SSM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ,DINDIGUL.

UNIT-I- MATRICES
PART-A
1. Define eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix.
Soln:
Let A be a square matrix of order n. Let I be the unit matrix of order n. Let be any
scalar. If there exist a non- zero column vector X such that , then is an eigen
value of A and X is an eigen vector corresponding to .

2. What is characteristic equation of a matrix?

Soln:
Let A be a square matrix of order n and let I be the unit matrix of order n. Then for any
scalar , we can find a matrix (A - I) of order n. The equation is called the

ww characteristic equation. This is a polynomial equation of degree n. The roots of this equation
are the eigen values of A.

w .Ea
3. Define trace of a square matrix.

syE
Soln: The trace of a square matrix A is defined as the sum of principal diagonal
elements of the matrix A.

ngi
4. State any three properties of eigen values.
Sol:
n eer
Any three properties of eigen values are as follows
a. The eigen values of A and are the same.
ing
b. The sum of the eigen values of the matrix A is equal to the trace of the matrix A
c. The product of the eigen values is the determinant value of the matrix.

.ne
5. Find the eigen values of

A=
if the two eigen values of the matrix

are equal to 1 each

t
Sol: Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the diagonal elements
=2 + 3 + 2 = 7
Sum of two given eigen values = 1 + 1 = 2
The third eigen value = 7 2 = 5
The eigen values of A are 1,1,5
The eigen values of are .
6. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 X 3 matrix A are equal,find .

Soln:

Let the eigen values be 1, 2, 3.

It is given that 1 2 = 1 2 3 .
So, we have 3 = 0.
= 1 2 3= 0.

7. The product of two eigen values of the matrix

A= is 16. Find the third eigen value.

ww Soln: We know that the product of all the eigen values = the value of the determinant of the

w.E
given matrix.

a =
syE =32

ngi
But it is given that the product of two eigen values = 16.

8.
The third eigen value = 32/16 = 2.
nee
Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix

A= rin
g.n
Soln:
et
We know that the sum of the eigen values = the sum of the principal diagonal
elements = 2 + 2+ 2 = 6.
Also we know that the product of the eigen values = the value of the determinant of the
matrix = 6.
9. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix has 3 and -2 as its eigen

values.

Soln: Let A = .

The sum of the eigen values =a+b,

 a+b= 3+(-2)=1 (1)
The product of eigen values is the determinant of the matrix,
so ab-4 = 3(-2) = -6.

ab = -6 + 4 = -2
ab = -2 ------------(2)
Now solving the equations (1) and (2), we get the values of a and b
a = 1-b
Substituting this in (2),we get (1 b)b = -2
b - b2 = -2.
(b + 1) (b -2) = 0.
b = -1 and b = 2.
Now substituting b = 2 in (1), we get a + b= 1. That is a + 2 = 1
a = 1 2 = -1.

ww a = -1 and b = 2.

10. If 2 and 3 are the eigen values of the matrix

w.E A=

asy
find the eigen values of and A3.
Soln:

Let 1, 2
E ngi
and 3 be the eigen values of A. Then 1+ 2+ 3 = 7.
1=2 and
3 = 2.
2 =3 3 =7 5=2
nee
. The eigen values of
33 . r
are 1/2, 1/2 and 1/3 and the eigen values of A3 are 23, 23 and

ing
. net
11. If two of the eigen values of a 3 3 matrix, whose determinant equals 4 are -1 and 2,
find the third eigen value.
Soln:
Let 1, 2 and 3 be the eigen values . Then 1 2 3 = 4
That is,-1 2 3 = 4.
3 = -2.

12. If the matrix A is , find the eigen values of A2.

Soln:
Since the given matrix is a triangular matrix its diagonal elements are its eigen values,
Hence the eigen values of A are -1,-3 and 2.
eigen values of A2 are 12, (-3)2, 22.
That is, 1, 4, 9.
 3
13. Find the eigen values of 3A + 5A
2
6A + 2I if the matrix

A= .

Soln:
Since the given matrix is a triangular matrix its diagonal elements are its eigen values,
the eigen values of A are 1,3,-2.
So the eigen values of A3 are 1,27,-8.
Eigen values of A2 are 1,9,4.
Eigen values of A are 1,3,-2.
Eigen values of I are 1,1,1
The eigen values of 3A3 + 5A2 6A + 2I
First eigen value = 3(1)3 + 5(1)2 6(1) + 2(1) = 4.
Second eigen value = 3(27) + 5(9) 6(3) + 2(1) = 110.

ww Third eigen value = 3(-8) + 5(4) 6(-2) + 2(1) = 10.

The required eigen values are 4, 110, 10.

w.E
14. If two eigen values of A = are equal and they are double the third,

asy
then find the eigen values of A2 and 2A-1.

Soln: En
gi
By the given condition, the eigen values of A can be taken as

nee
We know that the sum of the eigen values = the sum of the principal diagonal

The required eigen values are 2,2,1.

r ing
The eigen values of A2 are 4,4,1 and the eigen values of 2A-1 are 2(1/2) ,2(1/2) and
2(1/1).
i.e., 1, 1, 2.
.ne
15. State Cayley Hamilton theorem.
Soln:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
t
16. State any two uses of Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
Sol:
Cayley-Hamilton theorem can be used to find
(i). the inverse of the given matrix and
(ii). the higher powers of the given matrix.

17. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then show that A-1 is also orthogonal.

Sol:
For an orthogonal matrix, transpose will be the inverse.
AT = A-1 --------------(1)
 Let AT = A-1 = B ---------(2)

Then BT = 1
= (A-1)T = B-1 using (2)
T -1
B = B
The matrix B is orthogonal.
i.e., A-1 is also orthogonal.

18. Show that A = is orthogonal.

Sol:

Given A = and AT =

Now AAT = = =I

ww Since AAT = I, A is orthogonal.

w.E
19. If A is an orthogonal matrix ,then prove that
Sol:
= 1.

We know that , for an orthogonal matrix A, AAT = I

a
2
= 1.
=1
syE
= 1.
ngi
20. Define quadratic form.
Sol: nee
A homogeneous polynomial of second degree in any number of variables is called a
quadratic form.
rin
Example:-
g.n
x12 + 5x1x2 + 2x22 is a quadratic form in two variables x1 and x2.

et
21. Write the matrix of the quadratic form 2x12 - 2x22 + 4x32 + 2x1x2 - 6x1x3 + 6x2 x3.

Sol: Matrix of QF is A=

Hence the matrix of the quadratic form is .

 22. Write the quadratic form corresponding to the given matrix .

Sol:
The quadratic form to the matrix is x12 + 4x22 + 3x32 +
4x1 x2 +10 x1x3 +12x2 x3.

23. Determine the nature of the quadratic form x2 + 2y2 + 3z2 + 2xy -2xz + 2yz.
Sol:

The matrix of the quadratic form is

=1; D2 = = 1.

ww D1=

w.E
D3 =
= -2, D1 and D2 are positive. But D3 is negative.

a syE
The quadratic form is indefinite.

24. A is a singular matrix of order 3. Two of its eigen values are 2 and 3. Find the third
eigen value.
Sol: ngi
Since A is singular, = 0.
eigen value. Then (2)(3)( ) = 0. nee
product of the eigen values = 0. Let be the third

i.e., 6 = 0. = 0.
2 2 rin
If the matrix of the quadratic form 3x + 3y +2axy has eigen values 2 and 4, find the
25.
value of a.
g.n
Sol:

The matrix of the quadratic form is A = .

et
The product of the eigen values =
.
(2)(4) = 9 a2

a= 1.