Staff calculations, Trading Economics
[12], IMF (International Monetary Fund, January 2023): Country Report No. 23/56, FRANCE. 2022
ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION - Press Release; Staff Report; Statement by the Executive Director
for France [13].
* In 2023 data are estimated
Values reflect lockdown-related losses in value added due to public services not provided during the
lockdown in 2020

Note for economic variables in the study in percent between 2019-2023:

RGDP1 Real GDP
DoDem2 Domestic demand
PrivCon3 Private consumption
PubCon4 Public consumption
GFixInv5 Gross fixed investment
GNaSa6 Gross national savings (percent of GDP)
GDoInv7 Gross domestic investment (percent of GDP)
GGovBal8 General government balance (percent of GDP)
(minus) GGovDebt9 General government gross debt (percent of GDP)
Emp10 Employment
UnEmpl11 Unemployment rate

Page 274
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 BoPay12 Current account (percent of GDP)
TradeB13 Trade balance of goods and services (percent of GDP)
(minus) Export14 Exports of goods and services (percent of GDP)
Import15 Imports of goods and services (percent of GDP)
FDI16 = FDI (net) Foreign Direct Investment (percent of GDP)
(minus) FrNIIP17 NIIP (percent in GDP), France - Net international investment position

Table 2. Correlation Matrixa

R Pu G E Un Bo Tra F Fr
Correl G Do Pri bC GF Na GD GG GG m Em Pa de Ex Im D NII
ation D De vC on ixI Sa oIn ovB ovD p1 pl1 y1 B1 por por I1 P1
P1 m2 on3 4 nv5 6 v7 al8 ebt9 0 1 2 3 t14 t15 6 7
RG - - -
1.0 .99 .99 .97 .97 .75 .66 .59 - .8 - .65 .58 .34
DP1 .29 .1 .85
00 8 7 0 5 7 8 7 .243 37 .131 3 9 3
9 88 9
Do - - -
1.0 .99 .97 .97 .77 .71 .58 - .8 - .65 .57 .32
De .27 .2 .88
00 7 4 3 8 3 8 .241 50 .128 6 5 1
m2 8 10 5
Priv - - -
1.0 .95 .96 .76 .69 .63 - .8 - .63 .58 .37
Con .33 .1 .88
00 6 1 0 8 8 .274 15 .140 8 4 9
3 4 42 7
Pub - - -
1.0 .97 .75 .68 .39 - .9 - .64 .50 .18
Con .14 .4 .81
00 3 5 5 6 .081 02 .148 8 1 4
4 8 19 7
GFi - - -
1.0 .83 .62 .52 - .9 .78 .68 .13
xInv .042 .08 .2 .80
00 4 9 0 .279 29 2 5 5
5 6 70 0
GN - - -
1.0 .75 .56 - .9 .92 .80 .25
aSa .460 .20 .1 .80
00 4 1 .597 08 5 1 8
6 7 22 0
GD - - -
1.0 .43 - .6 - .45 .26 .10
oInv .09 .2 .93
00 7 .243 57 .073 0 2 8
7 3 28 3
GG - -
1.0 - .3 .49 .68 .51 .6
ovB .181 .46 .66
00 .803 10 2 4 8 56
al8 4 7
GG - - - - -
1.00 - .03 .36
ovD .2 .64 .81 .09 .6
0 .716 7 4
ebt9 61 8 3 3 86
Em 1. - - -
.87 .67 .26
p10 00 .255 .22 .4 .71
0 8 9
0 6 52 7
UnE -
1.00 .65 .67 .73 .2 .10
mpl .69
0 5 9 9 58 3
11 9
BoP - - -
1.0 .93 .41
ay1 .35 .0 .54
00 1 0
2 0 64 9
Tra - -
1.0 .22 .2
deB .15 .45
00 0 72
13 1 4
Exp - -
1.0 .4
ort1 .99 .32
00 15
4 7 7
a. This matrix is not positive definite.

Sources: Haver Analytics, INSEE, Banque de France [12], and IMF Staff calculations, Trading
Economics, IMF (International Monetary Fund, January 2023): Country Report No. 23/56, FRANCE.
2022 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION—Press Release; Staff Report; Statement by the Executive
Director for France [13]. Owned calculation based on the SPSS

Page 275
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 2. Correlation Matrixa (continued)
R Pri Pu GF G G GG E Un Bo Tr Ex Im F Fr
G Do vC bC ixI Na Do ov GG m Em Pa ade po po D NII
D De on on nv Sa In Bal ovD p1 pl1 y1 B1 rt1 rt1 I1 P1
P1 m2 3 4 5 6 v7 8 ebt9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Im -
por 1.0 .3 .29
t15 00 8 5
9
FD 1.
Cor
I16 0 .06
rela
0 7
tion
0
Fr
NII 1.0
P1 00
7
a. This matrix is not positive definite.

Sources: Haver Analytics, INSEE, Banque de France, and IMF Staff calculations, Trading Economics,
IMF (International Monetary Fund, January 2023): Country Report No. 23/56, FRANCE. 2022
ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION—Press Release; Staff Report; Statement by the Executive Director
for France. [12], [13]. Owned calculation based on the SPSS

Table 3. Rotated Component Matrixa

Component
1 2 3
PubCon4 .986
DoDem2 .977
GFixInv5 .971
RGDP1 .964
PrivCon3 .959
Emp10 .924
FrNIIP17 -.885
GNaSa6 .837
GDoInv7 .779
BoPay12 .702
Import15 .987
Export14 -.974
UnEmpl11 .798
GGovDebt9 -.954
FDI16 .862
GGovBal8 .814
TradeB13 .701
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation
Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.
Sources: Owned calculation based on the SPSS

Page 276
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 1. Regr factor score 1 and 2 based on the economic variables as economic features of years
concerning the principal lines “X” and “Y” in France
Sources: Owned calculation based on the SPSS
Note: The economic variables at line “X”: PubCon4, DoDem2, GFixInv5, RGDP1, PrivCon3, Emp10,
(minus) FrNIIP17, GNaSa6, GDoInv7 and BoPay12
The economic variables at line “Y”: Import15, (minus) Export14 and UnEmpl11

Page 277
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 2. Clustering years based on the Dendrogram using Ward Linkage, rescaled distance cluster
combine in France. Sources: Owned calculation based on the SPSS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Some changing economic features of France

The public financial issues have recently been going wrong in France which can be proofed that the
negative general government balance as budget increased from 3.1% in 2019 to 5.3% in 2023 and the
general government gross debt increased 97.4% in 2019 and 112% in percent of GDP. The
unemployment decreased from 8.4% in 2019 and to 7.6% in 2023, which decrease was little measure
than the level required by the policymakers.
Table 2 shows the exact real strong correlations among different economic variables based on the data
base summarised in Table 1. The real GDP growth (RGDP1) increased by 1.9% in 2019, which sharply
declined by 7.9% because of the medical crisis as crown virus started at the beginning of 2020 within a
global wide side crisis. After one year in 2021 the economic growth increased by 6.8%, which has over
flown the level of 2019 mostly by three times. But the 2022 brought the Russian war crisis in Ukraine
resulted lower decreasing trend by 2.6% less than growing level of 2021 and only little more than the
level of 2019. The economic experts estimated as prognoses for real GDP growth only 0.7% by the end
of 2023. This estimated trend shows that the economic decline will be continuing and result less
favourable economic growth that this was in 2019. It seems that economic conditions of France will be
more favourable than this was before global crisis.
Naturally the decline of GDP growth resulted by less gross fixed investment (GFixInv5), which was
increasing by 4.2% in 2019, which has decreased by 8.4% in 2020 for only one year in France. In spite

Page 278
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
that the investment increased by 11.3% in 2021, but the war-crisis condition resulted less further
increasing trend by only 2.2% in 2022, which mostly half of growing trend in 20219. The economic
estimation signed more decline by 0.5% comparably to result of 2019 and therefore the gross fixed
investment continuously decreased, which makes more unfavourable conditions for the real GDP
growth. Because of the negative declining trend of gross fixed investment, the domestic demand
(DoDem2) decreased from the increasing level by 2.1% in 2019 to the level of 3.1% level by the end of
2022. The domestic level sharply decreased by 6.7% in 2020, as medical crisis year and by the end of
2022 as first Russian war year increased by 3.1%. In spite that this increase was little more than the level
of 2019, but the estimation is further less increasing trend by 0.5% in 2023, which shows the deeper
unfavourable economic growth in France. According to the unfavourable little increasing trend in the
field of the domestic demand the estimations for growing trend in fields of private consumption
(PrivCon3) and public consumption (PubCon4) also show less favourable increasing trend by the end
of 2023. The private consumption increased by 1.8% in 2019 and sharply decreased by 6.8% in medical
crisis year 2020. Also, the private consumption little increased by 2.6% in 2022 comparably to the
increasing trend by 5.3% in 2021 and finally by the end of 2023 the little increasing trend of the private
consumption will be by 0.5% as much as little trend of the gross fixed consumption. The public
consumption (PubCon4) also was not in favourable conditions, because originally its increasing trend
was by only 1% in 2019 before the global crisis and decreased by 4% in medical crisis year 2020 and
moderately increased by 2.3% in Russian war year 2022. The negative trend also was in the field of the
public consumption by only little increase by 0.3% in 2023 based on the estimations.
The private consumption decreased or little increased because of the gross fixed investment decreased
therefore the work jobs also decreased and the purchase power parity of the population decreased.
Also, the public consumption decreased because of revenues of central governmental budget decreased
therefore the public investment and consumption decreased.
The little increase of real GDP growth and the gross fixed investment made a negative impact on the
employment issue in France in the researched period. Therefore, the employment, which increased
mostly 0.8% in 2019, decreased by 0.3% in 2020 and increased only by 0.4% in 2022 as half measure
of increasing trend in 2019. The war crisis also resulted further decline 0.1% for the employment rate
by the end of 2023 according to the economic estimation of IMF.
The considerable decline in field of gross fixed investment had impact on the net international
investment position of populations and firms in France (FrNIIP17). Therefore, activity of foreign
investors increased in their investment in France, while the national investors of France decreased their
investment activities out of France as “rest of the world”, which resulted their less portion in the field
of the net international investment position as negative portion of 23.2% in 2020 and estimated negative
26.2% by the end of 2023. Relatively the foreign investments in France were more favourable than the
national investment of France in rest of the world, therefore it can be hope that the employment rate will
not considerably decrease in France.
According to results of the research within the researched period the Table 2 strengthened the real
economic conditions based on the correlations among the economic variables.
There are very strong correlations of real GDP growth (RGDP1) with domestic demand (DoDem2) by
0.998 (99.8%), private consumption (PrivCon3) by 0.997 (99.7%), public consumption (PubCon4) by
0.990 (99%), gross fixed investment (GFixInv5) by 0.975 (97.5%), employment (Empl10) by 0.837
(83.7%) and with net international investment position in France (FrNIIP17) by minus 0.859 (-85.9%).
This last one means that if the net international position of foreign investors in France increases against
the international position of domestic investors out of France the real GDP growth increases. Finally,
this means that basically the domestic investors in rest of the world, as out of France can less increase
than the foreign investors in France, but this can lead to increase of real GDP in France. In spite that the
correlation between these two economic variables is contradictory, the increasing negative net
international investment position can make more favourable conditions for increasing real GDP growth
in France. The more negative net international investment position in share of GDP of France can
stimulate more real GDP growth. From other point of view, it can be declared that the lack of domestic
investors in France can be covered by the more intensive foreign investors in France.
Based on the above-mentioned correlations the private consumption (PrivCon3) has also very strong
correlations with public consumption (PubCon4) by 0.956 (95.6%), gross fixed investment (GFixInv5)

Page 279
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
by minus 0.961 (-96.1%), employment issue (Emp10) by 0.815 (81.5%) and net international investment
position in France (FrNIIP17) by minus 0.887 (-88.7%). Naturally employment conditions are based on
the gross fixed investment by increasing jobs, workplaces, strengthen the power purchase parity leading
to the increasing trends of the private consumption. Generally, the public consumption can grow
similarly with trends of the private consumption because the consumption of the populations has
correlate with infrastructure investment partly in field of the gross fixed investment, for example in
fields of education, health care network, water channel, electricity, fissile energy supply, public transport
and media network.
Therefore, the public consumption (PubCon4) has very strong correlations with gross fixed investment
(GFixInv5) by 0.973 (97.3%), employment issue (Emp10) by 0.902 (90.2%) and net international
investment position in France (FrNIIP17) by minus 0.817 (-81.7%).
Also, it is proofed that the gross fixed investment (GFixInv5) has very strong correlations with gross
national savings (GNaSa6) by 0.834 (83.4%), employment issue (Emp10) by 0.929 (92.9%) and net
international investment position in France (FrNIIP17) by minus 0.800 (-80%).
Also, it is proofed that the gross national savings (GNaSa6) in share of GDP has very strong correlations
with employment issue (Emp10) by 0.908 (90.8%), current account (BoPay12) by 0.925 (92.5%), trade
balance of goods and services (TradeB13) by 0.801 (80.1%) and net international investment position
in France (FrNIIP17) by minus 0.800 (-80%). The gross national savings could increase in France in the
researched period by increasing employment level and the more positive balance of payment trade
balance. Naturally gross national savings can be going on in the negative trend based on the
unfavourable employment, balance of payment and foreign trade.
Generally, gross national savings have moderately been changing for the researched period, because in
the better economic conditions these increased to level of 24.9% in share of GDP in 2019 and in 2021
and in less favourable year decreased to the level of 21.0% in medical crisis of 2020 and to level of
23.5% of GDP and estimated 21.9% in 2023. The savings increased in better income conditions of
populations within the economic prosperity but in less favourable years the savings did not decrease
considerably, because of the consumption decreased therefore savings could increase by little measure.
Gross domestic investment in percent of GDP (GDoInv7) has very strong contradict correlation by minus
0.933 (-93.3%) with net international investment position in France (minus FrNIIP17). This means that
when the foreigner's stock of that nation's assets in France increased more than the nation’s stock of
foreign assets out of France, therefore, the balance of these two sides continuously is a negative value,
as percent of the GDP of France. If this negative value either decreases or increases, this will be
remaining a negative value, because foreigner's stock of that nation's assets in France is more than the
nation’s stock of foreign assets out of France. If the negative value of this balance increases as in share
of GDP of France, because the foreigner's stock of that nation's assets increases, therefore this results
more gross domestic investment in percent of GDP in France. This means that if the nation’s stock of
foreign assets out of France in a value as percent of GDP, the more foreign economic activity results
more increasing trend in field of gross domestic investment in percent of GDP in France. But this more
foreign activity can realise more favourable national economic prosperity in the researched period.
This data concerning net international investment position shows the measure of dependence of the
national economy in field of gross domestic investment from the foreigner's investment.
The gross domestic investment in percent of GDP has moderately been changing for the period of
2019-2023, but value of this domestic investment can decrease resulting GDP decrease in crisis years
as 2020 and 2022-2023. It can be declared that the real GDP growth was very strongly depending on
the net international investment position (in percent of GDP), because when in 2019 the real GDP
increased, also the negative net international investment position increased based on the increasing
activity of foreign investment. In 2021 the real GDP growth increased by 6.8%, therefore the net
international investment position also increased to level of -30.7 in percent of GDP, but the moderate
increase of GDP was 2.6% because of the war Ukrainian conditions, therefore net international
investment position little increased from the level of -30.7% in 2021 to level of -32.1% in share of GDP
in 2022. But this investment can decrease in share of GDP by the end of 2023 based on the economic
estimation. Naturally the net international investment position changed based on result of the global
medical and war-political-financial crisis making negative influences on the global economic prosperity.

Page 280
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
The current account, as balance of payment (BoPay12) has very strong correlation by 0.931 (93.1%)
with the trade balance of goods and services (TradeB13). The balance of payment generally depends on
the balance of foreign trade. In case of France the import value in percent of the GDP increased more
than the value of export in share of GDP, which also resulted the increase of the negative balance of
payment. It can be declared that the balance of payment mostly has changed as well as balance of foreign
trade based on the import volume in share of GDP for the researched period. Because in 2020 negative
balance of foreign trade was 1.8 percent in GDP as much as 1.8% negative balance of payment. Also,
in 2022 and 2023 negative balances of payment and foreign trade were similarly closed to each-other
1.5% and 1.7% in 2022 and estimated 1.6% and 1.5% in 2023.
The negative balance of general government budget (GGovBal8) was at 3.1% in percent of GDP in
2019, which mostly increased by three times to level of 9.0% by the end of 2020 within one year. In
spite that the negative balance decreased to the levels of 6.5% in 2021 and 5.0% in 2022, these were
more than share of 3% of GDP accepted by the EU for introducing euro. The negative balance of general
government budget contributed to increasing the general government debt (GGovDebt9), which show
increasing trend of the government debt from 97.4% in 2019 to 114.7% in 2021. After this year the share
of the general government debt in GDP has not changed considerably, because this was 112.6% in 2021
and 111.6% in 2022. The demand for introducing euro is 60% of GDP in field of general government
debt, but this debt was mostly two times more than the level accepted by the EU. Therefore, the negative
balance of general government budget should decrease as much as it can do. These two economic
variables have very strong correlation by -0.803 (-80.3%). This means that if the negative balance of
general government budget in share of GDP increases the value of general government debt in share of
GDP also decreases. But if the negative balance of general government budget in share of GDP
decreases the general government debt in share of GDP also decreases. This shows that the negative
balance of general government budget has contributed to increasing general government debt in share
of GDP for the researched period (Table 1; Table 2).
Figure 1 shows in the coordinate system different economic variables at line “X”: PubCon4, DoDem2,
GFixInv5, RGDP1, PrivCon3, Emp10, (minus) FrNIIP17, GNaSa6, GDoInv7 and BoPay12, the
economic variables at line “Y”: Import15, (minus) Export14 and UnEmpl11. The different years have
special economic features based on the changing economic conditions in France, which can be followed
in the data base summarised in the Table 1.
The Figure 2 provides the clustering years based on the Dendrogram using Ward Linkage, rescaled
distance cluster combine in France. In this case the years are selected into different clusters based on
their similar or different features. If their features are similar, they can be clustered into one cluster. In
this case study different years can optimally be clustered into three clusters, where first cluster includes
years 2022 and 2023, when the economic crisis can be deeper and more extending. The second cluster
includes years 2019 and 2021, when a moderate economic prosperity was going and the third cluster
includes only one year namely 2020, when the medical crisis resulted sharply decline in economic
conditions.

CONCLUSION AND PROPOSALS

The economic developing trend of France can be clearly seen based on the analysed correlations
among different economic variables in the researched period.
Naturally the real GDP growth has very strong correlation with consumptions either at level of
domestic demand, and public consumption, which can be stimulated by increasing gross fixed
investment. The extending employment can stimulate increasing GDP growth. But in the same period
there is a contradictive very strong correlations between real GDP growth and net international
investment position in percent of GDP in France. In spite that the negative balance of the NIIP in France
increases the real GDP can increase, because the foreigner's stock of that nation's assets increased more
than the nation’s stock of foreign assets. But this means that the foreign capital and foreign investment
are active or more active in domestic economy of France than the national investment out of France.
Therefore, the real GDP can increase, for example in 2021, when the real GDP in France increased by
6.8% and the negative balance of NIIP increased as 30.7%. In 2022 the real GDP increased only by

Page 281
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
2.6% in spite that the negative balance of NIIP was at very highly level 32.1% in France. The real GDP
growth increased little because of the global economic crisis caused by the Russian war.
It can be summarised that the French economy has not been strengthened for the lates period from point
of view of public financial conditions and net international investment position. The solution is for
escaping from the negative economic trends to increase the innovative investment and to strengthen the
international economic conditions of France.

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the National University of Public Service with the support of Kálmán
Széll State Finance Research Workshop

REFERENCES
[1] Fournier, Jean-Marc - Gaspar, Vitor - Medas, Paulo - Perrelli, Roberto Accioly (2022): Governments Need
Agile Fiscal Policies as Food and Fuel Prices Spike. IMFBlog Charts. Letölthető: A kormányoknak agilis
költségvetési politikákra van szükségük, mivel az élelmiszer- és üzemanyagárak megugrottak - IMF Blog
Available at
https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/04/20/blog-fm-govs-need-agile-fiscalpolicies-042022
[2] Csiszárik-Kocsir, Ágnes (2021): Customer Preferences in Bank Selection before and after the Pandemic in
the Light of Financial Culture and Awareness. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica Vol. 18, No. 11, 2021, pp.
151 ‒ 169
[3] Csiszárik-Kocsir, Ágnes- Varga, János- Garai-Fodor, Mónika (2016): The value-based analysis of the
financial culture. The Journal of Macro Trends in Social Science, 2016, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 89-100
[4] Csiszárik-Kocsir, Ágnes (2022): The Present and Future of Banking and New Financial Players in the
Digital Space of the 21st Century. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica Vol. 19, No. 8, 2022, pp. 143-160
[5] MNB (Magyar Nemzeti Bank, 2016): Növekedési hitelprogram. A Magyar Nemzeti Bank hitelösztönző
eszközeinek tapasztalatai 2013-2015. Szerk. (Edited by) Bokor, Csilla – Fábián, Gergyel – Pulai, György.
Nyomda: Prospektus–SPL konzorcium 8200 Veszprém, p. 86 / Growth Credit Program. Experiences of
credit-installation assets of the National Bank of Hungary 2013-2015. Printing House: Prospectus -Spl
Consortium 8200 Veszprém, p. 86
[6] Bauer, Péter (2016): A Növekedési Hitelprogram 2013-2015 évi mikrogazdasági hatásai. (Growth credit
program in 2013-2015 macro-economic effects) pp 46- 59. In Growth Credit Program. Experiences of
credit-installation assets of the National Bank of Hungary 2013-2015. Printing House: Prospectus -Spl
Consortium 8200 Veszprém, p. 86
[7] MNB (2022 May): A Fenntartható egyensúly és felzárkózás 144 pontja
https://www.mnb.hu/letoltes/fenntarthato-egyensuly-es-felzarkozas-144-javaslat-20220519.pdf/
144 points of sustainable balance and catching up
[8] Nyikos, Gyöngyi - Zsuzsanna Kondor (2022). National Development Banks in Europe – A Contribution
to Sustainable Finance. Central European Public Administration Review, 20(1), pp. 135–165, 2591-
2259/© 2022 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Public Administration.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2022.1.06
[9] Halmai, Péter (2022): Responsibility Versus Solidarity? Key Issues for the EMU Reform. Pp 85-103,
ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS Vol. 22, No. 1, June 2022
http://rjea.ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Art.-6.pdf
[10] Ganti A (2021): What Is a Net International Investment Position (NIIP)?
Net International Investment Position (NIIP): Definition, Example, Updated March 12, 2021, Reviewed
by Estevez E. Available at:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/net-international-investment-position-niip.asp
[11] Salcedo J. - McCormick K. (with Peck J., Wheeler A., 2017): SPSS Statistics for Data Analysis and
Visualization. Publisher: Wiley, first edition, ISBN 978-1119-003-557, p. 489.
[12] Haver Analytics, INSEE, Banque de France, and IMF Staff calculations, Trading Economics
[13] IMF (International Monetary Fund, January 2023): Country Report No. 23/56, FRANCE. 2022 ARTICLE
IV CONSULTATION—Press Release; Staff Report; Statement by the Executive Director for France.
https://tradingeconomics.com/france/net-international-investment-position-eurostat-data.html

Page 282
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 HYDROMENTALITY OF THE REGION OF CHENNAI, INDIA:
SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS FROM AN IWRM
PERSPECTIVE
Mythili MADHSUDHAN1, N. K. AMBUJAM2
1
School of Architecture, Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai, India.
Email: [email protected]
2
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, India

Abstract: Accessibility to water to all, particularly in dense urban situations is of concern in many
countries the world over. Recent literature specifies ‘hydropsychological’ and ‘hydrosocial’ turns to
water related attributes of human living. In this paper, we have approached the ‘hydromentality’
(which pertains to the water-related administration) of the city of Chennai, India and the implications
of this term over a chronological extent. This becomes significant in our pursuit of sustainability in
terms of urban living and water management. While urban water supply determines indicators of
community well-being, the well-being of the ecosystem is an offshoot of several other factors. These
include land and water management and inter-disciplinary approaches to real-world situations like
climate change effects, water pollution, loss of biodiversity, lack of adequate housing resulting in the
urban poor occupying land associated with water bodies. This paper examines the situation in hand,
in Chennai, India and offers suggestions and solutions based on knowledge from other cases,
experience of humanities/ engineering and social sciences experts’ literature.

