Dr. M.G.R.

University
Dept. of Biotechnology

Curriculum and Syllabus for M.Tech. Industrial Biotechnology (revised in 2010 (BOS)

Preamble
1. This course will offer specialization and hands on practical training with a potential for job
placement in Biotechnology Industry.
2. Eligibility: Candidates with an M.Sc. In Biotechnology, Botany, Zoology, Microbiology,
Biochemistry or any of Life Science oriented subjects; 4-year professional courses such as
B.Tech. Biotechnology, Industrial Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, B.Pharm. B.V.Sc.
or M.B.B.S. or Agriculture.
3. The total credits for this course will be 70.
4. The first Semester will teach the basic papers required for Biotechnology.
Bridge courses: A Chemical Engineering basic paper is mandatory for M.Sc. students;
Chemical Engineering and B.Pharm candidates must take Genetics paper. The others may
opt for a Maths course;
5. Intensive Laboratory courses in Biochemical Techniques and Microbial Techniques will be
offered in the first Semester.
6. In the Second Semester, courses will be offered in application oriented papers. There will be
4 core papers and 1 Electives followed by 2 Labs.
7. In the third Semester, the candidates will take 3 core and 2 elective papers and 1 lab course.
This Semester will include a project pre-preparation and literature review.
8. The last Semester will be entirely a project which will be marked based on a viva voce and
Project report.
9. The same course can also be offered in Part-time mode, where the course will be spread over
6 Semesters.
10. If required students may opt for additional credits from other Dept. However they will be
included as a criteria for passing M.Tech. Industrial Biotechnology only if approved by the
Board that this is considered part of Biotechnology.

Dr.M.G.R. University, Chennai- 95 Page 1

Curriculum for M.Tech. Industrial Biotechnology (Part Time)
Credit Distribution

Semester Credits
I 22
II 22
III 22
IV 9
TOTAL 75

I Semester
S.No. Code Course L T P C
1 MBT101 Advanced Microbiology 3 1 0 4
2 MBT107/109 Cell & Molecular Biology 3 1 0 4

3 MBT113 Microbial Techniques Lab 0 0 6 2

Bridge Courses (any one will be given)
4 MBTB101 Genetics 3 0 0 3
MBTB103 Basic Principles of Chemical 3 0 0 3
Engineering
MBTB105 Mathematics 3 0 0 3
TOTAL 15 3 12 22

II Semester
S.No. Code Course L T P C
5 MBT106 Quantitative Methods 3 0 0 3
6 MBT103 Biochemistry and Enzymology 3 1 0 4
7 MBT105 Instrumentation Methods 3 0 0 3

8 MBT111 Biochemical Techniques Lab 0 0 6 2

TOTAL 9 1 6 12

III Semester
S.No. Code Course L T P C
9 MBT102 Genetic Engineering 3 1 0 4
10 MBT104 Bioinformatics 3 1 0 4

11 MBT110 Genetic Engineering Lab 0 0 6 2

ELECTIVE-I
12 MBTE02 Biology of the Immune System 3 0 0 3
13 MBTE04 Food Technology 3 0 0 3
TOTAL 12 2 6 16

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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IV Semester
14 MBT108 Fermentation Technology 3 1 0 4
15 MBT201 Genomics and Proteomics 3 1 0 4

16 MBT112 Fermentation Technology Lab 0 0 6 2

ELECTIVE-II
MBTE213 Biotechnology of Animal Production 3 0 0 3
17
18 MBTE211 Separation Techniques 3 0 0 3
TOTAL 12 2 6 16

V SEMESTER
19 MBT203 Animal and Plant Tissue Culture 3 1 0 4
MBT205 Intellectual Property Rights in 3 0 0 3
20
Biotechnology

21 MBT207 Tissue culture Lab 0 0 6 2

22 MBT307 Project Phase I 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE - III
23 MBTE217 Stem cells in Healthcare 3 0 0 3
24 MBTE201 Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics 3 0 0 3
TOTAL 15 1 6 18

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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SYLLABUS-I Semester

MBT101 Advanced Microbiology 3 1 0 4

Unit 1: New approaches to Bacterial taxonomy, determination and significance of DNA

Base composition, nucleic acid hycridization, RNA fingerprinting, bacterial phylogeny.

Unit 2: Metabolic diversity of aerobic heterotrophs – mechanisms in uptake of substrates

Entner-Doudoroff pathway, sugar degradation via Pentose Phosphate cycle, methyl glyoxal bypass,
diversity in energy metabolism.

