Scribd
Upload
16 views6 pages

EDA Lesson 1

The document outlines various methods of data collection, including interviews, observations, documentary analysis, and experiments, emphasizing the importance of systematic data gathering for statistical inquiries. It details the planning and conducting of surveys, including sampling techniques and the design of questionnaires. Additionally, it introduces the design of experiments as a strategy to optimize learning and improve processes using minimal resources.

Uploaded by

JovelBea Balahadia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views6 pages

EDA Lesson 1

The document outlines various methods of data collection, including interviews, observations, documentary analysis, and experiments, emphasizing the importance of systematic data gathering for statistical inquiries. It details the planning and conducting of surveys, including sampling techniques and the design of questionnaires. Additionally, it introduces the design of experiments as a strategy to optimize learning and improve processes using minimal resources.

Uploaded by

JovelBea Balahadia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

1.

1 Methods of Data Collection

Data gathering
● First step in conducting statistical inquiry
● Systematic method of collecting and measuring data from different sources
information in order to provide answers to relevant questions
● Involves acquiring information published literature, surveys, questionnaires or
interviews, experimentations, documents and or examinations and other forms of
data gathering instruments.

Statistics
● -- for converting data into information
Investigator
● Person who conducts the inquiry
● The author or researcher of the study to be produced
Enumerator
● The one who helps in information collection
● Seldom called the surveyor or field surveyor
Respondent
● Whom the data or information is collected from
● The interviewee or the source of the information

Retrospective Study
● This study use the population or sample of the historical data which had been
archived over some period of time
Prospective Study
● Type of longitudinal study where researchers will follow and observe a group of
subjects over a period of time to gather information and record the development
of outcomes

A. Interview

Classified as formal and informal


Formal Interview - the interviewer uses an interview guide or a set of questions during
the interview process.
Informal Interview - the researcher is free to ask questions without using a guide so that
there is no limit to the information obtained during the interview.
B. Observation

Classified as qualitative and quantitative


Qualitative research - usually consist of detailed notation on behavior, events and
context surrounding the events and behavior.
Quantitative research - usually employed to collect data regarding the number of
occurrences in a specific period of time.

C. Documentary Analysis

When the researcher obtains the information directly from the source.

II. Indirect Methods

Indirect methods of data collection involve sourcing and accessing existing data that
were not originally collected for the purpose of study. This type of data is known as
secondary data.
Ex. School enrolments; hospital admissions; records of births, deaths and marriages
III. Experiments

Used when the objective is to determine the cause and effect of a certain phenomenon
under some controlled conditions.

1.2 Planning and Conducting Surveys

Survey
● Survey is a method of asking respondents some well-constructed questions
● It is an efficient way of collecting information and easy to administer wherein a
wide variety of information can be collected
● The researcher can be focused and can stick to the questions that interest him
and are necessary in his statistical inquiry or study
● Surveys can be done through face-to-face interviews or self-administered
through the use of questionnaires
Designing a Survey

Questionnaire
● is one of the common sources or method or gathering data. It can be classified
as open-ended and close-ended.

Questionnaires Design

Sampling
● Strategies which enable a researcher to pick a sub group as a basis for making
judgements about a larger group.
Steps on sampling
1. Identify the population
2. Determine the sample size
3. Select the sample
Sample size of the population

1. Slov'ns formula

n = N/1+Ne²

N= population size
n= sample size
e= margin of error

Sample size of the population

1. Gary's acceptable sample sizes depending on the type of research


a. Descriptive Research - 10% of the population, for smaller population it
should at least be 20%
b. Correlation Research - 30% subjects
c. Causal Comparative Research - 15 subjects per group
d. Experimental Research - 15 subjects per group or 30 subjects per group

Sampling Process
● Sampling techniques are necessary when choosing respondents
● Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a
population of interest
● Sample must be a representative of the target population. The target population
is the entire group a researcher is interested in; the group about which the
researcher wishes to draw conclusions.
● There are two ways of selecting a sample: the non-probability sampling and
the probability sampling

Probability sampling
● Sampling techniques in which every item in a population has an equal chance of
being selected and quantifies as the sample
Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling

Probability sampling
● Simple random sampling
✓ Basic sampling techniques where a group of subjects (a sample) is selected for study
from a larger group (a population).
✓Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has
an equal chance of being included in the sample.
● Systematic sampling
✓Is a sampling technique which selects units by every kth member of a population after
arranging perhaps alphabetically or other sort.
● Stratified random sampling
✓A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples for each stratum or subgroup of a
population.
✓When a sample is to be taken from a population with several strata, the proportion of
each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population.
● Cluster sampling
A sampling technique which occurs when one select the members of a sample in cluster
rather than in using separate individuals.
Sampling where groups, not individuals, are randomly selected.

Non-probability sampling
● Non-probability sampling is also called judgment or subjective sampling
● This method is convenient and economical, but the inferences made based on
the findings are not so reliable
● The most common types of non-probability sampling are the convenience
sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling.

Non-probability sampling

1. Purposive Sampling - sample respondents are selected based on certain


criteria laid down by the researcher.
2. Quota Sampling - method for selecting survey participants that is a
non-probabilistic version of stratified sampling.
3. Convenience Sampling - researcher picks the sample respondents from the
population that he finds convenient to interview due to their availability or
accessibility.

1.3 Introduction to Design Experiments

Design of Experiments
● Is a tool to develop an experimentation strategy that maximizes learning using
minimum resources.
● Design of Experiments is widely and extensively used by engineers and
scientists in improving existing processes through maximizing the yield and
decreasing the variability or in developing new products and processes.
● It is a technique needed to identify the "vital factors in the most efficient manner
and then directs the process to its best setting to meet the ever increasing
demand for improved quality and increased productivity.

Design of Experiments

Stages to Conduct Design Experiments


1. Describe - identify objectives and important factors that is relevant in carrying
out the experiment
2. Specify - determining the best setting in accomplishing the objective of the
experiment
3. Design - design model process that will be used in the experiment and conduct
initial run test
4. Collect - generate and record data runs
5. Fit - validate the result of trial thru conducting additional run to confirm if
objectives were achieved
6. Predict - perceive the resulting conclusion from educated guess

You might also like