Keywords: Hydromentality, hydrosocial, hydropsychology, Chennai, Urban water supply, IWRM

INTRODUCTION

Water is the ‘elixir of life’, quoting the famous Indian scientist, Sir C. V. Raman. Water has nurtured
civilizations the world over and sparked off controversies and wars over the years. The Sustainable
Development Goals, of the United Nations (United Nations, n.d.) insist on guaranteeing the right to
‘clean water and sanitation’. Nevertheless, shortage of water is a threatening issue in many countries,
as are the issues of commons and uncommoning (Fournier, 2013) of land. Later in this article, we will
explore the difference in approach of land planners and water managers. Water management is a
complex exercise, which explores supply and demand (Sethuram, 2014), upstream and downstream
conditions, top-down and bottom up (grassroots level) approaches. Water distribution, particularly
urban water supply is a no mean engineering feat, and today, experts recommend an integrated
approach with respect to water management, one which incorporates sustainability and inter-
disciplinarily. The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach considers, society,
economy and environment, as in the pillars of sustainability.
In this context, recent and path-breaking literature on water management relates to the ‘hydrosocial
cycle’ by Linton and Budds (Budds et al., 2014). To differentiate between the hydrological cycle and
the hydrosocial cycle, one must envisage the hydrological cycle as physical and elemental, with water
evaporating into clouds and precipitating and percolating, while the hydrosocial cycle comes with a
man-made intervention component, wherein, water reaches urban areas by means of pipes, gets

Page 283
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 released as grey water and goes through recycling processes. Water supply by means of desalination
is another demonstration of such a hydrosocial cycle.
The hydrosocial cycle emphasises both the material and sociocultural relations to water and can be
used to decipher the different human communities’ relationships with water. Linton & Budds present
this definition: “Whereas H2O circulates through the hydrological cycle, water as a resource flow
through the hydrosocial cycle, a complex network of pipes, water law, meters, quality standards,
garden hoses, consumers, leaking taps as well as rainfall, evaporation and run-off”. Thus, the
hydrosocial cycle configures water as the product of H2O and the social circumstances in which it
becomes constituted.

Figure 1: The hydrosocial cycle

For instance, the power relations behind dams that store water and generate electricity vary vastly
from the worldview of indigenous groups that have entirely different socio-natural relations with
water. Also, the politics behind desalinated water which involves seawater, technology, energy and
economics is altogether different (Budds et al., 2014).
The hydromentality of the region of Chennai is shaped by its relationship with water. Chennai happens
to be one of the acutely water-starved cities (Janakarajan, 2015, 2013; Sethuram, 2014), and its
citizens have been subject to droughts in the distant and recent past. As described by Hellberg
(Hellberg, 2020), according to the framework of critical geography, scarcity is not a natural or neutral
phenomenon, but rather socially constructed within the present social and economic order. However,
as it is being ‘constructed’, water accessibility, or the lack of it, is also inherently ‘material’; the
availability, distribution and use of water form the crux of the organisation of the economy, to
survival, health and possible lifestyles, and to the processes of the functioning of ecosystems (or not).
Hellberg goes on to explain, while the South African hydromentality (Hellberg, 2020) first was a
modernist and racist one, it became tagged as both inclusive and sustainable after the democratic
transition. In practice, however, the inequalities established in the apartheid era were maintained
(Hellberg, 2020). The article explores the role of scarcity in this development. It argues that scarcity,
as a governing device, has mainly been directed at poor people’s water use and their access to water
both for domestic and productive uses, which in current times has spread to all populations and
community groups. In Sikkim’s urban mountain waterscapes, Muller et al., (Müller et al., 2020)
discuss the impacts of water scarcity on the mountain community.
Sivakumar (Sivakumar, 2011) discusses hydropsychology with respect to the conflict surrounding
the Cauvery river basin, southern India. Difficulties in planning and management, and the scope for
conflicts in these shared waters are far greater during times of hydroclimatic extremes, such as floods

Page 284
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 and droughts. Since global climate change will likely result in extremes of greater frequency and
magnitude, management of transboundary and other shared waters may turn out to be even more
challenging, impacting waterscapes all over the world. Planning and management of shared waters
(“shared waters” or “shared basins” refers to both international and intra-national shared basins), and
water in general, involves consideration of many different aspects and associated challenges, which
are interconnected in complex ways (Brinkmann et al., 2020; Goldman & Narayan, 2019). These
include scientific, political, economic, environmental, social, cultural, racial, religious, linguistic and
other aspects. The difficulties involved in the planning and management of the Mekong River basin
can be attributed to the differences in culture among the countries sharing the basin (China, Myanmar,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Religion plays an important role in sharing the Jordan River
among Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. The nature of the Cauvery water dispute in south India and
the challenges in dealing with it include a strong linguistic component. This discussion serves as a
demonstration of the social and socio-cultural associations with water. A study of water landscapes
or water-based communities would be incomplete without due acknowledgement of these
epistemological theories and ensuing concepts.

METHODOLOGY

STUDY AREA
Chennai is the fourth largest metropolitan city in India and the capital of Tamilnadu. The current area
of CMA is 5904 sq.km (Bureau, 2022), extending towards the intended 8848 sq.km. The population
of Chennai is 10.4 million (India, 2011). The climate of Chennai is tropical and humid, with a heavy
downpour in the North-east monsoon in November. The annual precipitation is 128cm/yr. the Chennai
basin, as shown in the figure comprises eight river basins and numerous natural and manmade water
bodies. The water supply for the metropolitan area of Chennai is taken care of mainly by five
reservoirs, namely, the Poondi, Chembarambakkam, Cholavaram, Red Hills and recently, the fifth,
Thervoy Kandigai. According to Naga Kumar (Gangeswaran, 2016), the sources of water for Chennai
city include.

Table 1: Water sources of Chennai

Source Quantity in MLD

Poondi, Cholavaram, Red Hills Lake System 200
Ground water from Northern Well Fields 100
Southern Coastal Aquifer 5
Krishna Water I Stage 400
Krishna Water II Stage 530
New Veeranam (CWSAP-I) 180
CWSAP-ii (Proposed) 20
Sea Water Desalination 200
Total 1635

Page 285
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 2: Sub-basins of Chennai

The following are the existing sewage treatment plants in Chennai:

1. Kodungaiyur sewage treatment plant – North
2. Villivakkam sewage treatment plant – Centre
3. Koyambedu sewage treatment plant – Centre
4. Nesapakkam sewage treatment plant – West
5. Perungudi sewage treatment plant – South
In addition, CMWSSB is engaged in various schemes of underground sewerage systems (UGSS) in
various parts of Chennai including South Chennai.

HYDROSOCIAL PARADIGMS CHARACTERIZING CHENNAI

The importance of water, as a public good, or as a material contested over, features greatly in
sociological studies. In fact, the social-ecological approach and the modern science of Urban Ecology
take root in this body of literature and its demonstrations. In the case of Chennai, various parameters
act in the daily activity of water consumption and urban living. Keeping in mind the epistemological
theory of hydrosocial relations, we go on to differentiate various paradigms or worldviews with
respect to Chennai’s water story. They cover various aspects such as history, climate change, ecology,
politics and administration, water policies and management and protection of water as a resource.

Historical paradigm
Examining the history of Chennai, we are able to trace periods of “blight”(Arabindoo, 2011)
corresponding to the planned development. In the late 70s and 80s, various housing schemes were
under implementation, though coupled with lack of amenities, while droughts prevailed. Water
tankers have been supplying water to the city of Chennai since the mentioned period, and lack of
precipitation in summers, due to Tamilnadu being on the leeward side (Srinivasan, 2015) during the
south west monsoons, is a contributing factor to the ‘blight’ described above. Lack of water made
Chennai a very unpopular city to live in, coupled with the hot and humid weather, and in the late
Page 286
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 1990s, and early 2000, the then chief minister considered evacuating the city, a capital city to manage
the situation. This information was obtained in a talk at a conference which included stakeholders,
experts from the academic community, the industry and the government.
A particular model of hand-pump, the Mark II, quenched the city’s thirst and few experts began to
explore the concept of allowing water to infiltrate into the ground, since Chennai received copious
rains from the north-east monsoon. Thereby, the mandatory rainwater harvesting (RWH) drive was
initiated. This was implemented all over Tamilnadu, and the results were initially found to be
satisfactory, with improved groundwater levels. Various NGOs (Ahn & Schmidt, 2019) are today
exploring the idea of storing water in terraces or underground sumps, or infiltration wells, and
harnessing road-driveway water also in a similar manner.
In this context, we need to examine water bodies, the erstwhile sources of water, mainly for irrigation.
Before urbanization took over Chennai, many areas surrounding the city were of agricultural land use
and the public harnessed the water for various purposes. The lands occupied by water were termed
‘commons’ as they did not belong to anyone. This was followed by a practice of encroaching upon
the ‘commons’ also known as ‘poramboke’, which included the watershed of major and minor ‘tanks’,
and inlet and outlet canals (Maringanti, 2011; Rukkumany & Vedamuthu, 2017). Instances of
encroaching on canals, thus choking and depleting the water from its sources were practices of urban
development.
Since water is a most essential commodity, and it is the management practices of water which need
to be looked into, for ensuring clean and safe water for all, as per the SDGs (United Nations, n.d.),
master planning efforts and to some extent, monitoring, maintenance and clearing of encroachments
have given the semblance of a water body restoration movement in which the main stakeholders have
been that part of the community which is initiating most awareness movements, including
professionals, administrative and technical, activists, NGOs and similar public.

Climate change and climatic events paradigm

Climate change may be a recent concern at this massive scale, but Chennai being a coastal, peninsular
city, concerns of seawater rise, cyclones and damage due to disastrous events, urban heat island (UHI)
effect are featuring among the threats to the city and its people.
The drought that characterized the city of Chennai has been described. On the other hand, floods in
the years of the North-east monsoons, have also rocked Chennai. Particularly in 2015, which has been
cited by many as a manmade disaster, many low-lying parts of the urban area and susceptible regions,
exposed to the water body edges have suffered due to inundation.
This is a concern because, drainage becomes key, and loss of life and property are also damaging.
The economic loss due to the 2015 flood has been cited as over Rs. 15,000 crores impacting 10-15%
of the country’s production, which was suffered by the industry lobby (Rajan & Sridharan, 2016).

Demographics and land use paradigm

The population of Chennai has grown from 32.85 x 105 pax in 1981 to 10.4 x 106 pax. The area of the
Chennai metropolitan area is projected as 8848 km2 and the urban area is still growing to this extent.
While the urban area engulfs the surrounding rural and urban territory, we need to examine the water
basins. The Chennai basin consisting of eight river basin, is shown in the figure. The city of Chennai
is primarily in the Cooum and Adyar sub-basins and the presence of these basins forms hydrological
territories. In the urban basins, we witness what may be termed as the presence of hydrosocial
territories. The rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal, and as a planning unit, the river basins act as
hydrological boundaries, irrespective of administrative or other boundaries.
In this context, changing land use due to urban growth and development often puts pressure on natural
resources, particularly water bodies. A study by Mathan and Krishnaveni (M & M, 2019) shows that
in the Chennai Metropolitan area, the changes in land use are as follows: during the period of February
1988 to February 2017, the agriculture/fallow land, barren/semi-barren, vegetation, and water
bodies/wetlands have decreased by 53.62%, 1.45%, 58.99%, and 30.59%, respectively. This decrease
has contributed to an increase of 173.83% in built-up area.

Page 287
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Ecology paradigm
A study by Vencatesan (Daniels et al., 2020), discusses that the original landscape of the Chennai
region was somewhat arid and Chennai did not boast of a tropical evergreen vegetation but rather of
a dry forest, with palms and other arid region species. They go on to say that with the enthusiasm to
‘green’, one should not fall into the trap of afforestation, when the true nature of the land did not
encourage such species.
Several water bodies and wetlands also characterized Chennai and the surrounding areas, and though
many have been subject to urban pressures, reclaiming the lands, and restoring the natural resources
is a possibility.

Administrative policies and governmental action paradigm

As we have described before, there are five major reservoirs supplying water to the city of Chennai.
Smaller tanks like the Porur lake, which is the receiving point for water supply from the Veeranam
lake, as per the scheme, have also contributed. In this context, the prime body for water supply and
sanitation services, has the onus responsibility of supplying and managing the urban water. The
various schemes under the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB),
include piped water supply all over Chennai, underground sewerage system projects, sewage
treatment plants in growing urban areas, and other means to augment water supply for the city, such
as desalination, which includes three functioning desalination plants. Desalination is an expensive
option, but the practice is in place, and in many areas, in proximity to desalination plants, the water
supply is available to the various communities, rich and poor.

EXISTING WATER SCENARIO

In a country like India, the water use policy has drawn attention but the policies are weakened due to
low positive response (Sethuram, 2014). The society’s response for a policy decision towards a goal,
is crucial for it to achieve success. Hence, social acceptance, awareness and education are elements
that are the crux of the community response. For example, in California when there is drought,
watering lawns is prohibited except unless they use sprinkler systems, and the timings for use are also
mandated, there are fines levied on policy violations (EPA, 2012). The “polluter pays” policy enables
an effective reinforcement and may be necessary for India also. Not everyone adopted the policy
instantly, but it is re-enforced many times with fines, so that most communities comply and have
sprinkler systems installed in California. Hence, re-enforcement of policy achieves policy success
(EPA, 2012). Every policy change effects positive changes within the community and the
environment depending on how well it is accepted and re-enforced by the administrative bodies.
Water bodies in Chennai, namely rivers, canals and tanks and wetlands, are subject to various natural
and anthropogenic impacts such as loss of biodiversity, pollution from harmful substances, extraction
of ground water, loss of natural edge quality due to encroachments, According to Devaki Panini,
(Panini, 1998), the earliest efforts to address the need for a National Wetland Policy had not been
taken by the Government but by concerned individuals working on various aspects of wetlands and
non-governmental organizations.
Loss of biodiversity in urban wetlands and processes which lead to encroachment of the commons in
various metro cities of India (Kale, 2010; Maringanti, 2011; Rajashekariah & WWF-India, 2011;
Vencatesan, 2007; Vencatesan et al., 2014) are cases which demonstrate the damage wrought upon
the citizens. Since we are in dire need of inter-disciplinary solutions which will achieve the
compromise between human aspirations and growth coupled with physical and external phenomena
and the processes, institutions will take into account technical and advanced knowledge and effective
management solutions for the same. Which is why, we are building eco-cities, at least, in policy and
many stewards of water bodies and the environment have found a voice among the public.

Page 288
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 DIFFERENCE IN APPROACH BETWEEN LAND PLANNERS AND WATER
MANAGERS

IWRM perspective:
The concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) assumes a holistic perspective for
coordination of institutions, bring about stakeholder involvement, integrate all scales and disciplines
to develop a sustainable management framework, and development of water resources. As we have
discussed before land planners and water managers approach their job independently. The spatial turn
in water management as demonstrated in many real world problems, has its repercussions in the
common management of land and water. Land use has had impacts on water, but also water
governance has influenced land use.
In most countries, spatial planning and water management are divided institutionally and thus
relatively independent actors. The traditional strategy to manage land and water under different
governance regimes no longer works with the changing environmental constraints and social
arrangement of the two key regimes in urban development. For instance, coastal regions and delta
areas like Chennai, Tamilnadu, are often intensively used areas. Climate change will lead to sea-level
rise, which calls for adaptive and resilient spatial planning and water management solutions. Cities
along rivers prepare for higher and more frequent floods due to climate change, on the one hand
(Scholten et al., 2020), and growing vulnerabilities because of intensified land use, on the other
(Scholten et al., 2020).

Other relationships and community engagement

Groundwater resources are modified by land use, and vice versa (Scholten et al., 2020). As the use of
land and water becomes more pressured, interrelations increase. For example, freshwater and sewage
management need to respond to demographic changes such as shrinkage and urbanization. Thus,
successful water management correlates with the success or failure of spatial development policies.
Scholte et.al., (Scholte et al., 2016) have researched on the perception of water by means of responses
to ecosystem services concepts in Persina nature park, Bulgaria. Community perceptions play a major
role in protection or stewardship of water bodies. In Chennai, an NGO, Arappor Iyakkam, has been
playing a major role in monitoring of water bodies, and promoting activists to participate in
administrative activities. Their documentation of urban lakes and up-to-date monitoring may be
supporting individual and institutional research and knowledge creation. Perry & Gillespie (Perry &
Gillespie, 2019) have discussed through semi-structured interviews, in Cambodia, the gender-bias
which governs female participation in public occupations and their dependence on men. This is an
aspect which is often discussed in socio-cultural studies related to water. A field survey undertaken
in Kovalam, Chennai, India, pointed to the fact that the public were traumatized by the bias on their
young women, given their cultural values and changing societal beliefs in urban coastal Chennai.
Tudor et al., (Tudor et al., 2016) have studied a sample population from various parts of Chennai and
concluded that the public, in terms of their attitude, awareness and willingness to act, may be classified
into five categories. Chiefly among these is a voluntary group of environmental activists. As
mentioned before, committed individuals are called upon in every situation, whether it involves
monitoring of water resources, or questioning the government, or supporting disaster management
activities. NGOs and experts and activists (Arabindoo, 2011, 2017; Bremner, 2019; Saldanha & Rao,
2014; Vencatesan, 2007) have time and again enabled for the public, movements to protect their
natural resources.
The reason it is always a reaction of a learned minority, questioning the government, has been
attributed to the development-hungry majority supporting economic growth over environmental
awareness and protection (Kumar et al., 2014; Maringanti, 2011; Roy, 2009). As with the nature-
environment divide, which is prevalent in many parts of the world, not just India, (Aldeia & Alves,
2019), one needs to rethink our outmoded education which places nature on one end of the spectrum
as against economics and urbanity.

Page 289
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 CONCLUSION

One needs to establish and reiterate the essentiality of preserving natural resources especially as they
form an essential unit of spatial planning, particularly in the context of gargantuan scales of
development as we are currently witnessing in Chennai. The master planning for Chennai needs to be
a hydrologically conscious one with hydrosocial cognizance as well, for achieving sustainable
development and eco-conscious living. Bottom-up methods of management and planning, coupled
with a participatory approach by the government will go a long way in ensuring that the SDGs are
met with in our context as well as the rest of the developing world.

REFERENCES

[1] Ahn, C., & Schmidt, S. (2019). Designing wetlands as an essential infrastructural element for
urban development in the era of climate change. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(7).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071920
[2] Aldeia, J., & Alves, F. (2019). Against the Environment. Problems in Society/Nature
Relations. Frontiers in Sociology, 4(April), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00029
[3] Arabindoo, P. (2011). “City of sand”: Stately Re-Imagination of Marina Beach in Chennai.
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(2), 379–401.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00943.x
[4] Arabindoo, P. (2017). Unprecedented natures? An anatomy of the Chennai floods. City,
January 2017, 1–30.
[5] Bremner, L. (2019). Planning the 2015 Chennai floods. Environment and Planning E: Nature
and Space, 0(0), 251484861988013. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619880130
[6] Brinkmann, K., Hoffmann, E., & Buerkert, A. (2020). Spatial and temporal dynamics of Urban
Wetlands in an Indian Megacity over the past 50 years. Remote Sensing, 12(4), 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040662
[7] Budds, J., Linton, J., & McDonnell, R. (2014). The hydrosocial cycle. Geoforum,
57(November), 167–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.08.003
[8] Bureau, T. H. (2022, October 22). Order issued for expansion of Chennai to 5904sq.km. The
Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/government-issues-order-for-
expanding-chennai-metropolitan-planning-area-to-5904-sq-km/article66041750.ece
[9] Daniels, R. R. J., Muthu Karthik, N., Vencatesan, A., & Vencatesan, J. (2020). [Commentary]
Of ants and antelopes – the ecological history of Chennai was not what one would imagine.
Mongabay. https://india.mongabay.com/2020/09/commentary-of-ants-and-antelopes-the-
ecological-history-of-chennai-was-not-what-one-would-imagine/
[10] EPA. (2012). United States Environment Protection Agency 2012, Guidelines for Water
Reuse. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/documents/2012-guidelines-water-
reuse.pdf
[11] Fournier, V. (2013). Commoning: On the social organisation of the commons. Management
(France), 16(4), 433–453. https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.164.0433
[12] Gangeswaran, N. K. (2016). Towards Sustainable Chennai from Forced Urban Sprawl
Abstract. March, 1–66. https://www.academia.edu/35478404/Urban_Development_
Analysis_of_ chennai
[13] Goldman, M., & Narayan, D. (2019). Water crisis through the analytic of urban transformation:
an analysis of Bangalore’s hydrosocial regimes. Water International, 44(2), 95–114.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1578078
[14] Hellberg, S. (2020). Scarcity as a means of governing: Challenging neoliberal hydromentality
in the context of the South African drought. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space,
3(1), 186–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619853551
[15] India, G. of. (2011). Population Data. Government of India. https://www.census2011.
co.in/census/ metropolitan/435-chennai.html
[16] Janakarajan, S. (2015). “Inclusive urbanisation is the answer.” Down to Earth.