Unit 3: Bacterial Fermentation – Alcohol fermentation, lactate fermentation, buatyrate &

butanol –acetone fermentation, Anaerobic food chains; Chemolithotrophic and phototropic
metabolism.

Unit 4: Degradation of natural substances – Cellulose degradation, microbial conversion

in the rumen, xylan degradation, degradation of starch, fructans, mannan, pectin, agar, chitin, lignin;
formation of humus, utilization of hydrocarbons – methane, ethane, propane, butane, aromatic
hydrocarbons, xenobiotics.

Unit 5: Biodeterioration control and soil, waste and water management – Indicator
microorganisms, fouling biofilms, treatment of solid waster, landfills, composting, treatment of
liquid waste, biological oxygen demand.

References:
1. General Microbiology, Fifth edition, (2006), Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheels ML and RP
Painter, Macmillan Press.
2. Bacterial Metabolism, 2nd Edition (1986) Gerhard Gottschalk, Springer Verlag.
3. Microbial Ecology – Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition, (2005), Atlas RM and R
Bartha.
4. General Microbiology, 7th Edition (1992), Hans G. Schlegel, Cambridge University Press.

MBT109/107 CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 3 1 0 4

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University
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UNIT 1.INTRODUCTION
The cell: A macromolecular assembly, Cellular compartmentization, Organellar
architecture. The Nucleus: Chromosomal DNA and its packaging, the global structure of
Chromosomes, Chromosome replication, RNA synthesizing and RNA processing, the
organization and evolution of the nuclear genome, Cytoskelton. DNAStructure,
RNAstructure, organization of the bacterial chromosome, organization of eukaryotic
chromosome,
UNIT 2.CELL JUNCTIONS AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM:
Cell junctions, Cell adhesion, and Extracellular matrix: Cell junctions, Cell – cell
adhesion.The plant cell wall. Membrane structure, Transport of molecules and membrane
excitability: The lipid bilayer, Membrane proteins, Principles of membrane transport, Ion
channels and electrical properties of membranes. The transport of molecules into and out of
the Nucleus, The transports of protein into mitochondria, and chloroplasts, Perxisomes, The
endoplasmic reticulum, Transport from ER through the Golgi apparatus.
UNIT 3.MUTATION, REPAIR AND RECOMBINATION:
Chromosome duplication and segregation, Mechanisms of DNA polymerase, types of
DNApolymerases, replicon model, eukaryotic replication, role of telomerase.Replication
errors and their repair, Mutagens, repair of DNA damage – photoreactivation, base excision
repair, homologous recombination, holliday model, recBCD pathway, homologous
recombination in eukaryotes, site specific recombination, transposition-transposase –
replicative transposition, non-replicative transposition.
UNIT 4.TRANSCRIPTION, SPLICING AND TRANSLATION:
Types of RNA polymerases, sigma factor, transcription mechanism, rho dependent and
independent termination , eukaryotic transcription, RNA processing, RNA polymerase I and
III promoter, mechanism of splicing, RNAediting, mRNAtransport, inhibitors of
transcription. mechanism of translation, eukaryotic translation factors, peptide bond
formation, Wobble hypothesis. Prokaryotes- Lac operon, trp, phage lambda regulation of
lytic and lysogenic lifecycle. Eukaryotes – Homeodomain proteins, Zn containing DNA-
binding domains, leucind zipper motifs, helix – loop helix proteins, nuceosome modifiers.
UNIT 5. CELL SIGNLING AND CELL CYCLE:
Cell signaling: general principles of cell signaling, signaling via g- protein linked cell
surface receptors, signaling via enzyme linked cell surface receptors,kinase receptors,
Cell cycle and division: The general strategy of the cell cycle, The mechanism of cell
division, The early embryonic cell cycle, in yeasts and multicellular Animals. Cancer:
Cancer as a micro evolutionary process, Tumor cells, Proto – oncogenes and viral
oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes.
TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5th Edition, Watson et al., Pearson Education.
2. Molecular biology by David freifelder
3. Molecular biology- Baltimore
4. Molecular biology- Lodish
5. Molecular biology of cell by Albert et.al. John Wiley & Sons.
6. The Cell by Cooper.ASM Press
7. Cell and Molecular Biology by Karp. John Wiley & sons