Page 290
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [17] Janakarajan, S. (2013). Optimising Local Water Resources and Availability in Urban and Peri-
urban Chennai. In C. for S. and Environment (Ed.), Anil Agarwal Dialogues: Excreta Does
Matter (Issue March).
[18] Kale, O. (2010). Environmental Problems of Mumbai. CED.
[19] Kumar, M., Saravanan, K., & Jayaraman, N. (2014). Fisherfolk and the Politics of Coastal
Urbanisation in Chennai. Economic & Political Weekly, XLIX(48), 46–54.
[20] M, M., & M, K. (2019). Monitoring spatio-temporal dynamics of urban and peri-urban land
transitions using ensemble of remote sensing spectral indices-a case study of Chennai
Metropolitan Area, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(1), 15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7986-y
[21] Maringanti, A. (2011). No Estoppel: Claiming Right to the City via the Commons. Economic
& Political Weekly, XLVI(50), 64–70.
[22] Müller, J., Dame, J., & Nüsser, M. (2020). Urban Mountain Waterscapes: The Transformation
of Hydro-Social Relations in the Trans-Himalayan Town Leh, Ladakh, India. Water, 12(6),
1698. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061698
[23] Panini, D. (1998). The RAMSAR Convention and National Laws and Policies for Wetlands in
India (Issue 1991).
[24] Perry, N., & Gillespie, J. (2019). Restricting spatial lives? The gendered implications of
conservation in Cambodia’s protected wetlands. Environment and Planning E: Nature and
Space, 2(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619827736
[25] Rajan, V. C., & Sridharan, R. (2016). A Case Study on Impact of Chennai Floods : Supply
Chain Perspective. IIIE Industrial Engineering Journal, IX(8).
[26] Rajashekariah, K., & WWF-India. (2011). Impact of Urbanisation on Biodiversity: Case
Studies From India. WWF-India.
[27] Roy, A. (2009). Why India cannot plan its cities: Informality, insurgence and the idiom of
urbanization. Planning Theory, 8(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208099299
[28] Rukkumany, R. H., & Vedamuthu, R. (2017). Storing Monsoon Waters. In L. Bremner (Ed.),
Symposium, University of Westminster (pp. 210–221).
[29] Saldanha, L. F., & Rao, B. S. (2014). The Report of the High Power Government of India A
Non-trivial Threat to India ’ s Ecological and Economic Security by. December.
[30] Scholte, S. S. K., Todorova, M., van Teeffelen, A. J. A., & Verburg, P. H. (2016). Public
Support for Wetland Restoration: What is the Link With Ecosystem Service Values? Wetlands,
36(3), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0755-6
[31] Scholten, T., Hartmann, T., & Spit, T. (2020). The spatial component of integrative water
resources management: differentiating integration of land and water governance. International
Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(5), 800–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900
627.2019.1566055
[32] Sethuram, S. (2014). Open Access Case Study : Water Management Issues in Chennai , India
Abstract : 1 . 0 Introduction : Water Security and Climate Change : 2 . 0 Overview of
Adaptation : Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 4(6), 299–306.
[33] Sivakumar, B. (2011). Hydropsychologie: Le côté humain des recherches sur l’eau.
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(4), 719–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.
2011.580281
[34] Srinivasan, V. (2015). Reimagining the past - Use of counterfactual trajectories in socio-
hydrological modelling: The case of Chennai, India. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,
19(2). https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-785-2015
[35] Tudor, T., Holt, C., Freestone, N., Bhaskaran, G., Suresh, M., & Banga, S. (2016).
Sustainability practices and lifestyle groups in a rapidly emerging economy: A case study of
Chennai, India. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 15(4),
337–351. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2016.079475
[36] United Nations, D. of E. and S. A. (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved August
16, 2022, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals
[37] Vencatesan, J. (2007). Protecting Wetlands. Current Science, 93(3), 288–290.
[38] Vencatesan, J., Daniels, R. R., Jayaseelan, J. S., & Karthik, N. M. (2014). Comprehensive

Page 291
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Management Plan for Pallikaranai Marsh. Care Earth Trust.

Page 292
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MANAGEMENT METHODS AND CHALLENGES FOR DISTILLERY
SPENT WASH COMPOSTING: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Lara Rúbia BORGES SILVA1*, Dr. Levente KARDOS2
1,2
Department of Agro-environmental Studies, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
*[email protected]

Abstract: Distillery spent wash, a by-product of the alcoholic beverage industry, presents significant
challenges in its management mainly due to its acidity, high organic load, and notable content of
polyphenols, macronutrients, micronutrients, and heavy metals. Improper disposal of this waste can
have severe environmental and health consequences. Composting has emerged as a viable strategy
for treating and managing distillery slop, enabling the recycling and stabilization of organic matter
and nutrients. This review explores different composting methods, including traditional composting,
vermicomposting, and co-composting, and discusses their advantages and limitations. To optimize
composting effectiveness, a range of materials such as sewage sludge, vinasse, manure, inorganic
amendments, bagasse, filter cake, and bio-wastes can be used as nitrogen sources and microbial
inoculants. These materials enhance the composting process, accelerating degradation rates and
improving compost quality. However, challenges such as high salt content, low nitrogen-to-carbon
ratio, low pH, and potential phytotoxicity need to be addressed. The review concludes that composting
distillery spent wash is a feasible, effective, and sustainable waste management solution, allowing the
recovery of valuable nutrient resources and the production of stable soil organic amendments. The
resulting compost can enhance crop yields, nutrient absorption, biomass, and heavy metal adsorption
in growing media while contributing to soil properties, mitigation, and restoration. The review offers
valuable insights into the current state of distillery spent wash composting and suggests future
research directions to enhance efficiency and expand potential applications.

Keywords: co-composting, composting, distillery spent wash, organic waste, vermicomposting.

INTRODUCTION

Industries worldwide contribute to an acute energy crisis and environmental degradation through the
generation of vast amounts of liquid, gaseous, and solid waste, resulting in significant environmental
pollution. The conventional disposal methods of open dumping or landfilling are unsustainable due
to the leaching of toxic chemicals and metals, leading to contamination of groundwater, soil, and food
resources. To address this issue, environmentally friendly technologies are needed to manage
industrial waste effectively, while also being economically feasible and socially embraced [1].
One of the most polluting industries nowadays is alcohol distilleries. This industry has been
experiencing significant global growth due to the widespread applications of alcohol in various
sectors such as fuel for transport, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and beverages [2]. According to
Gebreeyessus [3], sugarcane molasses or other sugar sources readily available in local areas are
utilized by the distillery industry to produce mild alcoholic beverages through a fermentation process,
followed by distillation. Consequently, at the end of the distillation process, is generated an undesired

Page 293
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 byproduct known as distillery spent wash (DSW), which can be also referred to as stillage, spent
mash, alcohol/distillery waste, distillery wastewater/residue, or vinasse.
Distillery spent wash poses significant challenges as it is a complex, problematic, and highly oxygen-
demanding organic waste produced by industrial operations [3]. Distilleries represent a highly
environmentally burdensome sector because a significant proportion of their raw materials,
approximately 88%, are transformed into waste and subsequently released mainly into water bodies,
resulting in water pollution. Within the distillery operations, for each liter of alcohol produced about
15 liters of spent wash are formed and subsequently discharged [4].
The disposal of distillery mash is a challenging task due to its highly polluted nature. The
characteristics of distillery mash include high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) caused by the presence of various organic compounds such as
polysaccharides, reduced sugars, lignin, proteins, and waxes. It also contains a significant amount of
inorganic substances like nitrogen, potassium, phosphates, calcium, and sulfates, along with high
salinity, temperature, dark brown color, obnoxious odor, low pH, heavy metals (iron, zinc, nickel,
manganese, lead, mercury, copper, chromium), elevated ash content, and recalcitrant organic
compounds such as brown polymers, melanoidins, anthocyanins, tannins, phenolics, steroids, and
xenobiotic compounds [5,6,7]. Moreover, Kharayat [8] stated that these characteristics are greatly
influenced by the choice of feedstock and aspects of the distillation process.
The proper management of distillery waste poses significant challenges for distilleries, scientists, and
the government. Physicochemical treatment methods can effectively remove organic pollutants but
have drawbacks such as the excessive use of chemicals, sludge generation, high operating costs, and
sensitivity to variable water intake. These methods may not be able to remove certain contaminants
like total dissolved solids and color to safe disposal limits. It is necessary to combine multiple
treatment processes to effectively treat distillery waste [2].
The discharge of distillery spent wash (DSW) into water bodies has negative impacts on the aquatic
ecosystem. Firstly, the intense color of the wastewater reduces sunlight penetration, leading to
decreased oxygen production and harming aquatic life. Secondly, the high pollution load of DSW
contributes to eutrophication, which can deplete oxygen levels in water streams and pose a threat to
aquatic flora and fauna. Distilleries have a significant role in meeting the demand for alcohol, making
eco-friendly management of DSW crucial. Therefore, sustainable treatment methods are necessary to
prevent resource scarcity, protect human well-being, and maintain environmental and ecosystem
balance [9].
Biotechnological processes offer effective solutions for treating organic waste, including distillery
waste. Kharayat [8] demonstrated that these processes aim to remove biologically degradable organic
compounds, COD, and color, either by transforming them into valuable materials or eliminating
harmful waste. Various methods such as anaerobic (e.g., biomethanation) and aerobic treatments (e.g.,
tricking filters, activated sludge and aerated lagoon), composting, phytoremediation, and fungal,
algal, enzymatic, and bacterial treatments are employed for high organic load wastes. Optimizing and
identifying biotechnological treatment methods are crucial, and previous studies have highlighted the
potential of biological treatments for managing distillery spent wash.
Composting has emerged as an effective approach for recovering resources from organic wastes,
including distillery spent wash (DSW). It has proven to be successful in converting DSW into a stable
and nutrient-rich soil conditioner.
Composting generates humus and provides nutrients to nutrient-deficient soils, leading to increased
crop yields and reduced irrigation requirements. This method has demonstrated its value as an organic
amendment and is recognized as a beneficial practice [10, 11].
This paper presents an overview of composting distillery spent wash, covering its composition,
challenges, and potential applications. It examines various composting strategies that have been
researched and implemented for managing this challenging organic waste. The challenges associated
with composting distillery spent wash and the potential uses of the resulting compost in sectors like
agriculture and soil amendment are also discussed.

Page 294
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 METHODOLOGY

The review was conducted following a systematic approach to ensure a comprehensive and unbiased
assessment of the topic. The methodology involved the following steps:
• Selection of Databases and Keywords
Relevant literature on the composting of distillery spent wash (DSW) was searched using electronic
databases such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The keywords used for the
search included "composting," "distillery spent wash," "organic waste treatment," “distillery
waste/stillage/vinasse”, “brandy and fruit spirits”, “alcohol production waste treatment”, and "
distillery wastewater management." The choice of keywords aimed to capture a wide range of studies
related to the composting of DSW.
• Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
A set of criteria was established to determine the eligibility of studies for inclusion in the review.
Studies were included if they focused on the composting of DSW, provided detailed information on
the composting process, and reported relevant outcomes and findings.
• Search Strategy
The search was conducted by combining the selected keywords using Boolean operators (AND, OR).
The initial search generated a broad pool of articles related to composting, organic waste treatment,
and wastewater management. The search was then refined by incorporating specific terms related to
distillery spent wash composting.
• Article Selection and Data Extraction
The articles identified through the search were screened based on their titles and abstracts. The articles
that met the inclusion criteria were then retrieved in full text for further evaluation. The data extraction
process involved extracting relevant information, including study objectives, methodologies, key
findings, and conclusions.
• Number of Articles Reviewed
A total of 79 articles were initially identified through the literature search. After applying the inclusion
and exclusion criteria, 55 articles were included in the review. The selection process involved multiple
reviewers to ensure consistency and minimize bias.
By following this methodology, a comprehensive overview of the composting of distillery spent wash
was obtained, incorporating relevant studies that provided valuable insights into the topic.

OVERVIEW OF DISTILLERY SPENT WASH PRODUCTION

Distillery spent wash (DSW) is a byproduct generated during the production of alcoholic beverages,
such as whiskey, rum, and vodka. As already mentioned, it is highly potent organic wastewater that
poses significant environmental challenges if not properly managed. DSW is characterized by its high
organic content, dark brown color, and strong odors, making it a complex and problematic effluent to
handle.
Alcohol production, mainly ethanol, primarily relies on the utilization of cellulosic materials.
Distilleries commonly employ various raw materials such as sugarcane molasses, grains, grapes,
sugarcane juice, and barley malt. The production process in distilleries encompasses four primary
steps: feed preparation, fermentation, distillation, and packaging [8].
In continuous processes, cellulosic materials undergo delignification, followed by acid hydrolysis of
hemicellulose and cellulose, thereby converting them into simple sugars. These sugars are then
fermented with yeast, yielding ethanol and carbon dioxide. Distillation is employed to separate the
alcohol vapor from the fermentation solution, utilizing reduced pressure. Additionally, carbon dioxide
gas may be introduced throughout the fermentation solution to facilitate the removal of alcohol.
Researchers have contributed to understanding these processes and exploring their potential such as
Saha [12], Tewari [13] and Satyawali [14]

Page 295
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 • Composition and Characteristics of Distillery Spent Wash
Distillery spent wash is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that results from the
fermentation and distillation processes in alcohol production. Its composition varies depending on the
type of raw materials and production methods [15, 16]
DSW is rich in organic matter, containing high concentrations of sugars, alcohol, organic acids, and
nitrogenous compounds. It has a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), making it highly polluting if discharged untreated. Moreover, its dark brown color
and foul odors make it visually and olfactorily unpleasant. This characteristic color is mainly due to
a recalcitrant compound called melanoidin and it comprises approximately 2% of the spent wash [17,
18]. These compounds exhibit antioxidant properties, which render them toxic to many
microorganisms typically present in wastewater treatment processes [19]. The amount of wastewater
produced through the distilling operation stages is shown in Table 1 and the specific characteristics
of this material are provided in Table 2.

Table 1. Wastewater generation in various operations

Average wastewater Specific wastewater

Distillery operations generation generation
(kLD/distillery) (kL wastewater/kL alcohol)
Spent Wash (from distillation) 491.9 11.9
Fermenter cleaning 98.2 1.6
Fermenter cooling 355.1 2.0
Condenser cooling 864.4 7.9
Floor wash 30.8 0.5
Bottling plant 113.8 1.3
Others 141.6 1.2
Source: [8]

Table 2. Typical characteristics of different wastewater streams

Spent Fermenter Fermenter Condenser Fermenter Bottling

Parameter
wash cooling cleaning cooling wash plant
Dark
Color Colorless Colorless Colorless Faint Colorless
brown
pH 4-4.5 6.26 5.0–5.5 6.8–7.8 6 7.45
Alkalinity (mg/L) 3500 300 Ni - 40 80
Total Solids (mg/L) 100,000 1000-1300 1000-1500 700-900 550 400
Suspended Solids
10,000 220 400-600 180-200 300 100
(mg/L)
45,000-
BOD (mg/L) 100-110 500-600 70-80 15 5
60,000
80,000-
COD (mg/L) 500-1000 1200-1600 200-300 25 15
120,000
Source: [8]

• Challenges Associated with Distillery Spent Wash Management

Different approaches are currently employed for the treatment of distillery spent wash to ensure its
proper disposal. These methods encompass physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological
techniques. Kharayat [8] demonstrated that the choice of treatment approach is contingent upon
multiple factors, including the effectiveness of the treatment, associated costs, geographical and
climatic conditions specific to the location, land usage, regulatory limitations, and the level of public
acceptance of the treatment methods.

Page 296
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The challenges of DSW treatment include mainly high organic load, nutrient imbalance, foul odors
and coloration of the material, and regulatory compliance. The organic matter in DSW can deplete
oxygen in water bodies, leading to negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. The high nutrient content
can cause eutrophication, disrupting aquatic biodiversity. Foul odors and dark brown color make
direct disposal undesirable. Non-compliance with environmental regulations can result in legal
consequences for distilleries [20, 21]. Proper management and treatment of DSW are essential to
protect water resources, maintain ecological balance, and ensure sustainable practices within the
distillery industry. To address these challenges, effective treatment methods such as composting have
been explored to mitigate the environmental impact of DSW and transform it into valuable resources.

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING

Composting is a natural biological process that involves the decomposition of organic waste materials,
such as distillery spent wash (DSW), under controlled conditions. The process relies on the activity
of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, which break down the organic matter present in DSW
into a stable, humus-like material called compost [10]. Compost is the main product generated by
composting and it can be characterized by being an organic soil conditioner that has been stabilized
to a humus-like product, a material free of human and plant pathogens, and that is beneficial to plant
growth. The production of compost follows three steps, as cited by Diaz [22]: “(1) an initial, rapid
stage of decomposition: (2) a stage of stabilization, and (3) an incomplete process of humification.”
Moreover, the produced compost promotes resource recovery, increases crop yields, serves as a
beneficial soil additive, and reduces irrigation demands [10, 11].
Biotechnology waste treatment system such as composting encompasses a range of scientific and
engineering techniques that apply biological systems to produce valuable materials, transform
substances, or eliminate problematic liquid, solid, or gaseous wastes [23, 24]. This approach can
effectively remove a significant portion of biologically degradable organic matter, chemical oxygen
demand (COD), and color from waste. Considering their potential applications, this section provides
a detailed discussion on composting as an efficient biological treatment to alleviate the high pollution
load of DSW [8].
In addition, composting promotes various benefits besides the use of compost as a soil amendment.
It also provides an increase in the disposal site's lifespan and minimizes leachate quantity and quality
in a landfill and the generated gases. Some soil properties are enhanced by the application of
composts, such as water content and water retention, aggregation, soil aeration, soil permeability,
water infiltration, cation exchange capacity, pH buffering, resilience, or carbon sequestration; it also
decreases surface crusting [25].
The composting process requires specific conditions to produce high-quality compost. These
conditions include having enough organic matter as a substrate for microbial decomposition,
maintaining a balanced carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, providing adequate moisture content,
controlling temperature within mesophilic and thermophilic ranges, ensuring proper aeration for
aerobic composting, maintaining an optimal pH range, and achieving compost stability and maturity.
These principles optimize microbial activity, decomposition efficiency, nutrient availability, odor
control, and the transformation of organic materials into stable compost. [11, 26]
Composting of DSW can have environmental impacts, both positive and negative. While composting
is generally seen as an eco-friendly waste management approach, there are specific considerations
when it comes to DSW. These include concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, leachate generation,
and odors. Mitigation strategies involve optimizing composting conditions, addressing leachate
management, and implementing odor control measures. Challenges include regulatory compliance,
technology and infrastructure requirements, nutrient management, public perception, and the need for
research and development. By collaborating, investing, and taking proactive measures, it is possible
to minimize environmental impacts and promote sustainable composting of DSW.
Composting techniques for distillery spent wash (DSW) vary depending on factors such as feedstock,
scale, and control of key composting conditions (e.g., aeration, temperature, humidity). Windrow
composting is a technique that involves forming long piles of DSW on a composting pad, periodically

Page 297
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 turning them for aeration and uniform decomposition. It is suitable for large-scale composting in
agricultural and industrial settings. Static pile composting, on the other hand, involves forming
compost piles without regular turning, allowing natural decomposition. It is simpler and suitable for
smaller-scale operations, although it has slower composting and potential for anaerobic conditions
and odor generation. Moreover, in-vessel composting uses enclosed containers with aeration systems
for controlled decomposition and offers better temperature and moisture control, odor control, and
the ability to handle larger volumes of DSW. However, it requires specialized equipment and higher
capital investment [10].
Hence, composting is a practical solution for the waste management issue, especially for organic
wastes e.g., DSW, due to the biological stabilization of this material [27].

• Factors Influencing Composting of Distillery Spent Wash

The composting performance of distillery spent wash (DSW) is influenced by several factors that can
be optimized to improve the process [28]. These factors include the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio,
moisture content, temperature, aeration, microbial activity, pH, inhibitory substances, particle size
and mixing, and nutrient availability.
Maintaining a balanced C/N ratio, typically around 25-30:1, promotes microbial activity and efficient
decomposition. Adequate moisture levels, ranging from 50% to 60%, are necessary for microbial
growth and activity. Controlling the temperature within thermophilic (50-70°C) or mesophilic (30-
45°C) ranges supports decomposition and pathogen reduction. Proper aeration ensures oxygen supply,
preventing anaerobic conditions and promoting aerobic microbial activity.
Microorganisms play a crucial role in composting, and a diverse microbial community with the right
mix of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes is necessary for effective decomposition. Factors such as
organic matter availability, moisture, temperature, and oxygen levels influence microbial activity.
Maintaining favorable conditions for microbial growth and activity is vital for optimal composting
performance.
Moreover, pH is an important parameter affecting composting performance, with an optimal range of
6.5 to 8.5. Extreme pH values can inhibit microbial activity and impact decomposition. Adjustments
may be required using additives like lime to create a suitable pH environment.
DSW may contain inhibitory substances such as residual alcohol, organic acids, phenolic compounds,
and toxic metals, which can hinder microbial activity and delay decomposition. Pre-treatment
methods like dilution, detoxification, or adjusting the C/N ratio can help mitigate the inhibitory effects
of these substances.
Particle size and proper mixing of DSW and bulking agents influence composting performance.
Optimal particle size allows for aeration, moisture retention, and microbial colonization, while
adequate mixing ensures uniform distribution of organic matter and promotes decomposition.
Nutrient availability, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and micronutrients, affects composting
performance. Adjusting the C/N ratio using suitable bulking agents or co-composting materials helps
create an optimal nutrient balance for microbial activity.
Regular monitoring and control of composting parameters such as temperature, moisture content, pH,
oxygen levels, and nutrient content are essential for optimizing performance. Adjustments can be
made to maintain optimal conditions throughout the composting process.
By understanding and managing these factors, composting performance and the quality of the final
compost product derived from DSW can be significantly improved. Optimizing the composting
process and creating favorable conditions for microbial activity allow for the effective and sustainable
transformation of DSW into a valuable resource.

CASE STUDIES AND BEST PRACTICES IN COMPOSTING DISTILLERY SPENT WASH

There are several composting methods for DSW already researched and protocoled worldwide. The
most common techniques can be divided into 1) traditional composting, 2) co-composting and 3)
vermicomposting. This chapter examines different research articles that focused on the composting
of distillery waste using one or multiple methods.

Page 298
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 • Traditional composting
Traditional composting involves the natural decomposition of a single type of organic material
through microbial activity. In this process, DSW can be mixed with inorganic amendments, bulking
agents or additives to adjust pH, improve nutrient availability, reduce odor generation, and enhance
compost stability. However, the excessive use of inorganic amendments should be carefully managed
to avoid nutrient imbalances and potential environmental impacts. Traditional composting methods
include outdoor windrows or enclosed composting systems.
A study by Silva [29] focused on composting Pálinka mash, a waste product from the production of
a traditional Hungarian fruit spirit. The primary challenge in treating this waste was its low pH (around
4), which was effectively neutralized through composting in static piles with the addition of mineral
additives. The use of mineral additives resulted in the production of valuable compost and positively
influenced decomposition and synthesis reactions. Moreover, the mature mash compost showed the
ability to adsorb heavy metals (iron and lead), as demonstrated in culture vessel experiments using
lettuce and tomato plants grown in mash compost as a growing medium. The research contributes to
understanding the composting process for Pálinka distillery mash, highlighting its potential for
effective waste recycling and its applications in heavy metal adsorption and remediation.
Another technology is bio-composting which involves the aerobic decomposition of carbonaceous
materials by heterotrophic microorganisms. Bio-composting converts wet materials into a stable form,
eliminates pathogens, and reduces moisture content. Tiwari [30] focused on the utilization of distillery
spent wash through bio-composting, employing both aerobic and anaerobic processes. Aerobic
composting proved more efficient in utilizing spent wash and resulted in bio-compost with higher
levels of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, making it a valuable nutrient source
for crops. Bio-composting also aids in the degradation of colored organic matter in distillery effluents,
enriching the compost with essential nutrients. The utilization of distillery spent wash through bio-
composting offers an environmentally friendly alternative to inorganic fertilizers in agriculture.

• Co-composting
Co-composting is a method that involves combining two or more organic waste materials during
composting to improve the process and produce high-quality compost. It utilizes different waste
streams like distillery spent wash, sewage sludge, manure, and more to address nutrient imbalances,
enhance moisture retention, and promote microbial diversity. Co-composting is conducted in
specialized facilities with controlled processes to ensure optimal decomposition and compost quality.
A study conducted by Bustamante [31] focused on analyzing the co-composting process of winery
and distillery wastes. They used multivariate techniques to classify and identify the parameters that
best describe the composting process for this type of waste. The data analysis revealed key
components that described compost maturity and quality, offering insights for more efficient
composting practices. Overall, the research highlighted the potential of multivariate techniques in
understanding and improving composting processes for winery and distillery wastes.