MBT113 Microbial Techniques 0 0 6 2

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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 1. Sterilization techniques;Cultivation of microorganisms,use of differential and selective
media, bacterial growth curve
2. Bacterial staining techniques
3. Biochemical characterization
4. Cultivation and enumeration of bacteriophages
5. Isolation of Antibiotic resistant bacteria
6. Bacterial Conjugation
7. Isolation of a streptomycin resistant mutant
8. Microbial flora of mouth, skin
9. Microbiological analysis of urine and blood specimens
10. Species identification of unknown bacterial cultures

Text Book
Mixrobiology, Laboratory Manual by Capuccino and Sherman 6th Edition, Pearson
Education, (2006)

MBTB101 GENETICS 3 0 0 3
Unit I
Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University
Page 6
Introduction Nature of genetic material, Mendelian laws of inheritance, law of segregation and laws
of independent assortment. Dominance and lethal genes-Dominance relationships, lethal gene
action, gene interactions and Epistasis –Types of gene interaction and molecular basis of gene
interaction.

Unit II
Chromosome structure and organization.Chromosome morphology, composition of
chromatin,Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organization, heterochromatin. Different types of (polytene
and lamp brush chromosome, giant chromosomes) Chromosomes. Human Chromosomes and
Functions.

Unit III
Sex chromosomes and inherited diseases.Vehicles of heredity, sex determination in plants
and animals, Autosomal dominant disorders sex linked inheritance, non-disjunction of X
chromosomes, linkage and crossing over, interference, coincidence.molecular diseases
Hemoglobinopathies, disorders of coagulation, colour blindness, hemophilia. Multiple alleles ABO
blood groups, Rh group system

Unit IV
Gene Transfer & Mapping. Mapping techniques-calculation of large map distances,
mapping genes by mitotic segregation and recombination, mapping by insitu hybridization. Gene
transfer in bacteria-transformation, transduction, conjugation and their mapping

Unit V
Population Genetics.Principles of Hardy Weinberg law-Gene frequency, genotype
frequency,Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and application, factors affecting gene frequencies.
Polymorphism and characteristic features, inbreeding.

Text Books:
Genetics By Monroe W Stricberger
Principles of Genetics By Gardner
Fundamentals of Genetics By B.D.Singh

References:
Genetics By Goodenough
Genes and Genomes By Singer and P.Berg
Genetics By Griffith

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT B103 Basic Principles of Chemical Engineering 3 0 0 3
(Only working Principles)

UNIT I
Stoichiometry & chemical equations. Units, dimensions & conversions. Phase rule, Henry’s law,
Raoult’s law & their applications to different systems .Material balance for non-reacting & reacting
systems, recycle & bypass.

UNIT II
Properties of fluids & fluid statistics. Fluid statistics, laminar & turbulent flows, velocity distribution
in pipes, pressure drop in pipes & fittings.Stokes law & its applications, orifice & venturi meter.
Pumps & their characteristics.

UNIT III
Steady state conduction: Fourier’s law, concept of resistance to heat transfer, conduction with heat
generation.Convection, Heat transfer in laminar turbulent flows. Heat exchanger: Sizing of shell &
tube heat exchangers. Heat transfer in agitated vessels. Boiling & condensation.

UNIT IV
Fundamentals of mass transfer: molecular diffusion in fluids & solids, concept of mass transfer
coefficient. Equilibrium stage, absorption,

UNIT V
Fundamentals of Chemical reaction engineering: Equilibrium criteria for homogeneous
chemical reactions.

Text / Reference books:

1. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, Mc Cabe, W.L.Smith, J.C and Harriot P.,
McGraw Hill International Edition, Fifth Edition
2. Basic Principles of Calculation in Chemical Engineering, Himmelblau D.M, Sixth Edition
3. Levenspiel.O, “Chemical Reaction Engineering “, JohnWiley, Second Edition, 1972.2

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBTB105 MATHEMATICS 3 0 0 3

UNIT 1:
Differentiation: Successive, Leibnitz’s theorem (without proof), Lagrange’s theorem, Cauchy mean
value theorem (without proof), Remainder Term, asmptotes, Curvature, Curve Tracing

UNIT 2:
Integral Calculus: Reduction Formulae of trigonometric functions, properties of definite
Integral, Leibnitz’s test (without proof), Absolute & Conditional Convergence, Taylor &
Meclaurian series,Power series, Radius of Convergence

UNIT 3:
Vector Calculus: Scalar & vector fields, Curves, Arc length, Tangent, normal, Directional
Derivative, Gradient of scalar field, divergence & curl of a vector field. Line integrals (independent
of path), Green’s theorem, Divergence theorem & Stokes theorem (without proof), Surface
Integrals.