❖ Co-composting with Sewage Sludge

Co-composting DSW with sewage sludge facilitates the decomposition of DSW and offers benefits
such as increased nutrient content, especially nitrogen, improved stability of the compost, and
enhanced microbial activity. However, there are challenges to consider, including effectively
managing the C/N ratio, potential heavy metal contamination from sewage sludge, and compliance
with regulatory guidelines for sludge utilization.
The research carried out by Bustamante [32] focused on the composting winery and distillery wastes,
specifically grape stalk and marc (GS and GM), wine lees (WL), and exhausted grape marc (EGM).
These wastes present environmental challenges due to their seasonal nature and problematic
characteristics, making composting a suitable treatment and recycling option. The experiment
involved two composting piles (pile 1 and pile 2) containing mixtures of GS, GM, EG, and sewage
sludge (SS), composted using the Rutgers static pile composting system. Initially, GS, GM, and EGM
were mixed, and pile 1 was watered with fresh vinasse (V), a byproduct of the distillery process. After
17 days, SS was added to both piles as a source of nitrogen and microorganisms. Throughout the

Page 299
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 composting process, various parameters were monitored, including temperature, pH, electrical
conductivity, total organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), humic acid-like C, fulvic acid-like C, C/N
ratio, cation exchange capacity, and germination index of the compost mixtures. The results showed
that the addition of vinasse in pile 1 led to higher temperature values, greater degradation of total
organic carbon, higher electrical conductivity, and similar pH and total nitrogen contents compared
to pile 2. The addition of vinasse also increased the cation exchange capacity and prolonged the
persistence of phytotoxicity. However, both piles ultimately exhibited stabilized organic matter and a
reduction in phytotoxicity by the end of the composting process.
Another research undertaken by Bustamante [33] investigated the changes in microbial indicators and
pathogen levels during the co-composting of winery and distillery wastes with sewage sludge, and
cow and poultry manure. The study examined various piles containing different mixtures of these
wastes and assessed the impact of the composting system employed. Different composting systems,
including the Rutgers system and the turning system, were used for pile formation. One pile was also
watered with vinasse. The study monitored microbial indicators such as sulphite reducers clostridia,
total enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, faecal coliforms (Escherichia coli), enterococci,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. The results showed that the static aerated piles, which
experienced relatively high temperatures of 50-60°C, were more effective in reducing pathogen
content compared to the piles prepared using the turning system. The elevated temperatures
contributed to a significant decrease in microbial groups like total and faecal coliforms (E. coli).
However, it was observed that the characteristics of the raw materials used had a notable influence on
the pathogen levels in the final compost product.

❖ Co-composting with Vinasse

Vinasse, a byproduct of ethanol production, can be co-composted with DSW to enhance the
composting process. Vinasse provides additional nutrients and a source of moisture for composting.
The advantages include improved moisture retention, increased nutrient content, and faster
decomposition. However, the high organic load and moisture content of vinasse can lead to the need
for additional bulking agents and careful monitoring of moisture levels during composting.
In the article by Madejón [34], two composts were produced through the co-composting of
concentrated depotassified beet vinasse and two agricultural solid residues with distinct organic
matter characteristics: spent grape marc as a lignin waste and cotton gin trash as a cellulosic waste.
The composting process took place in aerated piles with mechanical turning under controlled
conditions for a duration of four months. Temperature, pH, and inorganic nitrogen changes exhibited
similar trends for both mixtures. However, variations in organic matter fractions differed depending
on the co-composted material. The use of spent grape marc as a bulking agent resulted in lower
degradation of organic matter due to its high lignin content. No phytotoxicity was observed in the
final compost products. The chemical and physical properties of both vinasse composts indicate their
potential utilization as fertilizers.
The study by Diaz [35] focused on optimizing the co-composting process of vinasse and spent grape
marc. Various mixtures with increasing amounts of vinasse were incubated under aerobic conditions.
The results showed that the pH values did not differ significantly among the mixtures. Mixtures with
lower vinasse content had higher organic matter losses and greater biodegradability. The addition of
vinasse increased the stability of the substrate-microorganism complex. However, higher vinasse
ratios led to reduced microbial activity due to increased salinity and decreased pH. The study suggests
that a moderate amount of vinasse, between 10% and 20%, is the best compromise for optimal co-
composting.

❖ Co-composting with Green and Animal Manure

The advantages of co-composting DSW with green and animal manure include improved compost
quality, enhanced nutrient content, and increased microbial diversity. However, challenges may arise
from the availability and management of suitable quantities of green and animal manure.
In their study, Pinter [36] investigated the effects of adding goat manure, garden leaves, and alfalfa
to exhausted grape marc during composting, as well as the influence of a plastic cover on the process
and compost quality. They found that the compost made from the mixture of these materials had

Page 300
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 higher levels of nutrients compared to compost made solely from grape marc. The plastic cover did
not significantly affect the compost's physicochemical properties but did impact the composition of
microorganisms. All composts showed stability and were free of pathogens. A plant growth
experiment indicated that all composts had suitable quality, with the mixture compost performing the
best. The study suggests that using a plastic cover can reduce microorganism content while
composting diverse organic residues can enhance microbiological activity and improve compost
quality.
The analysis performed by Bustamante [37] described the recycling of solid wastes from the winery
and distillery industry through co-composting with animal manures. They created compost piles using
exhausted grape marc and either cattle manure or poultry manure. Various parameters were monitored
during the composting process, including pH, organic matter, nitrogen forms, humification indices,
and phytotoxic compounds. The results showed that organic matter degraded following a specific
pattern and composting effectively reduced phytotoxic compounds. The compost obtained was stable,
humified, and suitable for agricultural use. Overall, co-composting proved to be a viable method for
recycling and treating these wastes.
Torres-Climent [38] conducted a study with the objective of evaluating the co-composting of the
winery and distillery wastes in combination with animal manures. Traditional chemical methods alone
were insufficient to understand the humification process, so advanced instrumental techniques were
employed. Three compost piles were created and analyzed using thermal analysis, Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Cross-Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR). The results showed that the advanced techniques provided
valuable information about the transformation of organic matter during composting. Thermal analysis
estimated the degradability and stability of the compost samples, while FT-IR and CPMAS 13C NMR
revealed variations in organic compounds and carbon structures. The combination of these methods
offered insights into the composting process and the quality of the end-products.
Marhuenda-Egea [39] managed a study to explore the use of thermal analysis for characterizing
chemical changes during composting of winery and distillery residues. They analyzed compost
samples from three piles using techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA),
thermogravimetry (TG) and the first derivative of TG (DTG). Pile 1, prepared with grape stalk, grape
marc, exhausted grape marc, and sewage sludge, showed different temperature patterns compared to
piles 2 and 3, which used exhausted grape marc with cow manure and grape marc with poultry
manure, respectively. Pile 1 appeared to be poorly composted. The researchers used CO2 ion current
curves and DTG curves to distinguish between well-stabilized (piles 2 and 3) and poorly stabilized
(pile 1) organic matter. Energy release calculations and weight loss data provided insights into the
composting process and helped determine the optimal point for compost harvest, potentially reducing
the overall composting time.

❖ Co-composting with Bagasse and Filter Cake

Bagasse, a byproduct of sugar cane processing, and filter cake, a residue from juice filtration, can be
co-composted with DSW. These materials serve as bulking agents and provide additional carbon and
microbial diversity. The advantages include improved aeration, enhanced compost structure, and
increased carbon content. However, the availability of bagasse and filter cake may depend on the local
sugar industry, limiting the applicability of this technique in some regions.
The article by Zhang [40] explored the use of sugarcane bagasse and exhausted grape marc in
composting green waste. The study found that adding a combination of 15% sugarcane bagasse and
20% exhausted grape marc improved composting conditions and resulted in high-quality compost.
The optimized two-stage composting method allowed the compost to mature in just 21 days, much
faster than traditional composting methods. This research highlights the potential for using
lignocellulosic waste in composting to effectively dispose of waste while generating a valuable
product.
The examination conducted by Wongkoon [41] aimed to study the decomposition of organic residues
from sugar mills and alcohol factories, the properties of the resulting compost, and its impact on
sugarcane growth. The compost made from filter cake and distillery slop reached maturity within 45
days and showed increasing levels of organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK)

Page 301
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 content over time. The use of KKU microbes in the compost resulted in better outcomes compared to
commercial compost microbes. Supplementing the compost with chemical fertilizers improved
sugarcane growth. Although the compost alone provided plant nutrients, better results were obtained
when it was combined with NPK fertilizers.
The article by Sarangi [42] presented a method for rapidly composting sugar mill press mud and
distillery spent wash using microbial culture. The compost generated from these materials exhibits
favorable physicochemical characteristics and nutrient content, promoting healthy plant growth.
Moreover, it has proven to be effective as a soil conditioner and nutrient replenisher for sustainable
agriculture. The composting process effectively converted non-degradable components of the wastes,
such as lignins, melanoidins, and humic acid, into humus, an essential soil component that enhances
soil fertility and supports sustainable crop productivity.

❖ Co-composting with Straw and Municipal Solid Waste

Co-composting DSW with straw or municipal solid waste involves incorporating these materials into
the composting process. Straw provides structure and aeration, while municipal solid waste
contributes organic matter and diverse microorganisms. The advantages include improved compost
stability, enhanced carbon content, and efficient utilization of solid waste resources. However,
challenges may arise from the potential presence of contaminants in municipal solid waste and the
need for proper waste segregation.
The study by Fernández [43] investigated the co-composting of exhausted grape marc (EGM) with
different organic wastes. Four piles were created: EGM (control); EGM mixed with cow manure and
straw (CMS); EGM mixed with municipal solid waste (MSW) and; EGM mixed with grape stalks
(GS). The results showed that adding MSW and GS increased the rate constants of composting, while
CMS reduced it. Co-composting reduced the remaining carbon concentration and increased the
readily biodegradable carbon fraction. Only Piles 1 and 4 achieved thermal sanitization. The lowest
nitrogen loss occurred when GS was added. The study recommended using GS as a co-substrate and
bulking agent for co-composting with EGM.

• Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting utilizes earthworms to decompose organic materials, including DSW, into nutrient-
rich vermicompost. Earthworms consume the waste and produce castings, which further break down
and enrich the compost. This process enhances microbial activity, nutrient release, and organic
compound breakdown. Vermicomposting can be done in worm beds or bins, maintaining specific
conditions for earthworm growth. It offers advantages such as rapid decomposition, flexibility in
space usage, and high-quality vermicompost production. However, it may be limited to smaller-scale
operations and requires specific conditions. The resulting vermicompost can be used as a soil
amendment to enhance plant growth and soil health. Vermicomposting is considered a sustainable
and efficient method for DSW treatment, yielding high-quality vermicompost.
The research paper by Romero [44] examined the effects of vermicomposting on winery and distillery
wastes. Three different substrates, spent grape marc (SGM), a mixture of SGM and lees cake (SGML),
and a mixture of biosolid vinasse and vine shoots (BvS), were vermicomposted for 8 months using
Eisenia andrei worms. The process resulted in changes in the substrates' chemical composition and
the humic acid-like (HAL) fractions. Vermicomposting reduced the total organic carbon content and
C/N ratio, while increasing total extractable carbon and humic acid carbon. The HAL fractions in the
initial substrates were characterized by specific properties, but after vermicomposting, they became
more similar to soil humic acids. This transformation involved a decrease in certain components and
an increase in oxygenated and acidic groups. Vermicomposting was found to be a suitable method for
enhancing the quality of winery and distillery wastes as soil organic amendments, with the mixture
SGML showing slightly better results than SGM.
Suthar [1] investigated the use of Eisenia fetida earthworms to stabilize sludge from a sugar industry
distillation unit mixed with cow dung. Different mixtures of these materials were tested under
laboratory conditions for 90 days. The resulting vermicompost showed improvements in various
parameters, including optimal pH and increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium content. The earthworms effectively decomposed the mixture, particularly with lower

Page 302
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 proportions of distillery sludge. The study also found a reduction in extractable metals. Earthworm
growth and reproduction were highest with 20% distillery sludge, while higher proportions of sludge
led to increased earthworm mortality. Vermicomposting can be a useful method for managing
distillery sludge and producing nutrient-rich compost for land restoration. It also helps mitigate metal
toxicity and reduces the risk of soil contamination from industrial waste.
The study executed by Gomez-Brandon [45] investigated the use of vermicomposting to recycle and
utilize distilled grape marc, a by-product of the winery industry. During a 56-day pilot-scale trial, it
was found that the marc provided suitable conditions for earthworm growth, with increasing
earthworm density and biomass. The pH levels and electrical conductivity of the marc also indicated
optimal conditions for vermicomposting. After 14 days, microbial activity decreased, and the content
of total polyphenols declined, suggesting stabilization. The resulting vermicompost met quality
criteria for nutrient content and demonstrated its potential for environmentally friendly waste
management and fertilizer production.
Nogales [46] explored the vermicomposting of various winery wastes (spent grape marc, vinasse
biosolids, lees cakes, and vine shoots) into valuable agricultural products using the earthworm species
Eisenia andrei. The vermicomposting process effectively biodegraded the winery wastes and also
improved their agronomic value by reducing the C:N ratio, conductivity, and phytotoxicity, while
increasing the levels of humic materials, nutrients, and pH. This suggests that winery wastes have
potential as raw substrates for vermicomposting, although further research is needed for large-scale
implementation.
The research paper by Hanc [47] examined the vermicomposting of distillery residues and wheat
straw in a vertical-flow windrow system. They found that the top layer of the compost had high
humidity, electrical conductivity, and earthworm biomass. It contained partially decomposed organic
matter with favorable nutrient ratios. In contrast, the lower layers were more mature and had lower
microbial activity, alkaline pH, and nutrient content. Potassium was the most abundant macronutrient,
and phosphorus and magnesium increased with compost age. The top layer is suitable for starting new
composting cycles and preparing extracts, while the older layers make a suitable organic fertilizer.
In the study conducted by Singh [48], distillery sludge was treated through vermicomposting using
Eisenia fetida to convert it into soil-enriching material. The sludge was mixed with cattle dung in
varying ratios, and the vermicomposting process was carried out with and without the presence of
Eisenia fetida. The results showed that the presence of cattle dung positively influenced the survival
rate, growth rate, maturity-onset, cocoon production, and population of earthworms. The optimal
concentration of sludge for achieving the highest number of worms, cocoons, and hatchlings was
determined using a response surface design. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, and pH levels increased
during vermicomposting, while they decreased in the absence of earthworms. Transition metal content
increased in both cases, but organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and potassium showed an opposite
trend.
Tejada [49] investigated the effects of co-composting beet vinasse with vermicompost on soil
properties, soil loss, and soil restoration. It was found that the use of organic-rich waste as an
alternative or complement to mineral fertilizers is environmentally beneficial, provided that the
organic wastes are not heavily polluted. In the case of fresh beet vinasse, it had a negative effect on
the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties, leading to increased soil loss and decreased
plant cover. This negative impact was attributed to the high levels of monovalent cations, such as
Na+, present in beet vinasse, which destabilized the soil structure. The study aimed to assess the
effects of co-composting beet vinasse with vermicompost made from green forages on soil properties
and its potential contribution to soil loss and restoration. The experiment was conducted over three
years in a semiarid region in Spain. The results showed that co-composting had a positive impact on
the soil, improving its physical, chemical, and biological properties. It resulted in reduced soil loss by
31.2% and increased plant cover by 68.7% both compared to unamended soil. These findings suggest
that the co-composting of beet vinasse with vermicompost is beneficial for soil protection and
restoration, making it a promising approach for recovering semiarid areas.
The study conducted by Alavi [50] examined the efficiency of co-composting and vermicomposting
of a mixture of vinasse, cow manure, chopped bagasse, and natural zeolite. The composting process
lasted for 60 days and utilized Eisenia fetida earthworms. The results indicated a decrease in the

Page 303
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 carbon-to-nitrogen ratio over time and an alkaline pH range for the final fertilizer. The total potassium
content decreased while the total phosphorus content increased during the process. The compost
showed a high germination index and a low cellular respiration maturity index, suggesting its stability.
Overall, the study concluded that the compost obtained from the co-composting and vermicomposting
process could serve as a beneficial soil amendment.
In conclusion, composting techniques for distillery spent wash (DSW) have specific advantages and
limitations that should be considered based on local conditions and waste availability. Proper
management practices, such as monitoring moisture levels and ensuring adequate aeration, are crucial
for successful composting. Adherence to regulatory guidelines and quality standards is important for
safe compost utilization. Co-composting and vermicomposting offer alternative approaches to
traditional composting, optimizing the process and enhancing compost quality. These methods
maximize the utilization of DSW as a resource in sustainable agriculture and soil management.
Factors like scale, resources, space, and waste composition should be considered when choosing a
composting technique for DSW treatment.

DISTILLERY SPENT WASH COMPOST

Composting distillery spent wash (DSW) can result in high-quality compost with desirable
characteristics. The process breaks down organic matter, making nutrients more available for plants.
It also forms stable compounds that enhance soil structure and fertility. Proper composting stabilizes
pH, benefiting soil conditions. Additionally, composting reduces pathogens and weed seeds, ensuring
the safety and quality of the compost. Overall, composting DSW produces nutrient-rich, humus-rich,
pH-stable compost that promotes soil health and plant growth.
Several research papers have explored the applications of DSW compost, particularly its impact on
crop yield and soil properties.
Villena [51] investigated the use of compost derived from winery and distillery waste in a melon crop.
Different doses of compost were applied, and the effects on plant growth, nutrient accumulation, fruit
yield, and quality were studied. The application of compost resulted in increased plant biomass and
improved relative growth rate. Significant improvements in fruit yield were observed with a specific
compost dose. The compost application was found to be environmentally safe, and it enhanced fruit
quality. Overall, the study demonstrated the positive impact of winery and distillery waste compost
on melon crop performance.
The research by Bustamante [52] investigated the use of composts made from distillery wastes as
alternatives to peat in transplant production. Two types of compost were created using spent grape
marc with either cattle or poultry manure. Different vegetable species were grown using various
substrate mixtures containing peat and compost. The study found that the composts had suitable
properties for use as growing media in horticulture. Composts from the co-composting of grape marc
and cow/poultry manure were identified as viable substitutes for peat, with volumes of 25-50%,
without compromising yield or nutritional outcomes compared to the control.
Paredes [53] focused on the composting of winery by-products, specifically exhausted grape marc
(EGM) and vinasse, and its potential as an organic amendment in agricultural soils. Composting EGM
helps eliminate phytotoxicity and produce a stable end-product with beneficial nutrients. Previous
studies have already shown positive effects of grape marc compost on plant growth. Then, this study
aimed to examine the impact of EGM compost on soil nitrogen dynamics during horticultural crop
growth. The results indicate that EGM compost application improves soil fertility by increasing
organic nitrogen. However, there is low nitrogen mineralization and a period of nitrogen
immobilization, particularly when EGM and poultry manure compost are used. Organic nitrogen
losses from the composts are minimal. The mineralization of organic nitrogen in mature composts is
influenced by crop nutrient demands. The application rate of EGM compost is appropriate, as it yields
similar lettuce production to commercial values. It is recommended to apply EGM compost one
month before planting to avoid nitrogen immobilization.
The research conducted by Tejada [54] investigated the effects of different treatments on the
restoration of soil using beet vinasse (BV), uncomposted Trifolium pratense L. (TP) - a leguminous

Page 304
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 plant, and composted mixtures of TP and BV. The results showed that BV negatively impacted soil
properties, including physical, chemical, and biological aspects. It decreased structural stability,
increased bulk density, raised exchangeable sodium percentage, and decreased microbial biomass,
soil respiration, and enzymatic activities. In contrast, TP application had positive effects on the soil
physical and biological properties. When TP was co-composted with BV, especially at a 2:1 ratio, the
resulting compost positively influenced soil properties. After four years, plant cover decreased in BV-
amended plots but increased in TP and TP + BV compost treatments. These findings indicate that BV
alone deteriorates the soil, while TP and TP composted with BV contribute to its restoration.
The study executed by Bustamante [55] aimed to investigate the impact of incorporating different
organic materials into a calcareous vineyard soil over three growing seasons. The organic materials
used included sheep manure and four composts derived from the winery and distillery waste
treatment. The application of these organic materials resulted in increased soil microbial activity,
higher levels of soil macro and micronutrients, and a gradual release of inorganic nitrogen. Overall,
the study showed that incorporating winery and distillery waste composts had positive effects on the
soil, improving its characteristics and nutrient content.
Therefore, DSW compost offers numerous benefits and potential applications. It can be used as a soil
amendment to enhance soil quality, fertility, and structure. Compost provides slow-release organic
nutrients, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and supporting sustainable agriculture. It can also
aid in land reclamation projects, promoting vegetation growth and ecological recovery. DSW compost
is valuable in horticulture and landscaping, improving soil fertility, plant growth, and aesthetics.
Additionally, it has the potential for environmental remediation by assisting in the treatment of
contaminated soils. However, adherence to regulatory guidelines and quality standards is crucial to
ensure environmental and human health. It can be concluded that DSW compost contributes to
sustainable waste management and the principles of the circular economy.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Distillery spent wash composting is a promising waste management technique that can effectively
convert this organic waste into a valuable resource. However, there are many factors influencing the
composting of DSW as mentioned in this review. And the optimal management of these factors is
critical for successful composting.
Various composting techniques, including co-composting and vermicomposting, have been used for
DSW treatment. Co-composting with suitable co-substrates can improve the composting process and
produce high-quality compost rich in organic matter, nutrients, and beneficial microbial populations.
The resulting compost has potential applications as a soil amendment, fertilizer, or in land reclamation
projects. However, composting DSW may have environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas
emissions, leachate generation, and odor issues. Proper management practices and mitigation
strategies are necessary to minimize these impacts.
Lessons learned and best practices for composting DSW involve optimizing composting parameters,
utilizing co-substrates in co-composting, investing in suitable technology and infrastructure,
implementing effective odor management measures, ensuring quality control and testing, and
promoting research and development collaborations.
Furthermore, there are important implications, knowledge gaps, and future research directions to
consider. These include studying the dynamics of microbial communities during composting,
optimizing process parameters for different types of DSW, establishing standardized guidelines and
regulations, exploring innovative composting techniques, examining the socio-economic
implications, and conducting long-term monitoring studies to evaluate compost stability and its
impact on soil properties and crop yields.
In conclusion, composting offers a sustainable solution for DSW management, and its optimization
requires considering various factors and advancing research in the field. By addressing knowledge
gaps, improving techniques, and adhering to quality standards, the value and sustainability of DSW
composting can be maximized.

Page 305
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by the project ‘Preparation for the transition to a circular economy in the
case of agricultural and green waste’ of the Environment and Energy Efficiency Operational Program
grant scheme of the Ministry of Technology and Industry Hungary under grant no.: KEHOP-3.2.1-
15-2021-00037.

REFERENCES

[1] Suthar, Surendra. (2007). “Bioremediation of Aerobically Treated Distillery Sludge Mixed
with Cow Dung by Using an Epigeic Earthworm Eisenia Fetida.” The Environmentalist 28
(2): 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9031-x
[2] Maurya, Piyush M., and Suhas V. Patil. (2018). “A Review on Treatment of Distillery
Wastewater by Physicochemical Approaches.” International Journal of Research Studies in
Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (9): 36–44.
[3] Gebreeyessus, Getachew D., Andualem Mekonnen, and Esayas Alemayehu. (2019). “A
Review on Progresses and Performances in Distillery Stillage Management.” Journal of
Cleaner Production 232 (September): 295–307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.383.
[4] Ravikumar, R. (2007). “Biodegradation and Decolourization of Biomethanated Distillery
Spent Wash.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology 1 (2): 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2008/v1i2/2.
[5] CPCB. (2003). “Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection.” Edited
by Central Pollution Control Board. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Environment; Forests.
[6] Pandey, R. A., S. Malhotra, A. Tankhiwale, S. Pande, P. P. Pathe, and S. N. Kaul. (2003).
“Treatment of Biologically Treated Distillery Effluent - a Case Study.” International Journal
of Environmental Studies 60 (3): 263–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207230290024270.
[7] Mohana, Sarayu, Bhavik K. Acharya, and Datta Madamwar. (2009). “Distillery Spent Wash:
Treatment Technologies and Potential Applications.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 163 (1):
12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.079.
[8] Kharayat, Yogita. (2012). “Distillery Wastewater: Bioremediation Approaches.” Journal of
Integrative Environmental Sciences 9 (2): 69–91.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815x.2012.688056.
[9] Khalid, Azeem, Muhammad Arshad, Muzammil Anjum, Tariq Mahmood, and Lorna
Dawson. (2011). “The Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Organic Waste.” Waste Management 31
(8): 1737–44.
[10] Haug, Roger T. (2018). The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203736234.
[11] Kotroczó, ZS, and István Fekete. (2020). “Significance of Soil Respiration from Biological
Activity in the Degradation Processes of Different Types of Organic Matter.” DRC
Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy 1 (2): 171–79.
[12] Saha, N. K., M. Balakrishnan, and V. S. Batra. (2005). “Improving Industrial Water Use:
Case Study for an Indian Distillery.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 43 (2): 163–74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.04.016.
[13] Tewari, P. K., V. S. Batra, and M. Balakrishnan. (2007). “Water Management Initiatives in
Sugarcane Molasses Based Distilleries in India.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52
(2): 351–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.05.003.
[14] Satyawali, Y., and M. Balakrishnan. (2008). “Wastewater Treatment in Molasses-Based
Alcohol Distilleries for COD and Color Removal: A Review.” Journal of Environmental
Management 86 (3): 481–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.024.

Page 306
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [15] Wedzicha, B. L., and M. T. Kaputo. (1992). “Melanoidins from Glucose and Glycine:
Composition, Characteristics and Reactivity Towards Sulphite Ion.” Food Chemistry 43 (5):
359–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90308-o.
[16] Pant, Deepak, and Alok Adholeya. (2006). “Enhanced Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes
and Decolorization of Molasses Distillery Wastewater by Fungi Under Solid State
Fermentation.” Biodegradation 18 (5): 647–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-006-9097-z.
[17] Martin, M. A, F Raposo, R Borja, and A Martin. (2002). “Kinetic Study of the Anaerobic
Digestion of Vinasse Pretreated with Ozone, Ozone Plus Ultraviolet Light, and Ozone Plus
Ultraviolet Light in the Presence of Titanium Dioxide.” Process Biochemistry 37 (7): 699–
706. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(01)00260-6.
[18] Manisankar, P., C. Rani, and S. Viswanathan. (2004). “Effect of Halides in the
Electrochemical Treatment of Distillery Effluent.” Chemosphere 57 (8): 961–66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.026.
[19] Kumar, V., L. Wati, F. FitzGibbon, P. Nigam, I. M. Banat, D. Singh, and R. Marchant.
(1997). “Bioremediation and Decolorization of Anaerobically Digested Distillery Spent
Wash.” Biotechnology Letters 19 (4): 311–14. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018386414336.
[20] Karaca, A. (2004). Effect of organic wastes on the extractability of cadmium, copper, nickel,
and zinc in soil. Geoderma, 122, 297–303.
[21] Pinamonti, F. L., Stringari, G. I., Gasperi, F. L., & Zorzi, G. I. (1997). The use of compost: its
effects on heavy metal levels in soil and plants. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 21,
129–143.
[22] Diaz, Luis F, Marco De Bertoldi, and Werner Bidlingmaier. (2011). Compost Science and
Technology. Elsevier.
[23] Willmott, Nicola, Jim Guthrie, and Gordon Nelson. (1998). “The Biotechnology Approach to
Colour Removal from Textile Effluent.” Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 114
(2): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1998.tb01943.x.
[24] Khandekar, YS, and NP Shinkar. (2020). “Distillery Spent Wash Biological Treatment
Techniques: A Review.” International Journalof Innovative Research in Advanced
Engineering (IJIRAE) Vol 7: 252–58.
[25] Eleonora, Nistor, A. Dobrei, Dobrei Alina, Kiss Erzsebet, and Ciolac Valeria. (2014). “Grape
Pomace as Fertilizer.” JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology 18: 141–45.
[26] Bertran, E, X Sort, M Soliva, and I Trillas. (2004). “Composting Winery Waste: Sludges and
Grape Stalks.” Bioresource Technology 95 (2): 203–8.
[27] Gómez-Brandón, Marıá , Cristina Lazcano, Marta Lores, and Jorge Domın ́ guez. (2011).
“Short-Term Stabilization of Grape Marc Through Earthworms.” Journal of Hazardous
Materials 187 (1-3): 291–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.011.
[28] Burg, Patrik, Pavel Zemánek, Milan Michálek, et al. (2014). “Evaluating of Selected
Parameters of Composting Process by Composting of Grape Pomace.” Acta Universitatis
Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59: 75–80.
[29] Silva, Lara Rúbia Borges, and Levente Kardos. (2022). “Recycling of Organic Waste: An
Overview of pálinka Distillery Mash Composting.” Journal of Central European Green
Innovation 10 (Suppl 1): 157–75. https://doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.3509.
[30] Tiwari, Anshuman, Monowar Khalid, and Manoj Garg. (2019). “Spent-Wash Utilization in
Bio-Composting : A Sustainable Solution” 6 (June): 399.
[31] Bustamante, M. A., C. Paredes, J. Morales, A. M. Mayoral, and R. Moral. (2009). “Study of
the Composting Process of Winery and Distillery Wastes Using Multivariate Techniques.”
Bioresource Technology 100 (20): 4766–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.033.
[32] Bustamante, M. A., C. Paredes, R. Moral, J. Moreno-Caselles, M. D. Pérez-Murcia, A. Pérez-
Espinosa, and M. P. Bernal. (2007). “Co-Composting of Distillery and Winery Wastes with
Sewage Sludge.” Water Science and Technology 56 (2): 187–92.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.488.
[33] Bustamante, M. A., Moral, R., Paredes, C., Vargas-Garcıá , M. C., Suárez-Estrella, F., &
Moreno, J. (2008). Evolution of the pathogen content during co-composting of winery and

Page 307
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 distillery wastes. Bioresource Technology, 99(15), 7299–7306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.051
[34] Madejon, Engracia, Rafael Lopez, Manuel Jesus Dõaz. (2002). “Co-Composting of Sugarbeet
Vinasse: Influence of the Organic Matter Nature of the Bulking Agents Used.” Fuel and
Energy Abstracts 43 (2): 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)85245-6.
[35] Diaz, M. J, E Madejón, F López, R López, and F Cabrera. (2002). “Optimization of the Rate
Vinasse/Grape Marc for Co-Composting Process.” Process Biochemistry 37 (10): 1143–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(01)00327-2.
[36] Pinter, Iván Funes, Ana Sofıá Fernández, Laura Elizabeth Martı́nez, Nicolas Riera, Marcela
Fernández, Germán Darıó Aguado, and Ernesto Martın ́ Uliarte. (2019). “Exhausted Grape
Marc and Organic Residues Composting with Polyethylene Cover: Process and Quality
Evaluation as Plant Substrate.” Journal of Environmental Management 246 (September):
695–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.027.
[37] Bustamante, M. A., C. Paredes, F. C. Marhuenda-Egea, A. Pérez-Espinosa, M. P. Bernal, and
R. Moral. (2008). “Co-Composting of Distillery Wastes with Animal Manures: Carbon and
Nitrogen Transformations in the Evaluation of Compost Stability.” Chemosphere 72 (4):
551–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.030.
[38] Torres-Climent, A., P. Gomis, J. Martıń -Mata, M. A. Bustamante, F. C. Marhuenda-Egea, M.
D. Pérez-Murcia, A. Pérez-Espinosa, C. Paredes, and R. Moral. (2015). “Chemical, Thermal
and Spectroscopic Methods to Assess Biodegradation of Winery-Distillery Wastes During
Composting.” Edited by Jorge Aburto. PLOS ONE 10 (9): e0138925.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138925.
[39] Marhuenda-Egea, F. C., E. Martı́nez-Sabater, J. Jordá, A. Sánchez-Sánchez, R. Moral, M. A.
Bustamante, C. Paredes, and M. D. Pérez-Murcia. (2007). “Evaluation of the Aerobic
Composting Process of Winery and Distillery Residues by Thermal Methods.”
Thermochimica Acta 454 (2): 135–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2007.01.015.
[40] Zhang, L., & Sun, X. (2016). Improving green waste composting by addition of sugarcane
bagasse and exhausted grape marc. Bioresource technology, 218, 335–343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.097
[41] Wongkoon, Tipnapa. (2017). “Effect of Compost Made from Filter Cake and Distillery Slop
on Sugarcane Growth.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 19: 250–55.
[42] Sarangi, Bijaya Ketan, Sandeep Narayan Mudliar, Praveena Bhatt, Shweta Kalve, Tapan
Chakrabarti, and Ram Awatar Pandey. (2008). “Compost from Sugar Mill Press Mud and
Distillery Spent Wash for Sustainable Agriculture.” Dyn Soil Dyn Plant 2 (1): 35–49.
[43] Fernández, F. J., V. Sánchez-Arias, J. Villaseñor, and L. Rodrıg ́ uez. (2008). “Evaluation of
Carbon Degradation During Co-Composting of Exhausted Grape Marc with Different
Biowastes.” Chemosphere 73 (5): 670–77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.007.
[44] Romero, Esperanza, César Plaza, Nicola Senesi, Rogelio Nogales, and Alfredo Polo. (2007).
“Humic Acid-Like Fractions in Raw and Vermicomposted Winery and Distillery Wastes.”
Geoderma 139 (3-4): 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.03.009.
[45] Gómez-Brandón, Marıá , Marta Lores, and Jorge Domın ́ guez. (2023). “Recycling and
Valorization of Distilled Grape Marc Through Vermicomposting: A Pilot-Scale Study.”
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 25 (3): 1509–18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01627-6.
[46] Nogales, Rogelio, Celia Cifuentes, And Emilio Benítez. (2005). “Vermicomposting of
Winery Wastes: A Laboratory Study.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B
40 (4): 659–73. https://doi.org/10.1081/pfc-200061595.
[47] Hanc, Ales, Tereza Hrebeckova, and Stanislav Kuzel. (2019). “Vermicomposting of
Distillery Residues in a Vertical-Flow Windrow System.” Waste and Biomass Valorization
10 (12): 3647–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00671-4.
[48] Singh, Jaswinder, Arvinder Kaur, and Adarsh Pal Vig. (2014). “Bioremediation of Distillery
Sludge into Soil-Enriching Material Through Vermicomposting with the Help of Eisenia

Page 308
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Fetida.” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 174 (4): 1403–19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1116-7.
[49] Tejada, M., A. M. Garcıá -Martı́nez, and J. Parrado. (2009). “Effects of a Vermicompost
Composted with Beet Vinasse on Soil Properties, Soil Losses and Soil Restoration.”
CATENA 77 (3): 238–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2009.01.004.
[50] Alavi, Nadali, Monavvar Daneshpajou, Mohammad Shirmardi, Gholamreza Goudarzi,
Abdolkazem Neisi, and Ali Akbar Babaei. (2017). “Investigating the Efficiency of Co-
Composting and Vermicomposting of Vinasse with the Mixture of Cow Manure Wastes,
Bagasse, and Natural Zeolite.” Waste Management 69 (November): 117–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.039.
[51] Villena, Raquel, Marıá Teresa Castellanos, Marıá Carmen Cartagena, Francisco Ribas,
Augusto Arce, Marı́a Jesús Cabello, and Marı́a Isabel Requejo. (2018). “Winery Distillery
Waste Compost Effect on the Performance of Melon Crop Under Field Conditions.” Scientia
Agricola 75 (6): 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0507.
[52] Bustamante, M. A., C. Paredes, R. Moral, E. Agulló, M. D. Pérez-Murcia, and M. Abad.
(2008). “Composts from Distillery Wastes as Peat Substitutes for Transplant Production.”
Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52 (5): 792–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.11.005.
[53] Paredes, C, E Medina, R Moral, MA Bustamante, and A Perez-Espinosa. (2007). “Nitrogen
dynamics in a clayey loam soil amended with distillery waste compost.” Treatment and Use
of Non Conventional Organic Residues in Agriculture.
[54] Tejada, M., J. L. Gonzalez, A. M. Garcıá -Martıń ez, and J. Parrado. (2008). “Application of a
Green Manure and Green Manure Composted with Beet Vinasse on Soil Restoration: Effects
on Soil Properties.” Bioresource Technology 99 (11): 4949–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.026.
[55] Bustamante, M. A., D. Said-Pullicino, E. Agulló, J. Andreu, C. Paredes, and R. Moral. 2011.
“Application of Winery and Distillery Waste Composts to a Jumilla (SE Spain) Vineyard:
Effects on the Characteristics of a Calcareous Sandy-Loam Soil.” Agriculture, Ecosystems
&Amp$\mathsemicolon$ Environment 140 (1-2): 80–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.014.

Page 309
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 THE MIGRATION OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE SOIL
Kenza IRINISLIMANE

mechanical engineering department, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes,Algeria

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The problems of soil pollution are common nowadays; the presence of pollutants is a
problem of toxicity when these pollutants migrate into the soil. The objective of this study is to
optimize depollution processes in the context of studies on soil contamination by hydrocarbon
pollutants. Many non-aqueous organic liquids (NAPLs "No Aqueous Phase Liquids”) are used in
large quantities by many industries worldwide. Unfortunately, because of their use, these liquids are
among the most widespread pollutants in soil and groundwater. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult
to clean up underground water due to their relative inaccessibility, their large volume, and flow
slowly. Which is why the pollution of groundwater can cause a very serious ecological damage and
long-term, especially because the pollutant removal takes times. In the context of polluted sites,
numerical modelling is a tool for understanding the behaviour of contaminants in the subsurface and
to predict their future in space and in time. The work consists in reproduce by simulation; some
physical phenomena frequently encountered in practice and identify the parameters that govern them.
To do this, we studied the problem on a reduced and through the laws of physical similarity model;
the results can be extended to real applications.

Keywords: Groundwater, pollution, flow, environment, numerical simulation

INTRODUCTION

The study of fluid flows in porous media includes the description and characterization of both the
fluid that the environment in which it operates. Hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents constitute
relatively widespread classes of pollutant in the subsoil. When these liquids are accidentally spilled
on the ground surface or leak from underground reservoirs, their migration underground is controlled
by three forces (capillary, viscous and gravity).
Due to the terrific development of means of reconnaissance highly heterogeneous subsurface
formations, and the improvement opportunities for interpretation of complex data growing computer
tool that allows the current problems concern mainly to the heterogeneity of natural porous milieu.
The migration of immiscible oil and restoring aquifers where they are present involve multiphase
process. At hydrocarbon migration, numerical modelling has allowed a better understanding of the
phenomena that act in the gas phase (Baehr, 1987, Faltaand al, 1989) and in liquid form
(Guarnacciaand al, 1997, and Moridis Pruess, 1995) [Burger, 1984].
Chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons, in most cases, are poorly soluble chemicals
(miscible) in water. They exist in the aquifer as separate liquid phases, often referred to as non-
aqueous liquid phase or NAPL.A NAPL can consist of a single or many components compound. For
example, trichlorethylene (TCE) and tetrachlorethylene (PCE) are simple compounds [Yra, 2006].
The underground water can be of two types: unconfined and confined aquifer [Angiboust, 2006].

Page 310
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Worldwide, all kinds of waste are discharged into the ground or are accidentally spilled on the surface.
Fortunately, most hazardous waste is absorbed and broken down by natural processes such as bacterial
activity. However, some are not easily degraded and, in some cases, the amount of toxic substances
into the soil is such that the natural capacities of the latter to remove pollutants are exceeded, resulting
in the pollution of groundwater. T
he vulnerability of groundwater depends on the type of water, free or captive, and the mode of flow
of water in the aquifer. Confined groundwater is better protected by impermeable layers which
surmount. Their supply of water is more limited, so easier to protect. Their pollution occurs when the
impermeable protective level is pierced by a book (old drilling deep excavation). The unconfined
aquifers are more vulnerable revenge pollutants from surface can diffuse freely in the soil and the
groundwater level to unsaturated area [Yra,2006]. During the migration of NAPL in the porous milieu,
a party may find themselves trapped under the action of capillary forces; the figure shows the free
and trapped NAPL [Yra, 2006].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For Modelling of multiphase displacements under UTCHEM, we use The UTCHEM code. This is a
multiphase simulator 3D multicomponent particularly complex. Written in FORTRAN, it is very
robust and can be run either on a super computer or workstation. This calculation code digital, still in
development at the University of Texas in Austin, was originally developed by Pope and Nelson
(1978) to simulate the process of oil recovery by the use of surfactants (surfactants) and polymers
[Technical Documentation for UTCHEM, 2000].
The simulator has the ability to simulate adequately the complex phenomena [Alonso
Bernardez,1999] and also allows us to consider the phenomenon of diffusion between all phases
[Bour,2003] The simulator allows the modelling of more than 19 components: water, oil, surfactant,
polymer, alcohol, air, plotters, gels, etc. which can form up to four (04) fluid phases [Alonso
Bernardez,1999]: a gaseous phase three liquid phases: an aqueous phase (l = 1), an oil phase (l = 2) a
micro-emulsion phase (l = 3).

RESULTS

The product used in our application is Perchloroethylene or PCE is found in many other
denominations 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachlorethylene, tetrachloroethene ethylene tetrachloride, carbon
dichloride. In this application we simulated from a simple model, the behaviour of a heterogeneous
aquifer, considered as representative of a type of heterogeneity frequently found in nature (stratified
milieu). The model used is a simplified physical model, similar to a stack of parallel layers of constant
thickness and different characteristics (porosity, permeability).
The milieu considered in this study is a rigid aquifer initially saturated with the pollutant "PCE". The
injection of the displacing fluid (aqueous phase) through an injection well, allows to push the
contaminant to the recovery wells.
The aqueous phase consists of water, of polymer and surfactant. The injection of a surfactant solution
is used to reduce the interfacial tension and decreasing the saturation of residual polluting, and
injection of the polymers (often combined with the use of surfactants) increases the viscosity of the
water and decreases the mobility ratio to improve sweep efficiency.
Exchanges between phases are not taken into account (no phenomenon of diffusion-dispersion) and
the tank temperature is invariable (isothermal process).

Page 311
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 t=5days t= 10 days t=15 days t=5 days t= 10 days t=15 days

t=30days t= 45 days t=55 days t=30 days t= 45 days t=55 days

t=65 days t= 75 days t=90 days t=65 days t= 75 days t=90 days

Figure 1: Saturation of the injectable Phase Figure 2: Saturation of the injectable Phase,
(Water, polymer, surfactant) in the layer 1. (Water, polymer, surfactant) in the layer 2.

t=5days t= 10 days t=15 days

t= 30 days t= 45 days t= 55 days

t=65 days t= 75 days t=90 days

Figure 3: Saturation of the injectable Phase (Water, polymer, surfactant) in the layer 3.

DISCUSSION

The mesh used to discretize the milieu is a three-dimensional Cartesian grid. The finite difference
scheme used is the TVD scheme; it consists in discretizing the domain into rectangular mesh. Values
calculated are average values characterizing the mesh and not the values at the centre of the mesh.
From the figures 1, 2, 3 we find that the injected aqueous phase moves quickly in the most permeable
layers (1 and 2). So the permeability plays an important role in the movement of fluids through the
aquifer.
The Variation of the saturation of the aqueous phase is initially recorded in the vicinity of the injection
well of the same phase. Thereafter the spread of this phase front across the milieu is circular in shape,
and forming surfaces iso-saturations. In layer 3, wherein the porosity and permeability is low, and also

Page 312
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 because the depth to which is the displacement of the moving fluid is very long. Behind the
displacement front, saturation occurs in this phase to a maximum value in the injection well that is
complementary to the residual saturation PCE.
From the injection well, the saturation of the latter is gradually increased until the onset of the steady
state, and stabilized at this value. By approaching the right boundary, the aqueous phase which serves
to push the pollutant moves more southerly along flow axis see Figures 1, 2, 3 recovery wells. We also
note that the vicinity of the two lateral boundaries is not completely swept away by the latter in the
layer 1 and 2 before the first 30 days of the simulation.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

We focus in this study to determine the saturation fields of the fluid phases in the case of the method of
recovery of the pollutant (PCE) by injection of an aqueous phase (water, polymer, surfactant). This
study examines the influence of the injection of the aqueous phase of the displacement of PCE through
the medium under consideration. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to clean up underground water
due to their relative inaccessibility, their large volume, and flow slowly. Therefore, the pollution of
groundwater can cause a very serious ecological damage and long-term, especially because the
pollutant removal takes time. The study of fluid flows in porous milieu includes the description and
characterization of both the fluid that the environment in which it operates. Due to the tremendous
development of means of reconnaissance highly heterogeneous subsurface formations, and improving
opportunities for interpretation of complex data and growing software tool that allows the current issues
related mainly to the heterogeneity of natural porous media..

REFERENCES

[1] Alonso Bernardez. L, Numerical simulation of recovery of Diesel in porous milieus by injection
of surfactant solutions, Memory Sciences, Laval University, Canada, July (1999).
[2] Angiboust S., Aquifers on their structure, function and their response to pollution, Platform
Environment, ENS. April (2006).
[3] Bour O. Modeling the case of Type 1 TRANSPOL program: Results obtained with the simulator
UTCHEM, Report of the National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks. July (2003).
[4] Burger J. Enhanced oil recovery, thermal methods, Technip, France (1984)
[5] Technical Documentation for UTCHEM-9.0.3D. Reservoir Engineering Program Center for
Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, University of Texas. july(2000).
[6] Yra A. Active dispersion in heterogeneous porous milieus contaminated with hydrocarbon
products, Doctoral Thesis, University of Bordeaux I. Jun (2006).

Page 313
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SOIL PROFILING FROM SHORT DISSIPATION CPT DATA
Emőke IMRE1,2*, Diego MARCHETTI 3, Lachlan BATES 4, Stephen FITYUS 5
1
Bánki Donát Faculty, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Hydro-Bio-Mechanical Systems Research Center, Óbuda University
3
Studio Prof. Marchetti Italy
5
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
5
Douglas Partners, Newcastle, Australia

Abstract: Major part of the in situ dissipation tests of CPT are not used in the lack of proper
evaluation methods. The wider aim of the research is to get more information from the dissipation
tests by using mathematically precise evaluation methods. Especially, the short dissipation tests
performed when the steady penetration is stopped for a few second-long technical break in case of the
S832 equipment, in every 50 cm, are not evaluated even though the 50 cm frequency may have given
sufficient information since the affected zone extends several tens of diameters away. To elaborate an
evaluation method for the simple fs or simple qc test, at first a data set measured in the Szeged and
Debrecen test sites were statistically analysed. According to the results, the mean dissipation curves
were dependent on the soil type differently for fs (controlled by the effective stress on the shaft) and qc
(controlled by the total stress on the tip). The time dependency of the mean dissipation curves was
explained here by a newly suggested consolidation model. The paper compares the results with some
recently published DMTA short dissipation test data showing similar pattern.

Keywords: consolidation, dynamic amplifier, displacement pile, CPT dissipation test, residual
stress, soil profiling

INTRODUCTION

This research was initiated by the facts that the total stress, shaft and tip resistance dissipation tests
made by the cone penetration tests (Table 1) cannot be evaluated and properly used. The in situ
dissipation tests (except the pore water pressure dissipation test) are not used in the lack of proper
evaluation methods (Table 1).

Table 1 Types of dissipation tests made with in situ equipment, only the pore water pressure
test of dissipation tests are evaluated in the practice.