UNIT 4:
Complex Variables: Curves and Regions in the Complex Plane, Complex Functions,
Limits, Derivative, Analytic Function, Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Laplace’s Equation, Linear
Fractional Transformations, Conformal Mapping, Complex Line Integral, Cauchy’s Integral
Theorem, Cauchy’s Integral Formula, Derivatives of Analytic Function, Power
Series, Taylor Series, Laurent Series, Methods for obtaining Power Series, Analyticity at Infinity,
Zeroes, Singularities, Residues, Residue Theorem, Evaluation of Real Integrals.

UNIT 5:
Probability: Definition of Sample Space, Event, Event Space, Conditional Probability,
Additive and Multiplicative law of Probability, Baye’s Law theorem, Application based on these
results.

Text/Reference Books:
1. G.B. Thomas & R.L. Finney, “ Calculus & Analytical Geometry”, 6th edition
2. Shanthi Narayanan “Differential Calculus”, S.Chand & Co.
3. Shanthi Narayanan “Integral Calculus”, S.Chand & Co
4. Grewal B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publication
5. E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 5th Edition, Wiley Eastern, 1985.
6. Schaum Outline Series “Probability” Mc. Graw Hill.
7. Schaum Outline Series “Complex Variables” Mc. Graw Hill.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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 II Semester
MBT106 Quantitative Methods 3 0 0 3

UNIT1
Statistical population, sample from population, random sample, Tabular and graphical
presentation, Mean and standard deviation of group and ungrouped data. Measures of central
tendency, measures of dispersion, measures of skewness (using calculators) , Correlations (product-
moment coefficient, Spearman’s rank coefficient) and regression (linear regression, curve fitting)

UNIT2.
Data presentation (tables/figures): 1-D and 2-D bar charts, pie diagrams, graphs (using
computer software packages), Statistical distributions: fitting discrete uniform, binomial, Poisson
and normal probability distributions to given data 3

UNIT3.

Testing of hypothesis, Test of significance, test for proportion, means and standard deviations, F
and t test, chi-square test for goodness 10of fit, Theory of errors, errors and residuals, precision,
measure of precision, probable error of function, rejection of observation

UNIT4.

Methods of averages and least squares, Correlation and linear regression, associated test of
significance, Analysis of variance for one and two way classification.

UNIT5

Design of experiments, Sampling, randomization, replication, local control, completely randomized

and randomized block design. Nonparametric tests.

Text Book
Statistical Methods in biology by Norman T.J. Bailey (3rd Edition), Cambridge University Press
(1995)
Biostatistics How it works, Steve Selvin, Pearson Education, (2004)

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT103 BIOCHEMISTRY AND ENZYMOLOGY 3 1 0 4
UNIT1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMOLECULES 9hrs
Structure and properties of Mono, Di, Oligo and polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates,
Structure and properties of Fatty acids, Glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids,
glycolipids, steroids, Structure and properties of amino acids, Peptides, proteins and
conjugated proteins. Structure and properties of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides,
nucleotides, polynucleotides, Ribonucleic acids and deoxy ribonucleic acids,
nucleoprotein complexes.
UNIT 2. METABOLISM AND INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 10hrs
Biosyntheses and degradation of fatty acids and cholesterol, Biosyntheses and degradation
of amino acids, peptides and proteins; Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids,
peptides and proteins, Biosyntheses and degradation of Purines, pyrimidines and nucleic
acids.TCA Cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Pentose phosphate shunt, Embden Meyerhof
pathway, urea cycle, interconnection of pathways, Metabolic regulation, Bioenergetics:
Respiratory chain, TP cycle, energy rich compounds .
UNIT 3.ENZYME KINETICS 10hrs
Classification,Nomenclature, Enzyme Kinetics –Michaelis Menton Equation Isoenzymes –
Coenzymes –Active site Iinhibitor-Affecting factors of enzyme activity. Specificity of
enzymes: Type of specificity, The Koshland “induced fit” hypothesis, Strain or transition –
state stabilization Hypothesis. Enzyme catalysis and kinetics: Factors affecting the rate of
chemical reaction, Kinetics of unanalyzed chemical reaction, Kinetics of enzyme –
catalyzed reaction, Methods for investigating the kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions,
Nature of enzyme catalysis, inhibition of enzyme activity.
UNIT 4. ENZYME ACTIVE SITE 8hrs
The investigation of active site structure and chemical nature of enzyme catalysis: The
identification of binding sites and catalytic site, Three dimensional structure of active site,
Mechanism of catalysis,Mechanism of reaction catalyzed by enzyme without cofactor,
Metal activated enzyme and metalloenzyme, Coenzymes in enzyme catalyzed reactions.
UNIT 5.APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES 8hrs
Additional industrial enzymes: lipases, Penicillin acylase, Amino acylase & amino acid
production, Cyclodextrin & Cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase, Enzymes in animal nutrition,
Oxidoreductases, Enzymes in molecular biology Immobilization of enzymes: Concept,
method of immobilization, Kinetics pf immobilized enzyme, effect of solute partition and
diffusion on kinetics of immobilized enzyme, use of immobilized enzyme, Bioreactors
using immobilized enzyme. Enzyme engineering: prediction of enzyme structure, design
and construction of novel enzymes
Text Book:
1. Lehninger A.L., Nelson D.L., Cox M.M., “ Principles of Biochemistry “, CBS
Publications, 1993.
2. Voet D., Voet G., “ Biochemistry “, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
3. Stryer L., “ Biochemistry “, Fourth Edition, 1994.
4.Enzymes by Palmer (2001): Horwood Publishing series.
5.Fundamentals of enzymology by Price and Stevens (2002): Oxford University Press.
6.Enzyme technology by Helmut uhling (1998): John Wiley
7.Introduction to Protein Structure by Branden and Tooze (1998): Garland Publishing
group.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT105 INSTRUMENTAL METHOD & ANALYSIS 3 0 0 3

1.ABSORPTION OF RADIATION
Absorptivity, Lambert Beers law, Deviations, Instrumentation, Double beam and single
beam spectrometers, sources of radiation detectors, photometric accuracy, spectrophotometer
operation, instrumentation optical materials sources, detectors spectrophotometers, Fourier
transform, spectrophotometers, calibration andstandardisation, atomisation, flameatomisation,
sources of radiation, background correction, detection limits, inferences and applications.

2. SCATTERING OF RADIATION
Principles of radio activity, Rayleigh scattering, instruments, analytical, applications molecular
weights and particle sizes, Scattering in gases, turbidimetric and nephelometric titrations.

3. X-RAY METHODS
The absorption of x-rays, monochromatic X-ray sources, X-ray detectors, x-ray diffraction, x-ray
fluorescence, power and single crystal diffraction methods, comparison of X-ray diffraction and
neutron diffraction .

4. BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Sedimentation, ultra centrifugation, electrophoresis, diffusion, osmometry, viscometry,
conductimetry, microcalorimetry.

5. MICROSCOPY
Polorised light microscopy, phase contrast light microscopy, electron microscopy, interference
microscopy, optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichrosim

Total hours: 45
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ewing GW, “ Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis “, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1989.
2. Principles of Instrumental Analysis 5th Edn. Skoog.D.A., Thompson, Brooks and Cole
References:
1. Willard and Merrit, “ Instrumental Methods and Analysis “, VI Edition, CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
2. Braun H., “ Introduction to Chemical Analysis “, McGraw Hill, 1987.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

Page 12
MBT111 Biochemical Techniques Lab 0 0 6 2
1. Laboratory Safety and Hygiene: Standard Operating Procedures, Units and Measurements,
basic statistical concepts for biochemical analysis.
2. Use of Instruments, pH and Buffers
3. Qualitative analysis: amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and steroids
4. Quantitative analysis ( 1) determination of saponification number of fats and iodine number
od oil ( 2) determination of pK and pI value of amino acid
5. Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrin method, determination of tyrosine by nitroso-
naphthol method, estimation of tryptophan by Spies and Chamber’s method
6. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography, separation of sugars, purines and
pyrimidines, Determination of N-terminal amino acid of a dipeptide by flurodinitrobenzene
method
7. Separation of small and large molecules by dialysis
8. Separation of blue-dextran and potassium dichromate by gel-filtration chromatography,
separation of amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography and TLC, separation of plant
pigments by column chromatography
9. Measurement of enzyme activity: acid phosphatase, urease, alpha-amylase, catalase.
10. Biological Preparations: Isolation of cholesterol, lecithin starch, DNA, yeast RNA

Text Book:
Experimental Biochemistry, A student companion, B.S. Rao and V.Deshpande

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

Page 13
 III Semester

MBT102 Genetic Engineering 3 1 0 4

UNIT 1
Restriction endonucleases, Modification methylases and other enzymes needed in genetic
engineering. Expression strategies for heterologous genes.