Measured variable Notation Name

Pore water pressure CPTu pore water pressure dissipation
u2 u3 etc.
Total stress PSL* piezo-lateral stress dissipation
*and pore water pressure DMTA A-dissipation
DMTC C-dissipation
Shaft fs and tip resistance qc CPT fs simple fs dissipation
CPT qc simple qc test

Page 314
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 2 Plasticity and void ratio of the layers in Figures 3, 4

Ip [%] e[-]
Mo 7.4 0.68
Medium clay 20. 0.76
Fat clay 36.3 0.85

Figure 1: The solution of the joined model Figure 2: S832 CPT short fs and qc dissipation
(solid lines) and the coupled consolidation tests, analogue outputs with empirical parameters
model total stress model (dashed lines) [3, 4] (from Imre, 1995 [1])

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Soil group mean curves in terms of time with approximate time scale [3]. (a)
Measured mean qc-time relations (b) Measured mean fs-time relations. Note the qualitatively
different response for sandy and clayey soils.

The CPT can be used in a logging or in a rheological testing mode. Short CPT dissipation
tests can be made at the technical stops of the steady penetration. In these stops the time
variation of the local side friction and the cone resistance is recorded for a few seconds –
minutes. Earlier, in the case of the CPT S832 equipment (made in UFA, Ural Mountain region
[1 to 3]), several short tests were made.
In this work the short shaft and tip resistance dissipation tests made at the technical stops of
the steady penetration with the CPT S832 equipment is analyzed, it is found that it can be used
for soil profiling and that the results may apply to the DMTA short dissipation test as well.

Page 315
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A short dissipation test can be performed with the S832 equipment in every 50 cm. This is done in such
a way that the steady penetration is stopped due to technical reason, so that the rod is released then re-
clamped. During this the local side friction fs and the cone resistance qc are continued to be measured.
Figure 1 shows the typical S832 CPT short dissipation output which is an analogue record with saw-
tooth-like features for both the short fs and qc dissipation tests (Imre, 1995, [1]).
The short dissipation output typically consisted of an immediate stress drop and a time dependent stress
decrease period. According to our interpretation, this is due to the dynamic – static transition. There is
a so called dynamic amplification factor expressing the ratio of the dynamic / static load, the load
decreases if loading changes from dynamic to static, different during steady penetration and when
penetration stops (Németh-Kocsis, 2013, [2]).
The aim of the research was to get more information from the dissipation tests by using
mathematically precise evaluation methods. For this aim, statistical evaluation was made, and the
results were started to explain by precise modelling. A radial consolidation model was used to explain
the results (see Figs. 1, 2).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

A total of 135 rheological type cone penetration test records associated with the ten boreholes, selected
from the data bank of the Geodesical and Geotechnical Institute FTV, were evaluated such that
dissipation test groups of soil groups were defined from plasticity index Ip. The mean dissipation tests
of soil groups indicated that the time variation of the local side friction short dissipation curves initially
showed an immediate stress drop, then the shaft resistance decreased or increased during the time
dependent dissipation period in the first minute for plastic or granular soils, respectively. The mean
dissipation tests indicated that the time variation of the cone resistance short dissipation curves showed
a time dependency which was controlled by the soil plasticity in intact layers. These results can be used
for soil identification (Figs. 2 to 3, [1]).

Empirical parameters
The immediate stress drop Δ1 was generally left out in the empirical evaluation, the time dependent stress
decrease period was characterized by two parameters, the time dependent stress drop Δ2 and the initial
stress variation rate parameter Δ. These empirical parameters are used for the characterization of the
simple rheological-type cone penetration test records (Imre 1995). One is the cone resistance parameter
Δ qc2 and, kocal side friction sounding parameter Δ fs2 (Fig. 2) given by:

 qc2 = qc ( t i ) - qc ( t i + t); and  f s2 = f s ( t i ) - f s ( t i + t1 ); (1)

where ti is the time when the immediate stress drop is ended, and t1 is a reference time. An additional
sounding parameter Δ was defined by fitting the relaxation equation of the Poynting-Thomson
model on the stress measured during the time dependent period (Fig. 1). The equation:
t
−
 (t ) =   + ( 0 −   ) e  (2)

Factor analysis was made with the in situ and lab test data indicated strong correlations between the
empirical parameters, permeability and plasticity index Ip, except at layer boundaries or in the case of
secondary structure (if the permeability is larger than expected from soil type).

MATHEMATICALLY PRECISE ANALYSES

Page 316
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 A coupled consolidation model
The system of equation of the consolidation part-model was developed on the basis of the field equations
of the coupled consolidation Analytical solutions were made assuming new boundary conditions for the
dissipation test problem [3]. In the modelling of the total stress at r0 it is assumed that the constitutive
equation is time dependent:

 r (t , r0 ) =  rc (t , r0 ) +   rr (t , r0 ) (3)

where superscript c and r indicate consolidation and relaxation, respectively. It is assumed that the
relaxation term can be described as follows:

t
  rr (t , r0 ) = − s   ( 0, r0 )  log ;t > t 1 (4)
t1

where s is the coefficient of relaxation, and t1 is the delay time. The radial total stress at r0 decreases
with time due to consolidation and also relaxation. The effective stress at r0 increases due to
consolidation and decreases due to relaxation, the net effect depends on the model parameters, the
coefficient of consolidation (c) and the coefficient of relaxation (s) both depending on soil type.

Simulation results, explaining the empirical parameters

In the qualitative validation, the radial effective stress response was simulated in the function of the
consolidation and relaxation model parameters (using the software [4 to 5]). The time variation of the
radial normal stresses acting at the shaft-soil interface was simulated with the joined model in such a
way that the values of the coefficient of consolidation (cv) and the coefficient of relaxation (s) were
varied.
According to the results (Fig. 6), the time variation of the radial effective stress was a decrease or
increase during the first minutes for plastic or granular soils, respectively.
The simulated radial normal stress - time functions were characterized with two parameters (Δfs2, Δ)
defined similarly to the foregoing two sounding parameters (Δfs2, Δ). Results are shown in Figures 7, 8.
The relations concerning the simulated sounding parameters (Δfs2, Δ) - coefficient consolidation (cv)
were compared with the relations concerning the empirical sounding parameters (Δfs2, Δ) - plasticity
index (IP). Similar to the shaft resistance during short dissipation, the simulated empirical parameters
indicated the same dependence on the plasticity index Ip. In this way the correlation results between
sounding parameters and the plasticity index (Ip) shown in Figures 2 to 5 were explained qualitatively,
by using the theoretical model.

DISCUSSION

Residual stresses
The CPT is a displacement - type model pile due to the jacking ([7 to 8). Therefore, it may be assumed
on the basis of the foregoing experiences that plastic and granular soil behaviour also separates in the
beginning of dissipation in clay or sand. This hypothesis is supported by the foregoing statistical
evaluations known from literature, showing some additional plasticity dependence.

Page 317
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Figure 4: Empirical Δ - IP relation – from Figure 5: Empirical Δ fs2- IP relation– from
measured qc-time relations measured fs-time relations

(a) (b) *

(c) (d)

Figure 6: (a) and (b) The total stress on the shaft, large / small permeability soils, explaining the
qc tests. (c) and (d) The effective stress on the shaft, large and small permeability soil,
explaining the fs tests.

Page 318
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
Figure 7: Δ - IP relation determined from Figure 8: Δ fs2- IP relation determined from
simulation. simulation.

It is well-known that there are residual stresses during displacement piling, which are small in clay and
are significant in sand where huge negative side friction appears above the tip ([7 to 8]). It is well-known
that there is a time dependent stress release in the soil causing an equipment vertical force redistribution,
a decrease in the absolute value of the residual stresses pointwise, along the shaft.
The construction experiences in relation to re-driving resistance of piles (Yang, 1956 [9]) indicate a clear
distinction between sand and plastic soils. The re-driving resistance is less in clays and is larger in sand
at the end of the first driving than at the beginning of the first driving and the reverse is true later, in a few
days after than at the end of the first driving.

An equilibrium condition of deep foundation shaft load transfer

It is well-known that there is a plastic zone around the displacement piles, and due to strain localizations.
The vertical normal force equilibrium condition of a hollow cylindrical soil body around the CPT,
bounded by the slip surfaces of the plastic zone (Imre, 1988 [10]) links the vertical soil normal stress at
the level of the tip with the load transferred on the shaft, at inner surface of the cylinder. This link may
explain the saw-tooth-like stress variation and the fact that the short dissipation curves are influenced by
the load transferred on the shaft of the whole equipment.

Dissipation phenomena
The radial stress release components (irrespective of the effect of residual stress state) are as follows.
Dynamic-static transition which can only be detected in case of continuous data acquisition before
dissipation. (It is not occurring in case of a small displacement before the stress measurement which is the
case for the DMT ([11]). Consolidation with time dependent constitutive law, and with thixotropic
hardening in the failure zone (the time dependent constitutive law result in total stress relaxation which has
the most significant effect at small t, due to the log law). The initial condition is permeability dependent,
in NC clays and in sand the penetration is undrained or drained, respectively.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The few second-long CPT dissipation test records - sampled in the technical breaks of the standard CPT
procedure - was qualitatively investigated aiming at the use of a “no cost” method in soil characterisation.
It was found that the aim is realized since there are significantly different records for the granular and the
remainder soils in the short fs dissipation tests, in sand increase, in the remainder soils a plasticity
dependent stress decrease may occur. The latter is explained here by a permeability dependent nature of
consolidation (besides post-depositional effects) in normally consolidated (NC) soils which may result in
more than 50% stress drop. Further research is suggested n the effect of residual stress redistribution which
is suggested to be observed by instrumented equipment and to be simulated in the function of the clamping
effect by a sophisticated numerical approach including constitutive laws treating dynamic-static transition.
Page 319
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 REFERENCES

[1] Imre, E. Statistical evaluation of simple rheological CPT data. Proc. of XI. ECSMFE, 1995. 1. 155-
161.
[2] Németh, K. R., Kocsis, A. 2013. The hidden beauty of structural dynamics. University Notes,
BME, Budapest, https://oszkdk.oszk.hu/storage/00/00/77/26/dd/1/notes_stdyn_ v1p3_1.pdf
ISBN 978-963-313-088-9
[3] Imre, E., Rózsa, P., Bates, L., Fityus, S. 2010: Evaluation of monotonic and non-monotonic
dissipation tests. COGE. 37: 885-904.
[4] Imre, E. / Óbuda University CPTu dissipation test, Imre-Rózsa model, fast method II, [computer
program] Available at: request.
[5] Imre, E. / Óbuda University CPTu dissipation test, Imre-Rózsa model, long method I, [computer
program] Available at: request.
[6] Imre, E., Marchetti, D., Juhász, M. Bates, L., Fityus. The short dissipation test IS-Porto submitted.
[7] Vesic A. S. (1977). On the significance of residual loads for load response of piles. Proc. 9th
Int. Conf. Soil Mechs. Found. Eng., Vol. 3 , Tokyo , Japan , 374 - 379.
[8] Poulos H. G. (1987). Analysis of residual stress effects in piles. J. Geotech. Engrg. ASCE.
113:216-22
[9] Yang N. C. (1956). Redriving characteristics of piles. ASCE Jl. of Soil Mech. and Found. Div.
[10] Imre, E (1988) Skin bearing capacity of piles. Proc. 1st Int. Geotech. Seminar on Deep
Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles pp. 421-429, 9 p.
[11] Kouretzis G. P., Sheng D., Wang D. (2014). Numerical simulation of cone penetration testing

Page 320
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 WATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION IN THE
GUERBES-SANHADJA WETLANDS COMPLEX
Sihem HEDJAL1, Abdelwaheb BENAMARA2
1
MAB Department of Geological Sciences. Mentouri Brothers University. Constantine1, hedjals@yahoo.
Fr; +213 75 70 33 39
2
Water Science Research Laboratory National Polytechnic School of Algiers
[email protected];+213 76 73 39 20

Abstract : The wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja (north-eastern Algeria), has experienced in recent
years a certain economic expansion, particularly agricultural, about 47% of the useful agricultural area
marked by several varieties of crops ranging from market gardening to speculative crops, requiring large
quantities of water for irrigation purposes, however the swampy areas are the main sources used for
irrigation purposes in this practice. It is therefore necessary for this water to have physicochemical
properties adapted to plants, in particular the absence of salinity. This study was done to evaluate the
status of the swamps areas quality and its suitability for irrigated agriculture. To achieve this objective,
water samples from ten swamps areas water were collected from Guerbes- -Sanhadja in February and
June of 2016. The water quality of these swamps was estimated from different water quality parameters
such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), the chemical parameters like Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-, SO42–,
Cl–, BOD5, NO3–, NO2–, NH4+ and PO43-. Based on the physico-chemical analyses, irrigationquality
parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (% Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC),
permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH) were calculated. The results showed that the overall
concentration of nitrate was very high. About 60 percent of the swampy areas had suitable water quality
for chloride, and they had a concentration below the permissible limit for crop irrigation. From the
Richards diagram, it is observed that most of the samples from the study area fall in the good to permissible
classes for irrigation purpose

Keywords: Algeria, irrigation, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), water
quality, wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja

SITUATION MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

Page 321
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION THROUGH THE STUDY AREA

Page 322
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MAP INVENTORY OF WATER POINTS IN THE REGION

Page 323
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 VARIATION OF THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)

ORGANIC POLLUTION INDEX (OPI) MAP OF GUERBES-SANHADJA SWAMP

WATERS: A) IN FEBRUARY 2016; B) IN JUNE 2016;

Page 324
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 SPATIAL VARIATION OF RSC VALUES OF SWAMP AREAS

WATER QUALITY WITH RESPECT TO SAR AND EC: A) IN FEBRUARY 2016; B) IN

JUNE 2016;

Page 325
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 REFERENCES

[1] ALSHEIKH A. 2015. Irrigation water quality evaluation of Aldelam groundwater. Original
Journal of Chemistry. Vol. 31. No. (3) p. 1759–1766.
[2] ATTOUI B., TOUMI N., MESSAOUDI S., BENRABAH S. 2016. Degradation of water quality:
the case of plain west of Annaba (northeast of Algeria). Journal of Water and Land Development.
No. 31 p. 3–10. DOI 10.1515/jwld-2016-0031.
[3] HEDJAL S. 2015. Water Resources and Environment of the Sanhadja wetland complex. Wilaya of
Skikda (North-East Algeria)]. MSc Thesis. Annaba. University of Annaba pp. 108.
[4] HEDHAL S., ZOUINI D., DANDANE H. 2016 :Integrated management of surface water
resources management at the Sanhadja wetland complex (Northeast Algeria)]. 2nd International
Conférence on Water Resources. Ourgla, Algérie. University Algeria, 21–22.11.2006.
[5] HEDJAL S., ZOUINI D., BENAMARA A., DANDANE H. 2017. Ressources en eaux et
protection des zones Water resources and wetland protection of the Sanhadja Complex (Northeast
Algeria)]. International symposium. Water Resources and Environmental Impact Assessment in
North Africa. Gafsa. University Tunisia, 24–26.03.2017 p. 78.
[6] KAKA E.A., AKITI T.T., NARTEY V.K., BAM E.K.P., ADOMAKO D. 2011. Hydrochemistry
and evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in the southeastern
Volta River basin: Manya Krobo area, Ghana. Elixir Agriculture. Vol. 39 p. 4793–4807.
[7] KHAMMAR C. 1980. Contribution to the Hydrogeological study of Wadi Kebir West Valley].
Skikda. 3rd cycle Doctoral Thesis. de Grenoble pp. 176.
[8] RICHARDS L.A. (ed.) 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Washington
D.C. USDA. Agricultural Handbook. No. 60 pp. 160.
[9] RODIER J. 1982. L’analyse chimiques et physicochimique de l’eau [Chemical and
physicochemical analysis of water]. Paris. Dunod pp. 699.
[10] RODIER J. 2009. L’analyse de l’eau [Water analysis]. 9th ed. Dunod. Paris. ISBN
9782100072460 pp. 1600.
[11 ROUABHIA A.E.K., DJABRI L. 2010. Irrigation and the risk of saline pollution example of the
groundwater of the Miocene aquifer of the plain of El Ma El Abiod]. Larhyss Journal. No. 8 p. 55–
67.
[12] SZABOLCS I., DARAB C. 1964. The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate
content of soils. In: Proceedings of the 8th international congress of ISSS. Ed. I. Szabolcs. Trans.
Vol. 2 p. 803–812.
[13] TODD K. 1980. Groundwater hydrology. 2nd ed. New York,

Page 326
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF 4 OLIVE POMACE
Rim Tinhinen MAOUGAL*, Malika BARKAT, Meriem BENAMARA, Nouha
BOULMAIZE, Raouya MERAGHNI

BIOQUAL, INATAA, freres MENTOURI University Constantine 1, 25000 Ain El Bey,

Constantine, Algeria, [email protected], 0021331600247

Abstract: The olive industry, in addition to its main production which is oil, leaves two main residues,
one liquid called wastewater and the other solid called olive pomace. We are interested in this work
to the valorisation of these olive pomace by characterizing them. For this we have done
physicochemical analysis of olive pomace from several Algerian regions (Jijel, Bejaia, Skikda, El
oued) and research from these pomaces of different microorganisms with an interest in biotechnology,
The results of the physicochemical analyses are consistent with several studies carried out on olive
pomace. Microbiological analyses show the biodiversity of the microorganisms present in the olive
pomace (a total aerobic mesophilic f1ore varied between 2.67.105 CFU/ml and 2.75.105 CFU/ml,
yeast and mould varied between 2.24.105 CFU/ml and 3.105 CFU/ml, lactic bacteria varied between
2.81.105 CFU/ml and 3.17.105 CFU/ml). Based on our study we found that the antibacterial activity
of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the olive pomace s is more or less important and that this activity
is different from one lactic bacterium to another which may be due to the nature of the inhibiting
agent or the species of bacteria selected. We can conclude that the olive pomace tests are very rich
in micro-organisms and additional studies are necessary in order to identify these microorganisms
that can be valued by several methods (biological, thermal, energy, etc.)

Keywords: antibacterial activity, aerobic mesophilic flore, lactic acid bacteria, olive pomace,
recovery, waste

INTRODUCTION

The olive tree is a sacred tree of ancient civilizations, has always played a very important role in the
Mediterranean population’s life. The discovery of its oil the benefits, which is now an integral part of
what is commonly known as the Mediterranean diet has given rise to a dazzling and deserved return
to olive cultivation [1]
The Algerian olive industry generates, in addition to oil as the main product, large quantities of solid
by-products (olive pomace, leaves and wood) and liquids (wastewater). Landfilling of this type of
waste is not permitted by Algerian legislation [2].
Olive pomace contains most of the dry matter of the olive, consisting essentially by the epicarp of the
fruit, the mesocarp (pulp of the olive) and the endocarp (shell and almond). It may contain a certain
proportion of water which contains the water-soluble components of the olive which depend on the
extraction system used [3].
World production of olive pomace can be estimated at about 2.9 million tonnes. Each year, olive-
growing countries record large volumes of this by-product. On average, the treatment of 100 kg of

Page 327
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 olives produces about 35 kg of olive pomace, 100 litres of wastewater and 25 kg of leaves and twigs
annually [4].
The majority of the olive pomace released into the nature are considered as a source of pollution;
either because they are contaminated by fungi or because they release toxic substances into the
environment. Fungal toxins or polyphenolic compounds that resist to bacterial degradation can then
leach and pollute nearby water sources, threatening human health and the environment. To
compensate this pollution, the olive pomace is upgraded to beneficial products [5].
It is therefore necessary to further research into the development of new methods and technologies
for bioremediation of olive pomace, in order to enhance them through microbial biotechnology [6].
With this context, the objective of our work is to focus on the physicochemical analysis of olive
pomace and the research based on the pomace of the various micro-organisms with an interest in
biotechnology, and mainly the characterization and highlighting of the antibacterial activity of lactic
bacteria isolated from these olive pomaces in order to valuing this waste.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1-Sampling: The olive pomace used in this study comes from the crushing of 80% of the «Chemlal»
variety harvested during the olive growing season from November to January 2018/2019. These olive
pomaces come from four Algerian oil mills located in different wilayas: Jijel, El-Oued, Bejaia and
Skikda «Collo».

2-Physicochemical analyses
The pH determination consists in introducing the pH meter electrode into the olive pomace. The
reading is done directly by the pH meter.

Moisture determination (NF V03-921, 1993) corresponds to the mass loss suffered by the sample after
drying in the air circulation oven.

The determination of mineral matter (ash) (NF V03 760, 1981) is carried out on the residue of this
pomace after destruction of the organic matter by incineration in a THERMO SCIENTIFIC muffle
oven set at 550°C for 5.

The determination of butterfat (AOAC 2003.05, 2003.06) was made by extraction of fat from the
olive pomace by hexane using the Soxhlet (Soxtec Foss 2043) device.

The determination of total nitrogen matter (AOAC 960.52, 1997) by the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen
determination consists of three steps: Mineralization of organic matter by sulphuric acid in the
presence of a catalyst, alkalization of the reaction product, distillation and titration of the released
ammonia. the protein content is obtained by multiplying the nitrogen content by the factor 6.25.

The total nitrogen content of olive pomace is measured using three instruments: a FOSS TECATOR
TM DIGESTOR AUTO, a DIICHI DISTILLATION UNIT K_355 and a titration device.
The raw fibres (ISO 6865(AOAC 978.10)) content of olive pomace is determined by the WEENDE
method which is based on the solubilization of non-cellulosic compounds in the sulphuric acid and
sodium hydroxide solution.

3-Microbiological analyses
The olive pomace was prepared according to [7]: the samples of the olive pomace used were ground
using an IKA M20 crusher. 5 g of the olive pomace pulp shredded was dissolved in 50ml of sterile
physiological water and left to macerate under agitation for 2 hours.

Page 328
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 3-1-Bacterial enumeration
After several dilutions, it was carried out the search and the enumeration of Total aerobic mesophilic
flora (TAMF), yeast and mould and lactic bacteria on MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) agar for
the latter.

3-2-Morphological study
This study is based on macroscopic and microscopic observation. For the macroscopic study it’s
allows to highlight the colony morphology obtained on solid media, it is an observation with the naked
eye that consists in determining the following parameters (Size, colour and shape of colonies). The
microscopic examination based on the Gram staining and catalase search.
The Gram staining is founded on the affinity of bacteria to certain dyes due to the constitution of their
wall. This staining also allows to observe the morphology of bacteria (elongated forms for bacilli and
rounded for cocci) [8,9]. The Catalase is involved in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide H2O2
into oxygen and water. To determine whether a particular bacterial isolate is capable of producing a
catalase enzyme, a small inoculum of bacterial isolate is mixed with a hydrogen peroxide solution
(3%) and is observed for the rapid formation of oxygen bubbles. The lack of catalase is evident in a
lack or low production of bubbles [10,11]. The gram+ and catalase -isolates are selected for detection
of possible antibacterial activity.

3-3-Purification and preservation of isolated strains

In order to purify the strains, two successive transplants are carried out on MRS or M17 isolation
media. The purification of the strains consists in seeding them in streaks on poured petri dishes with
MRS (solid) media. The boxes are incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The operation is repeated until the
pure colonies are obtained [12].

3-4-Identification of antibacterial activity

Four reference pathogenic strains were used in this study: one gram-negative strain: E. coli and three
gram-positive strains: Staphylococcus aureus 25, Staphylococcus aureus 43 and Lactobacillus
bulgaricus. Antibacterial tests must be performed from young cultures (18-24h) in exponential growth
phase.
In order to test the antibacterial activity of olive pomace, we used the standard antibiogram method,
also known as the agar diffusion method (disc method).
The antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria is evaluated against pathogenic strains. Lactic
bacteria are cultured in the MRS medium and pathogens are also originally grown in their preferred
environments according to [13]

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

All determinations and measurements were carried out in triplicate and the results presented are the
averages of this triplicates. Statistical analysis (mean) was performed by using the excel standard
software package.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1-Physico-chemical characterizations
Table 1 presents the results of physicochemical analyses of olive pomace from four different regions
in Algeria (Jijel, El-Oued, Bejaia and Skikda).

Page 329
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Table 1. Values of physicochemical analyses of four types of olive pomace.

Dry Fat Raw Nitrogen Protein

Moisture Mineral
Wilaya pH Matter Matter Fibres Content Content
content matter
% % % % %
Jijel 6.39 93.34 6.66 4.50 12.33 44.62 0.80 5.05
El-Oued 5.16 92.83 7.16 1.95 8.7 NA* 0.72 4.55
Bejaia 4.46 92.41 7.58 2.78 5.38 49.26 0.77 5.8
Skikda 6.49 93.26 6.73 1.98 9.45 44.64 0.78 4.93
*NA: not available

The results obtained indicated that there is no pH difference between the two Skikda and Jijel regions
(6.49 and 6.39 respectively). Our results are comparable to those found by [14], which found a pH of
6. For Bejaia and El-Oued, the pH is more acidic (5.46 and 5.16 respectively). These results are similar
to those found by [15], with a pH of 5. This corresponds to the range cited in the literature, which is
between 5 and 9 [16]. Thus, the pH of the four olive pomace is slightly acidic as cited by [17].
For the dry matter ratio, the highest values are Jijel and Skikda (93.34% and 93.26% respectively)
followed by El-Oued and Bejaia (92.83% and 92.41% respectively). Exhaustion, an economically
indispensable operation, makes it possible to have a product whose content varies between 3 and 4%
of the dry matter [4].
The four samples of olive pomace had different moisture contents, the sample of the Bejaia region is
the highest 7.58% followed by that of El-Oued 7.16%. The same observation was reported by [18]
who found 7.6%. The Jijel and Skikda samples had low moisture content (6.66% and 6.73%
respectively). They are comparable to the one found by [19] which is 6.20%. All our results are
inferior to those found by [20] which indicated that the humidity of olive pomace is 8%. He reports
that air drying has reduced moisture.
The mineral analysis gave a maximum value of 4.50 % to Jijel olive pomace followed by 2.78%
Bejaia. For Skikda and El-Oued, the mineral content of olive pomace is very close (1.98% and 1.95%
respectively). Our results are much lower than those found by [18] who reported that the rate of
mineral matter is 5.6%. For [4], the mineral content is normally low (3-5%), the high levels are due
to the absence of washing and the presence of olives collected from the ground.
Jijel olive pomace has a higher fat content of 12.33% compared to the others but it remains below the
standard declared by [21] which has a percentage between 8-15%. According to [4] and [21] fat
content is one of the most important variations. It is relatively high and varies mainly according to
the technological process used, the time of the torque, grinding/mixing and the pressure exerted on
the press greatly influence the extraction yield. The value which exceeds the standards can be
explained by the lack of compliance with the technical standards of the technological process by the
grinder [21].
The results of the analysis of the raw fibres obtained indicate that the Bejaia olive pomace has the
highest content 62.26%. Jijel and Skikda samples have almost the same fibre value (59.62% and
59.64% respectively). The raw cellulose content is high (32-47%) and the sieving reduces them to 14-
26%. Further analysis of the fibrous fraction shows that the olive pomace has high levels of parietal
constituents and especially of lignin ‘fibrous fractions’ and especially lignin and cellulose. The
parietal fraction of the olive pomace is characterized by a high lignin content (lignin detergent acid)
which shows up to 30% of the total fibres [4].
For total nitrogen content, Jijel olive pomace has higher N2 and protein values (0.80% and 5.05%
respectively). Same value as [18] they found 0.80% for N2. The others, El-Oued, Bejaia and Skikda
have values close to N2 and protein (0.72%, 0.77% and 0.78% for N2 4.55%, 4.8% and 4.93% for
proteins respectively). [22] found 0.24% to 0.58%. Our N2 results are lower than those found by [15]
who found 1.86. On the other hand, EN ISO 17,225-1: 2014 reported that N2 must be 1.5%. Nitrogen
content varies less widely, on average around 10%, but most of it is related to the parietal fraction [4].
The chemical composition of olive pomace varies within very wide limits, depending on the stage of
maturity, the oil extraction process and the solvent depletion. Technological processes modify the

Page 330
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 relative proportions of the different components of the pomace (epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and
almond) that have different chemical compositions [4].

2-Microbiological Characterizations
The results of microbiological analysis of the samples are grouped in Table 2. The olive pomace tested
was mainly colonized by the total aerobic mesophilic flora, including lactic bacteria, fungi and yeasts.

Table 2. Bacterial enumeration of four types of olive pomace.

Jijel El-Oued Bejaia Skikda

TAMF 2.67 x 105 2.75 x 105 2.7 3x 105 2.5 x 104
Yeast and Moulds 2.53 x 105 2.24 x 105 3 x 105 2.87 x 105
Lactic bacteria 2.81 x 105 3.14 x 105 3.17 x 105 2.85 x 105

This study reveals that this four olive pomace contains a fairly large microbial load. The load of total
aerobic mesophilic flora in the El-Oued and Bejaia samples is higher than in the other samples (2.75
x 105 CFU/ml and 2.73 x 105 CFU/ml respectively). The Skikda sample was the least contaminated
with this flora, at 2.5 x 104 CFU/ml. All results are in the same range as [23] who found that the total
aerobic mesophilic f1ore load varied from 2 x 104 to 107 CFU/ml.
The total aerobic mesophilic f1ore load of olive pomace samples reached high values, probably due
to: prolonged storage in orchards in contact with the soil and exposure to microbial contaminants, as
well as multiplication of microorganisms during olive crushing and pressing operations and prolonged
open-air storage of pomace [23].
They also found that the olives pomaces are encumbered with yeast and mould, the results show that
the average number of yeast and mould colonies in the Bejaia sample is higher than in the other
samples (3 x105 CFU/ml), followed by the Skikda sample (2.87 x 105 CFU/ml). The lowest average
colony counts were obtained from the El-Oued and Jijel samples (2.53 x 105 CFU/ml and 2.24 x 105
CFU/ml respectively). These results are in line with those given by [23] who found that the average
number of yeast and mould colonies ranged from 2 x 104 to 3 x 106 CFU/ml.
The presence of yeasts and moulds in olive pomace can be explained by their tolerance to
environmental conditions (polyphenols, salt content, acid pH) [24]. According to [3] the cellulose-,
fat, nitrogen- and mineral-rich composition of olive pomace can be a good source of yeast and mould
isolation.
The isolation of new strains of lactic acid bacteria from raw and fermented olives and their derivatives
has aroused the interest of several authors from Mediterranean countries [25]. The lactic acid bacterial
load was high in the Bejaia sample, at 3.24 x 105 CFU/ml, followed by the Skikda sample at 3.18 x
105 CFU/ml. The samples El-Oued and Jijel samples had the lowest values (3.05 x 105 CFU/ml 3.08
x 105 CFU/ml respectively).
The load of lactic acid bacteria on MRS agar varied from sample to sample, being higher in the Bejaia
and El-Oued samples than in the Skikda and Jijel samples (2.85 x 105 CFU/ml 2.81 x 105 CFU/ml
respectively). The highest load of lactic acid bacteria was observed in the Bejaia sample, either by
isolation on MRS agar or by isolation on M17 agar. Our results are largely inferior to those found by
[23] who found lactic acid bacteria loads of 5.6 x 105 to 7 x106 CFU/ml.

3-Selection of the lactic acid bacteria studied

Antimicrobial substances have the ability to selectively target pathogenic or spoilage bacteria, without
inhibiting indispensable bacteria. These bioactive substances are also highly tolerant to pH variations
and heat treatment. All these criteria suggest that bacteriocins could be an ideal substitute for chemical
preservatives. Eight (08) colonies of lactic acid bacteria are selected for antibacterial activity. Strains
are sub-cultured twice on coded SRMs of LB1, LB2, LB3, LB4, LB5, LB6, LB7 and LB8.

4-Morphological study of lactic acid bacteria

The macroscopic and microscopic appearance of lactic acid colonies are described in table 3.

Page 331
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Cultures obtained on petri dishes are observed with the naked eye after incubation 2 days at 37°C.
Colonies appeared medium to small in size, from circular or creamy in shape, with a whitish color
and a regular perimeter.

Table 3. Morphological characterization of lactic acid bacteria

Macroscopic observation Microscopic observation

Isolates Colour Shape Margin size form Arrangement
LB1 White Circular Regular medium Cocci pair and short chain
Isolated, pair and in
LB2 White opaque Oval Regular large Cocci
short chain
Isolated, pair and
LB3 White opaque Circular Regular large Bacilli
chain
Isolated, pair and
LB4 White opaque Circular Regular Large Bacilli
chain
Isolated, pair and in
LB5 White Circular flat Regular medium Cocci
short chain
LB6 White Oval Regular medium Cocci Pair and short chain
Isolated, pair and
LB7 White Circular flat Regular medium Bacilli
chain
Isolated, pair and in
LB8 White Circular Regular Large Cocci
short chain

Gram-positive bacteria appear purple. Gram-negative bacteria are pink. This difference in coloration
is due to the different nature of their walls: Gram-negative bacteria have thinner walls than Gram-
positive bacteria, and are rich in lipids (the outer membrane of the wall), in which ethanol is highly
soluble.
Most aerobic microorganisms possess catalase, especially aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Its absence
is therefore an interesting identification criterion. For example, among aerobic Gram+ bacilli, only
Streptococcaceae are catalase negative. Lactobacillus and Erysipelothrix are the only groups of non-
spore-forming aerobic Gram + bacilli lacking catalase [27]

4-Demonstration of antibacterial activity

The determination of the antibacterial activity of our isolates is demonstrated by diffusion on solid
medium using the disk method [28] in comparison to pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus 25, Staphylococcus aureus 43, Lactobacillus bulgaricus).
After incubation at 37 ° C and for 24 h, we noticed the appearance of a clear area around the selected
strains. This zone indicates the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by the selected strains (Table 4)

Table 4- Inhibition of the 8 Lactic acid strains isolated from olive pomace. (Radius of zone of
inhibition measured in mm)

LB1 LB2 LB3 LB4 LB5 LB6 LB7 LB8

Escherichia coli 10 mm - 6 mm 5 mm - - - -
staphylococcus
12 mm - - 7 mm - - - -
aureus 25
Staphylococcus
- - - - - - - -
aureus 43
Lactobacillus
- - - - - - - -
bulgaricus

The results of Table 4 indicate that the strains selected (LB1, LB3 and LB4) have antibacterial
activity:LB1 against staphylococcus aureus 25, Escherichia coli. LB3 against Escherichia coli. LB4

Page 332
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 against staphylococcus aureus 25, Escherichia coli. The strains (LB2, LB6, LB5, LB7 and LB8) do
not have antibacterial activity opposite to pathogenic strains (absence of the clear zone or inhibition).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of our work was to characterize four samples of olive pomace using physicochemical and
microbiological analyses, as well as isolating lactic acid bacteria and testing their anti-bacterial activity
for their ability to inhibit the development of undesirable germs. The physicochemical analyses showed
that the four olive pomace varieties produced very different results. Their pH ranged from 5.16 to 6.49,
humidity from 6.66% to 7.38%, dry matter from 92.41% to 93.34%, mineral matter from 1.95% to
4.5%, fat matter from 5.38% to 12.33%, crude fiber from 44.62% to 44.64% and total nitrogenous
matter including N2 from 0.72% to 0.80% and protein from 4.55% to 5.05%.
For microbiological analysis, total aerobic mesophilic flora showed a high load of 2.5  104 CFU/ml to
2.75  105 CFU/ml. For yeasts and molds, colony counts ranged from 2.24  105 CFU/ml to 3  105
CFU/ml and can be explained by their tolerance to environmental conditions (polyphenols, salt
contents, acid pH). The antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from pomace showed
different diameter zones for three of the eight bacteria (LB1, LB3 and LB4), possibly due to
the nature of the inhibiting agent or the species of bacteria selected.
For subsequent investigations, it is necessary to complete further research on olive pomace in order to
valorise this waste, identify and characterize the antibacterial substance produced by lactic bacteria;
characterize the producing strains; and the microorganisms isolated from olive pomace can be further
explored as in the field of biotechnology and the agri-food sector

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the INATAA for it material supports.

REFERENCES

[1] VILLA.P.: La culture de l’olivier, édition de vecchi; 2006. P143

[2] RIZOUN L. Situation environnementale de l’industrie oléicole en Algérie. Conférence à
Athènes. 2013. available from: http://www.h2020.net/fr/library/publications/finish/161/1
134.html
[3] NEFZAOUI A. Importance de la production oléicole et des sous-produits de l'olivier. In : Etude
de l'utilisation des sous-produits de l'olivier en alimentation animale en Tunisie. 1984. Étude
FAO production et santé animales .
[4] NEFZAOUI A. Valorisation des sous - produits de l'olivier. In: Tisseran d J.- L. (ed.), Alibés X.
(ed.). Fourrages et sous-produits méditerranéens. 1991. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 16: 101 -108.
[5] KADEMI A., ISMAILI-ALAOUI M., HOUDE A. Des arômes synthétiques au naturel. Centre
de Recherche et de Développement sur les aliments Saint Hyacinthe, 2003. Québec.
[6] DARVISHI F. Microbial Biotechnology in Olive Oil Industry, In: Olive Oil Constituents,
Quality, Health Properties and Bioconversions. 2012. Ed. Agricultural and Biological Sciences,
pp 310-330.
[7] AMRANE S. et AMRANE F. Effet des margines et du grignon d’olive sur la croissance des
rhizobiums. 2017. Master Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Sciences Biologiques Département
de Microbiologie, p27.
[8] ASTIER-THEFENNE H., WOLF A., DARLES C. &GARNOTE E. Vérification des
performances d’une méthode selon le SH FORM 44: application à la coloration de Gram. 2014.
Revue Francophone Des Laboratoires, 461: 37-46.

Page 333
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [9] ABID Z. Étude de l’activité antimicrobienne des souches de bactéries lactiques isolées d’un
produit laitier traditionnel Algérien « Jben. Master en Biologie. 2015. Université Abou Bekr
Belkaid-Tlemcen, p50.
[10] TANKESHWAR A. Coagulase Test: Principle, procedure and interpretation. 2013.Bacteriology.
[11] AYAD R. &GUERMAT K. Isolement de souches de bactéries lactiques et d’actinobactéries à
partir d’olives fermentées. Essai de mise en évidence d’une activité antibactérienne de nature
bactériocinogène. 2016. Institut de la Nutrition de L’alimentation et des Technologies Agro-
Alimentaires (I.N.A.T.A.A.), p45.
[12] BERRADIA A. Isolement, purification et identification des bactéries lactiques à partir de lait cru
de chèvre. 2016. Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis-Mostaganem, p68.
[13] TORTORANO A. M., CABRINI E. et VIVIANI M. A. Sensibilité in vitro des levures à cinq
antibiotiques. Comparaison de deux méthodes CMI en gélose et méthode des disques. Bull.
1979.Soc. Myc. Med. 8: 69-74.
[14] MARI I., EHALIOTIS C., KOTSOU M., BALIS C., GEORGAKAKIS D. Respiration profiles
in monitoring the composting of by-products from the olive oil agro-industry. 2003. Bioresource
Technology, 87: 331–336.
[15] MUSCOLO A., PAPALIA T., SETTINERI G., ROMEO F., MALLAMACI C. Three different
methods for turning olive pomace in resource: Benefits of the end products for agricultural
purpose. 2019. Science of the Total Environment, 662 :1–7.
[16] MOREL J. L., A. GUCKERT B. NICOLARDOT, D. BENISTANT, G. CATROUX J. C.
GERMON. Etude de l’évolution des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et de la stabilité
biologique des ordures ménagères au cours de compostage. 1986. Agronomie, 6, 8: 693-701.
[17] UCCI G., LACOLLA G. et CARANFA L. Improvement of soil properties by application of olive
oil waste. 2008. Agronomy for Sustainable Development.28: 521– 526.
[18] OLLERO P., SERRERA A., ARJONA R., ALCANTARILLA S. The CO2 gasification kinetics
of olive residue. 2003.Biomass and Bioenergy, 24:151 – 161.
[19] HASSAINI L. Étude de la Morphologie et des Propriétés de Biocomposites Poly (3-
Hydroxybutyrateco-3-Hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). 2016. Farine de Grignons d’Olive, p150.
[20] TOUATI L. Valorisation des grignons d’olive étude de cas, Essai de valorisation en
Biocarburant. Magister, 2013. Université M’Hammed Bougara Boumerdes, p 66.
[21] ROGER. Les industries des corps gras, 1974. Edition technique et documentation,
[22] CHRISTOFOROU E., KYLILI A., FOKAIDES P. A. Technical and economical evaluation of
olive mills solid waste pellets. 2016. Renewable Energy, 96: 33- 41.
[23] MENNANE Z., TADA S., AKI M. I., HASSANI S., SALMAOUI S. Caractérisation physico-
chimique et microbiologique des grignons d’olive de 26 huileries traditionnelles de la région de
Beni Mellal (Maroc). 2010. 5 (19) : 7.
[24] TOFALO R, PERPETUINI G, SCHIRONE M, SUZZI G, CORSETTI A. Yeast biota associated
to naturally fermented table olives from different Italian cultivars. Int J Food Microbiol. 2013
15;161(3):203-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.011.
[25] VAN DEN BERG J. C., SMITS A., POT B., LEDEBOER A. M., KERESTERS K., VERBAKEL
J. M. A., VERRIPS C. T. Isolation, screening and identification of lactic acid bacteria from
traditional food, fermentation processes and culture collection. 1993. Food Biotechnology, 7, pp:
183-205.
[26] CHAMKHA M. Etude du métabolisme de composés aromatiques par des bactéries anaérobies
isolées de margines d’olives et de tourteaux de karaté. 2001. Université de Provence Aix-
Marseille, 85 p.
[27] AZARNIA A. & BAHLOUL Y. Isolement et caractérisation des bactéries lactiques. Master 1
BioEco. 2007. Université Paul Cézanne, Aix-Marseille III, p20.
[28] TORTORANO A. M., CABRINI E. & VIVIANI M. A.Sensibilité in vitro des levures à cinq
antibiotiques. Comparaison de deux méthodes CMI en gélose et méthode des disques. Bull. 1979.
Soc. Myc. Med. 8: 69-74.

Page 334
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 MODELLING TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY WITH PRODUCTION
RISKS: (CASE STUDY FISH FARMS OF KAMYARAN COUNTY)
Lida ALIKHANI1, Sharareh ALIKHANI2
1
Roaster Consultant in FAO, Iran, 2M.A student irrigation engineer, University of Tabriz, Iran

Abstract: In view of the significant features and potential to produce significant amounts of water
every year across the country fishery products are produced here. Accordingly, the aim of this study
was to evaluate the technical efficiency of fish despite the risks of production. Information required
by the questionnaire were obtained from 55 Kamyaran county Palangan unit area. In order to
accomplish the aim of the study was used to model the stochastic frontier production function in which
risk and inefficiency were estimated simultaneously. The results confirmed that the adoption rate of
feed inputs, labour and fry were associated with the production of fish. Result of technical efficiency
in the units of production of 61% was obtained by considering risk. This amount is influenced by
things like experience, membership in cooperatives and extension courses.

Keywords: Fish farming, Production risk, Technical efficiency, Kamyaran, Stochastic frontier model.

INTRODUCTION

The agricultural sector plays a major role in the economic development of the country. The
importance of this sector in terms of food security, employment creation, preventing foreign exchange
outflows, and its relationships with other sectors should be taken into consideration.
Generally, all productions are subject to uncertainty and risk, but the risks associated with agricultural
products are particularly evident and tangible, resulting in significant damages for farmers and rural
residents. In this regard, farmers and producers in the agricultural sector face a type of uncertainty in
production. In this context, there is a wide range of intervention policies such as education, training,
and program development that are considered efforts to increase the efficiency of agricultural
products (Naghs and colleagues, 2010).
Aquaculture has shown the highest growth in food production among other sectors in the past two
decades. According to the report of the World Food and Agriculture Organization, aquaculture is the
only source that has the greatest motivation for poverty alleviation. The excessive population growth
in most countries of the world, especially in developing and developing countries, has made it
necessary to increase the annual production of fish products for countries that have the necessary
water resources and facilities.
Due to the presence of uncontrollable factors and risky conditions, the efficiency of production units
naturally declines. Therefore, the differences observed between actual and expected performance may
reflect differences in efficiency, differences in the consequences of risky decisions, or both (Naghs
and colleagues, 2011).
Due to the fact that some factors increase the level of variance in the standings (production risk) while
others reduce it (Ash and Tors, 1999), reasons have been given for the importance of production risk
resulting from the use of factors in empirical analysis of firm behaviour and productivity changes.

Page 335
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The first reason is that risk-taking producers choose the level of factors in such a way that it differs
from the optimal level of factors used by neutral producers for risk. The second reason is that risk-
taking producers, when adopting a new technology, do not necessarily choose a technology with the
highest average production due to a lack of information about the technology, factors, or desired idea.
Evaluating efficiency in the biological production sector has important consequences. These
evaluations show the importance of the impact of factor in production risk (Genick and colleagues,
2003, Ilenau and Fleming, 2006). This means that the participation of production risk in measuring
the efficiency of production units is important.
Despite having long maritime borders in the north and south of the country and abundant water
resources in various parts, Iran has not made significant progress in the field of reproduction and
cultivation of various marine fish, shrimp, and shellfish unlike other countries. Kurdistan province,
due to its abundant water resources and mountainous region, is considered one of the suitable areas
for expanding aquaculture and increasing related production.
According to available information, over 800 tons of edible fish are produced annually in this region,
part of which is exported to Iraq in frozen form, in addition to domestic consumption (Kurdistan
Agricultural Jihad Organization, 2013). Considering the considerable volume of aquaculture
production in Kamyaran County, it is necessary to conduct scientific studies on various dimensions
of production risks and technical efficiency towards better utilization of existing facilities and
assisting planners in formulating essential policies, as understanding the factors affecting fish
production, efficiency, and risk can provide producers with a realistic picture and enable policymakers
and planners to adopt scientific and practical solutions tailored to the conditions and characteristics
of production units. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to evaluate the technical efficiency
and production risk in cold-water fish farms in Kamyaran County.

BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH

Numerous studies have been conducted separately on the technical efficiency and production risk in
both domestic and foreign contexts, but studies that encompass the relationship between the two are
very limited. Torkamani and Ghorbani (1995) examined the effect of different inputs on wheat risk.
Mosavi and Khalilian (2005) studied the technical efficiency of wheat production in Shahr-e Kord
using a stochastic frontier production function. Dashti et al. (2011) investigated the technical
efficiency of broiler poultry units and the factors affecting it using a stochastic frontier production
function and simultaneous estimation of the inefficiency model. The results showed that factors such
as the number of one-day-old chicks, equipment level, and the number of production cycles per year
have positive and significant effects on technical efficiency.
Kumbhakar (2002) studied the characteristics and estimation of risk preferences, production risk, and
technical efficiency. Bukoshowa and Heckman (2006) studied risk and technical inefficiency as two
potential sources of agricultural production changes in Russia. A production function was estimated
to assess the impact of inputs on both risk and technical efficiency. The results showed that technical
inefficiency increases diversity in Russian agriculture. According to the model estimates, production
risk increases the instability of agricultural production, and farm responses to production risk are
weak.
Ogunlade and Akinbogun (2010) modeled technical efficiency based on production risk in fish farms
in Nigeria. The findings showed that fish production is significantly influenced by labour, fertilizer,
and feed. Fertilizer and feed were introduced as inputs that increase risk while labour reduces
production risk. Among other results of this study, farmers' educational level, market opportunities,
and access to markets improved the technical efficiency of the farms in the study area.
Tideman and Wollni (2012) quantitatively demonstrated the importance of production risk and
technical efficiency as two potential sources of diversity in organic and conventional agriculture in
Germany. The factors affecting production risk and technical inefficiency can be examined based on
the combination of Just and Pope's random production framework and stochastic frontier analysis.
The results showed that production risk led to diversification of agricultural products in both farm
groups. Land and labour were introduced as inputs that increase risk, while more capital, higher seed

Page 336
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 costs, and better soil quality reduce risk. Technical inefficiency was also found to be an important
secondary source of diversity in production.
There are two main approaches for estimating efficiency, parametric and non-parametric. Parametric
approaches are characterized by a specific functional form, while non-parametric approaches do not
require a specific form. Among these approaches, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic
Frontier Production (SFP) have been widely studied and used. The first report on the relationship
between the use of inputs and production risk was presented by Dillon and Anderson. The first
attempts to quantify the relationship between the use of inputs and production risk were made by Just
and Pope.
According to Just and Pope, a suitable production function for examining the effect of input usage on
production risk should demonstrate the ascending, descending, or constant effect of using an input on
production risk. Therefore, the main questions of this research are:
1. What factors affect the production of fish in the Kamyaran region?
2. What factors affect the production risk of fish in the Kamyaran region?
3. What are the most important factors affecting the technical efficiency of fish producers?

METHODOLOGY

Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) is a parametric efficiency analysis method

based on Aigner and colleagues (1977) and Meeusen and Van den Broeck
(1977). Battese and Coelli presented the SFA model in equation (1):
yi = f(xi;β) + (vi - ui) (1)

where yi is the output of producer i, xi is the input used to produce yi, and β is a vector of parameters.
The main characteristic of the SFA model is the error term, which is comprised of two parts, i.e., vi
measures the deviation from the production frontier due to random effects, while ui measures the
deviation from the production frontier due to technical inefficiency. Just and Pope proposed a model
consisting of two functions:

y = f(x;β) + ɛ = f(x;β) + g(z;γ)ν (2)

where f(x;β) represents the usual deterministic production function and g(z;γ) is a stochastic
component that reflects the link between input levels and output variability, and ν is an error term
with a normal distribution. As a result, the input xi may have different effects on the expected level
and variance of the output.
The expected level of output is E(y) = f(x;β) and the variance of output is V(ɛ) = g2(z;γ).
The ultimate effect of input xi, i.e., the partial derivative of variance with respect to this input, can be
positive, negative, or zero:

∂V(y)xi = 2g(z;γ)∂g xi < or = or >0 (3)

When an increase in the input level leads to an increase in the variance of the output, it is said that the
final risk of this input is positive, while an input with a negative final risk is one where increased
usage leads to a decrease in the variance of the output. Just and Pope's empirical form is given by
equation (4):

Yi = fxi;α + hxi;βνi (4)

where Y represents the output, x represents the input, f(x) represents the production function, and h(x)
represents the variance or production risk, which allows for heteroscedasticity in the disturbance term
ν.

Page 337
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 It is assumed that νi has a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of 2. The coefficient
of the function h(x) in the model represents the final production risk with respect to the input x, which
may be positive or negative depending on the sign of hj. There are three common methods for
extending the Just and Pope model to include inefficiency:
1. Additive form: In this case, technical efficiency (inefficiency) is added to the production risk
function, while the random component due to production uncertainty is also added. In fact, Battese
and colleagues incorporated the usual SFP model proposed by Aigner and colleagues into the Just
and Pope model. The result is an SFP model with an attractive risk-pulling feature, expressed as
equation (5):

Y = fx + hx (ν - u) (5)

where y, x, f(x), h(x), and ν are as defined earlier, and u represents the inefficiency component that
considers technical inefficiency as u2 = h(x).
2. The multiplication form: In this case, the technical efficiency (inefficiency) is represented by
the production function in the form of equation (6):

Y = f(x; (1-u)) * h(x; (6)) (6)

In this case, an additional assumption is presented in the form of equation u-1=u-Exp

3. In a more flexible format proposed by Kumbakar (15), a cumulative acceptance function q(x)
is introduced to explain the efficiency (inefficiency) of a technique. Kumbakar extended Battis et al.'s
(1997) model to represent the work of variation inputs and functional form on variance heterogeneity
in vu differently:

Y=f(x,α)+h(x,β)v–q( z) u (7)

q(x,z) represents the effects of inputs and socio-economic variables of farmers on the effects of
technical inefficiency, which allows the variance of heterogeneity in the inefficiency of the error term
u to be h(x) σu2 = Jinik et al. (2003) modified Kumbakar's (2002) model to include the variance of
heterogeneity in the random disturbance component v and heterogeneity in the average inefficiency
(u component). Just and Pope (1978) argued that f(x) is implicitly defined by a generalized quadratic
functional form as equation (8):

Yi= +j=1njxj+12j=1nk=1nkjXkXj (8)

Also, similar to the studies of Kumbakar 2002, Jinik et al. 2003, Bokoshova et al., 2006, a functional
form of Cobb-Douglas is used in the present study to estimate the variance of the function in the form
of equation (9).

2=h( j=1xjj) (9)

It is assumed that the vector of variables xj explain the variance of the function or the risk of
production in the inputs. This case was used in many experimental studies. As Jinik et al. (2003)
showed according to relation (10).

i=q( +j=1njxj+t=1ntzt (10)

yi is the yield of the crop harvested by the i-th farm and x(s) is a vector of explanatory variables j of
inputs that can be used by the i-th farm. z(s) are vectors of production characteristics T, social and
economic variables of farmers and μi illustrates the Average inefficiency. β, φ, and δ are unknown
parameters that must be estimated in order to obtain the elasticity of inputs, the final risk of inputs
and the effects of inefficiency of inputs and socio-economic variables of farmers.

Page 338
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 The parameters of SFP random frontier model are estimated simultaneously in terms of production
risk and production inefficiency in the form of models 8, 9 and 10. For this purpose, the maximum
likelihood linear estimation approach will be used.
In this study, according to the stated goals and in order to determine the factors affecting fish
production, technical inefficiency and production risk, generalized quadratic function for production,
simple linear function for technical inefficiency and Cobb-Douglas function for risk were used
simultaneously. were estimated.
According to the investigations carried out in the study area, the amount of released fry at the
beginning of the production period, food and work as explanatory variables and the manager's
experience, participation in training classes and history of membership in the cooperative were
determined as socio-economic variables.
Also, since the stochastic boundary function approach is parametric and the statistical inference is
done for its parameters and coefficients, the accuracy of the estimation results should be tested. The
technique will be more than the case where there is risk.
The statistical population of this research includes 55 active fish farming units in Kamiyaran city.
Data collection has been done by completing the questionnaire. For this purpose, the data of the last
production period of the fish breeding units of Kamiyaran city was collected in 2013, and finally the
information related to 55 active fish breeding units was used for analysis.
According to the investigations carried out in the study area, the amount of fry released at the
beginning of the production period, food and work as explanatory variables with W, F and L,
respectively, as well as the manager's experience, participation in training classes and history of being
a member of the cooperative. Individual-social variables were marked with E, N and H, respectively.

DATA ANALYSIS

The results related to the estimation of the stochastic frontier function with and without considering
risk are presented in Table 1. The first part of the table shows the coefficients of the production
function, the middle and the last part of the production risk and technical inefficiency functions.
The average elasticity values of inputs for food, labour and fry are 0.781, 0.397 and -0.038 respectively.
This shows that, for one percent change in food input, the amount of production increases by 0.781%, in the
same way, one percent change in the use of labour input will affect the amount of production by 0.397%.
According to the numerical values of the tensions, food and labour are inputs that are used in the economic area
of production, i.e. the second area, although they may not be used optimally.
It means that the most profitable amount of these two factors should not be used in the fish
production process. In the case of baby fish, it can be said that a one percent change in the amount
of this input will reduce the amount of production by 0.038 percent.

Table 1. Estimation results of the stochastic frontier model of production and efficiency with
and without risk

The results of model Estimation results of the

estimation with respect to risk-free model
risk
Variable Parameters Coefficients t Coefficients t
Production
function
Constant 0β 44.431*** -2.65 39.327*** 2.73
F β1 14.682*** -2.29 -1.08* -1.71
L 2β -0.99* -1.56 -1.597 -1.59
L 3β -0.30** 2.03 -0.183* -1.61
F2 4β -0.40 0.28 1.78* -1.38
L2 5β -0.20 0.80 -0.003 0.05
W2 6β 0.0002 -0.34 -0.001* -1.33

Page 339
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 F*L 7β 1.53 -0.43 1.664*** 2.45
F*W 8β -0.0008 0.04 0.0491 0.028
L*W 9β 0.129*** 3.10 0.0173 0.49
Risk function
Constant Ψ0 -2.308 -1.17 - -
ln L Ψ1 -0.607 -1.18 - -
Ln F Ψ2 0.705 0.04 - -
Ln W Ψ3 0.687 0.19 - -
Technical
inefficiency
function
Constant 0 3.70*** 2.89 3.003 0.90
F 1 0.14 1.07 0.737* 1.78
L 2 -0.0028* -1.66 0.0003*** -2.33
W 3 0.00037 0.17 -0.002 -0.21
E 4 -0.229** -1.78 0.192*** -2.81
M 5 -1.02*** 4.92 -1.86*** -4.68
N 6 -0.0279 -1.25 -0.134 -1.08
Number of -
N 55 - 55
observations
Wald test Wald 185.79 - 230.19 -
Log likelihood Llf 61.981 - 73.21 -
***, **, * indicate significance at 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively.

These results are in line with the findings in the studies of Totras, (1999) and Ogundari, (2010). The
total elasticity of inputs is equivalent to return to scale (RTS). In this way, the sum of the elasticities
shows that if in the long term all the inputs are proportionally increased by one percent, the amount
of production will increase by about 1.14 percent. In order to show the effects of risk in production,
the generalized likelihood ratio test was used with the hypothesis that the coefficients of the variance
function were zero at the same time in the form of the following relationship:

LR= 2-ln[L (HUR) - L(HR)] = 22/45 = 2- ln[ ( 98/61 ) - ( 21/73)]

The LR value equal to 22.45 has been obtained, which is higher than the critical value of the table at
the significance level of one percent (11.34), and therefore the assumption that the coefficients of the
variance function are zero is rejected.
Table 2 shows the results related to technical efficiency assuming the presence of the elastic risk
component and without it. It can be seen that the technical efficiency of farms without considering
the elastic risk component has a range from 14.8 to 98.8% with an average value of 73.1%. While the
average technical efficiency considering the elastic risk component is equal to 61.5%, the minimum
and maximum of which will be 11.5% and 99.6%, respectively. In this way, it can be seen that the
consideration of risk in the production process clearly affects the efficiency of fish farms. In such a
way that without taking into account the risk of technical inefficiency, it is about 27% and considering
the risk, it is 38.5%.

Table 2. Technical efficiency with and without risk

inefficiency average maximum minimum

Efficiency with risk 5/38 5/61 6/99 5/11
Efficiency without risk 9/26 1/73 8/99 8/14

Page 340
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 CONCLUSION

This study has focused on technical efficiency estimation by generalizing the SFP model to
investigate the risk of input production in 55 fish farms of Kamiyaran city. Estimation of generalized
quadratic production function model along with risk and efficiency functions indicates a significant
effect of fry, labour and food inputs on fish product production in the studied units. Research findings
show that the technical efficiency of farms is unrealistic without considering the flexible risk
component. The difference in the efficiency of the units in both cases shows that the production level
can be increased significantly with the same inputs and facilities. This increase in production will
increase when the sources of risk can be controlled. In this way, it can be concluded that in terms of
production risk, it is possible to increase the amount of product production by 38% by effectively
using the available resources and controlling the risk-creating resources, while without considering
the risk, this figure reaches 27%.
The results also showed that the variable of fry and food increase the variability of production while
work decreases the variability of the population. Estimating the technical efficiency of fish farms in
Kamiyaran city shows that among other factors of experience, the history of membership in the
cooperative and the number of times of going to training classes will improve the technical efficiency
of the farms. Participation in educational and promotional courses is an important factor in improving
the efficiency of production units, so it is suggested to continue holding educational and promotional
courses according to the needs of producers. Considering the effect of the experience factor in
reducing inefficiency, it is better to use experienced people as well as forces with relevant scientific
knowledge in the management of production units. Also, work is a risk-reducing input, and food and
fry are risk-increasing inputs, and therefore family labor should be used more in the production
process.

REFERENCES

[1] Dashti Capable, Yavari Samia. Pish Bahar, Ismail Vital, Bab Elah (1930). Effective factors
on the technical efficiency of broiler units in Sangar and Kelai cities. Animal Science
Research Publication No. 3, pages 83-95
[2] Aigner, D. J., Lovell A. K. and Schmidt P. (1977). Formation and estimation of stochastic
frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics 6:21–37
[3] Aigner, D. J. and Chu S.F. (1968), "On estimating the industry production function",
American Economic Review 58, 826-8S9.
[4] Asche, F., and Tveterås R. (1999). Modeling production risk with a two-step procedure.
Journal of Agricultural and Resources Economics 24:424–439.
[5] Battese, G. E., Rambadi A. N. and Wan G. H. (1997). A stochastic frontier production function
with flexible risk properties. Journal of Productivity Analysis 8:269–280
[6] Bokusheva, R. and Hockmann H. (2006). Production risk and technical inefficiency in Russian
agriculture. European Review of Agricultural Economics 33(1):93–118..
[7] Farrell, M. J., (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society 120: 253–290
[8] Jaenicke, E. C., Frechette D. L. and Larson J.A. (2003). Estimating production risk and
inefficiency simultaneously: an application to cotton cropping systems. Journal of Agricultural
and Resource Economics 28(3):540–557.
[9] Just, R. E. and Pop R. D. (1978). Stochastic specification of production functions and
econometric implications. Journal of Econometrics 7:67–86.
[10] Just, R. E. and Pope, R. D. (1979). Production function estimation and related risk
considerations, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, pp. 276–284.
[11] Koundouri, P. and Nauges, C. (2005). On production function estimation with selectivity and
risk considerations. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 30 (3): pp.597–608
[12] Kumbhakar, S. C. (2002). Specification and estimation of production risk, risk preferences and
technology. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88(1): 8–22.

Page 341
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 [13] Nauges, C., O’Donnell C. J. and Quiggin J. (2011). Uncertainty and technical efficiency in
finnish agriculture. European Review of Agricultural Economics 38(4):449–467.
[14] Ogundari, K. and O. Akinbogun. (2011). Modeling technical efficiency with production risk.
Marine Resource Economics 25:295–308.
[15] Tiedemann, T. and Latacz-Lohmann U. (2012). Production risk and technical efficiency in
organic and conventional agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Economics64 (1):73–96.
[16] Villano, R. and Fleming E. (2006). Technical inefficiency and production risk in rice farming:
evidence from Central Luzon Philippines. Asia Economic Journal 20(1):29–46.and
conventional agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Economics64 (1):73–96.

Page 342
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 STORAGE OF HIGHLY FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC PRODUCTS
Irinislimane KENZA

mechanical engineering department, M’Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The modelling and simulation of industrial accidents is an essential tool for assessing their
impact on the environment and on human beings. Oil or black gold is one of the most sought-after
raw materials in the world today, given its importance in economic, energy and technological
development in general. As part of its activities relating to risk, one must determine security
perimeters. Following a loss of stored product, the risks incurred can be instantaneous, such as fire
and the explosion of highly flammable product. In this work we use the ALOHA computer code, which
is perfectly suited to our problem: it considers a wide range of accident scenarios, provides
information concerning the safety of individuals and allows the visualization of risk areas.
The ALOHA software models the dispersion according to the elements entered and determines the
concentrations of pollutants at ground level. It considers the nature of the product, the leak and the
atmospheric conditions. It is also possible to set the mathematical simulation model, or by default to
let the software consider a model, hence the objective of this work is to give details about a real or
potential chemical release, and then it will generate threat zone estimates for various types of hazards.

Keywords: Environment, modelling, explosion, toxic zone, dispersion

INTRODUCTION

Very early on, societies and geographers became interested in risks with a first approach to the dangers
and disasters dating back to Antiquity. They were carried out by two geographers, Strabo and
Hippocrates, whose work has been made available updated by K. Hewitt (1997) in region at risk (cited
by V. November, 2002), and qualified precursors of risk studies.
The production, storage and use of an ever-increasing number of dangerous products lead in the
industry to a considerable increase major accident risk. Most often, these major accidents correspond
to the release of toxic products from the series of explosions (Margossian, 2011). To control these
risks and protect the workers, the population and the environment, it is essential to implement
systematically implements a set of well-defined measures. Despite the technical development of tools
for evaluating the effects of hazards and its vast uses to the hydrocarbon industry in Algeria, studies
in this direction at the level of drilling sites remain little compared to other oil activities. For this
reason, this subject was chosen to give a general idea of the dangerous phenomena and their effects
and of course the necessary safety measures during the drilling operation. Modelling the effects of
hazards has two purposes. She certainly makes it possible to evaluate the distances of effects required
by the regulations in a hazard study, but also to reinforce technical choices (for example the design
of a network of sensors, number and positioning a leak detection chain to optimize the kinetics of
detection/reaction). At the company level, there is no concrete study devoted to estimation of the
effects of a major industrial accident at the drilling site tanker. Oil drilling activities, the location of
work equipment such as that the huts are haphazard and haphazard. With this work we will estimate
Page 343
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 the safety distances in the event of a major accident during the drilling operation Petroleum is a
mixture of hydrocarbons with physicochemical properties that may vary from one deposit to another
(Guo, 2007). The physical and chemical properties of petroleum raw materials vary considerably
depending on the concentration of the various types of hydrocarbons (Weast, 1979). The chemical
composition of oil will depend on the proportion of the different types of hydrocarbons present, which
can be of the paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic type (Chitour, 1999). Crude oils contain nitrogenous
hydrocarbons in basic or neutral form (Wuithier, 1972). These compounds can be smelly or have a
pleasant smell (Wuithier, 1956).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ALOHA software (Areal locations of hazardous atmospheres) is an integral type model that
solves the equations for a large number of products.

The input
The input parameters provide information on the location of the accident, the substance chemical in
question, the atmospheric conditions, the characteristics of the site and the gas pipeline as well as the
release conditions.

Source description
This option allows you to define the origin of the pollutant. Our pollution involving a direct source,
we choose the "direct" option corresponding to an explosion in the open air, the amount of gas burned
instantly is approximately all the characteristics necessary for ALOHA are then filled in. The user can
then decide to apply a Gaussian model, a heavy gas model or let ALOHA decide. Subsequently, he
can then ask ALOHA to trace the types of threats: toxic zone, the potential flammability zone or the
explosion zone.

RESULTS

Inputs
Location of the site: GPS coordinates (longitude, latitude, altitude).
Date and time of the accident.
Investigated chemical (database).
Atmospheric conditions: speed, direction of the wind and height at which made the measurement, air
temperature, relative air humidity, stability class, temperature inversion, cloud cover.
Characteristics of the release: roughness of the ground, state of the release (product inflamed or no),
pressure and temperature at the pipe inlet.
Characteristics of the gas pipeline: internal diameter, length, type of surface interior of the pipe.

Outputs
The graphical outputs of the software consist of:
• The temporal evolutions of the flow value (1D).
• The temporal evolutions of the concentration and the dose at a given point (2D).
• The trace on the ground of the concentration (2D).
Limits
The accuracy of the results obtained by ALOHA obviously depends on the quality of input
information. However, although the values in input are the most accurate, ALOHA, like any other
model, may not be reliable in certain situations, and cannot model certain types of chemical release.

-Predicting the areas affected by the explosion of the gas refining complex in Baraki.
First, the location must be determined using Google Earth with greater accuracy and choose the
country. Then we choose the correct time zone.

Page 344
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 After that we choose the building parameters.
For the time we can use internal clock of the pc or a constant time to costume the time of action.
The parameter of chemical is by default, or you can use modify button to change the parameter, in
our case we are doing study about propane that are stocked in tanks of the refining complex.
For atmosphere we need to write the speed of wind and it direction and select the roughness of ground
in our case the wind speed is 5mph and it from NE, in our case the humidity and cloud cover can
affect the explosion so we need to select it.

Fig.1 : application windows

ALOHA uses a Gaussian model for the atmospheric dispersion of gases neutrals and has an additional
ALOHA-DEGADIS module for heavy gases. The software consists of two modules:
- The CAMEO module, which mainly contains databases chemical and toxicological
- The ALOHA module ("Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres") which is a computer
program for assessing, in emergency situations, the atmospheric dispersion, of compounds
released under accidental conditions.
The model does not consider fires, explosions, reactions chemicals and mixtures of products but it
gives information to assess the hazard fire or explosion.
This program considers the toxicological and physical properties of pollutants as well as the
characteristics of the study area such as atmospheric conditions and discharge conditions. To select
the source of explosion or pollution click in SetUp then source after choosing the correct. source in
our case is tank.
Select chemical state and its temperature.
In our case we choose liquid because the parameters are deferent between gas and liquid.
After entering all parameter, we will end her.
To display that information, we need to click in threat zone and select thermal radiation level of
concern, In the end we get dimensions.
To display it in Google earth save it as km file and open it in Google earth and this is the result.

Page 345
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Fig. 2: Presentation

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Knowledge of the consequences and risks for populations, the environment and the surrounding
territories contributes to better management of these by reducing them, implementing safety and
mitigation measures, setting up emergency measures planning, and a risk management program adapted
to the nature of the potential major accidents identified. The study concerns the modelling and
simulation of accidental release into the environment. We were able to observe that the magnitude of
the accident depends on the type of material spilled and its rate of dispersion in the atmosphere. Our
results thus demonstrate a very large amplitude in terms of impacts on the population in the event of an
accident. The locality in the region could be the most heavily affected by a major accident. According
to the results of the modelling obtained, it is concluded that for the inhabited area around Beraki will
be strongly touch. According to the ALOHA programme, everyone who lives near to this place 10km
are in risk.

REFERENCES

[1] Chitour C.E., Les propriétés physique s des hydrocarbures et des fractions pétrolières, édition
Techniptome 1 (1999).
[2] Guo B., Petroleum Production Engine e ring »; Elsevier Science and Technology Books.
February (2007).
[3] Hewitt K., Risks and disasters in mountain lands, in B. Messerli and J.D. Ives, éds. Mountains
of the world: a global priority, p. 371-408. Parthenon, New York and Carnforth, Royaume-Uni
(1997).
[4] Margossian N., Aide-mémoire Risque chimique (2011).
[5] November V., Les territoires du risque, le risque comme objet de réflexion, Berne: Peter Lang,
325 p (2002).
[6] Weast, R., etm.astle « CRC handbook of chemistry and physics» 60 ème édition floride , CRC
press (1979).
[7] Wuithier P., le pétrole raffinage et génie chimique (tom e 1), Edition Technip (1972).
[8] Wuithier P., distillation dansl’industrie du pétrole France, Edition Technip (1956).

Page 346
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 347
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 348
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 Page 349
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 INVITATION

The next scientific

MEETING WILL BE

the 14th ICEEE International Conference-2023

which will be in November 2023
in Budapest, HUNGARY

ONLINE

You are welcome, waiting for the contribution

Soon you will have the official invitation.

*****Good Luck*****

Page 350
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
 PROCEEDINGS BOOK
VIIth International Symposium-2023
Theme: Environmental Health and Biosecurity Strategy
May 4 – 5, 20223
ICEEE
RKK – Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2
www.iceee.hu

Page 351
This article is published in the Proceedings Book of the VII. International Symposium-2023 “Environmental
Health and Biosecurity Strategy” May 4-5, 2023, with ISBN: 978-963-449-324-2