UNIT 2
Cloning vectors: Plasmid and plasmid vectors, Phages and phage vectors, Phagemids, Cosmids,
Artifical chromosome vectors (YAC, BAC), animal virus derived vectors – SV40 and retroviral
vectors. Molecular cloning: Recombinant DNA techniques, Construction of genomic DNA and
cDNA libraries, Screening of recombinants.

UNIT 3
DNAanalysis: Labeling of DNA and RNA probes, Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization,
DNA finger printing, Chromosome walking. Techniques for gene expression: Northern and western
blotting, Gel retardation techniques, DNA foot printing, Primer extension, S1 mapping, Reporter
assays.

UNIT 4
Sequencing of DNA, Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides; Techniques of in vitro mutagenesis,
Site – directed mutagenesis, Gene replacement and gene targeting. Polymerize chain reaction and its
applications. Use of transposons in genetic analysis: Transposon tagging and its use in identification
and isolation of genes.

UNIT 5
Application of genetic engineering: Transgenic animals, Production of recombinant
pharmaceuticals, gene therapy, Disease diagnosis. Biosafety regulation: Physical and Biological
containment.

Text Book
1. From Genes to Clones by Winnacker, PANIMA
2. Molecular Cloning by Sambrook et al.,

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

Page 14
MBT 104 Bioinformatics 3 1 0 4

Unit I:
Sequence Databases and Information Retrieval: Nucleotide Sequence Databases; GenBank,
EMBL, DDBJ, all as part of INSDC; accession numbers & annotations, Medical Databases

Unit II.
Pairwise Sequence Comparisons: biology of homology, PAM & BLOSSUM scoring matrices,
global & local alignment algorithms, statisical significance of pairwise alignments.

Unit III.
BLAST, FASTA and Advanced BLAST: Database searching, FASTA algorithm, BLAST
ALGORITHM, PSI BLAST, STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DATABASE SEARCHES

Unit IV:
Protein Sequence and Structure Analyses : 4 essential perspectives on proteins: (1) domains
and motifs, (2) physical properties, (3) protein localization, (4) protein function. Gene Ontology for
these perspectives in action; proteomics - methods, practices, databases introduction to protein
structure and structural genomics; principles of protein structure & protein folding - X-ray
crystallography and NMR - the PDB, RCSB, SCOP, CATH, DALI, FSSP & others.

Unit V.
MSA's or Multiple Sequence Alignments: Hierarchical and non-hierarchical Methods -
MSAs by PSI-BLAST , Tools for MSAs, 3D-PSSM Protein Fold Recognition (Threading) Server:
Introduction to Molecular Evolution, Tree nomenclature and structure; the 4 stages of Phylogenetic
Analysis, tree-building methods, NJ, MP, ML, tree-evaluation methods, the Bootstrap,
Phylogenetics: Introduction to the basics, Models, Assumptions, & Interpretations, How to
construct a Tree in 4 steps; the differences, between Parsimony, Distance, and Likelihood.

Textbooks
Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics by Jonathan Pevsner (2003), Wiley-Liss
Bioinfbook.org - Website dedicated to the text with updated URLs

References
An Introduction to Bioinformatics Algorithms by N.C. Jones & P.A. Pevzner (2004), MIT Press
Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy: A How-To Manual, Second Edition by Barry G. Hall (2004),
Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution by Paul G. Higgs and Teresa K. Attwood (2005),
Blackwell Publishers
Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, edited by Baxevanis &
Oulette (2005), Wiley-Interscience
Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics by D.E. Krane & M.L. Raymer (2003), Benjamin
Cummings

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT110 Genetic Engineering 0 0 6 2

1. Preparation of Competect cells, transformation

2. Plasmid mini preps, large scale preparation

3. Restriction analysis

4. PCR and TA cloning

5. Mutagenesis by chemical agents or UV

6. Mapping of bacterial genes

7. Probe preparation and Southern blotting

8. RNA extraction, RNA gel, Northern blotting

9. Agrobacterium mediated Plant transformation

10. Purification of recombinant proteins

Text Books:

Molecular Cloning by Sambrook et al.,

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

Page 16
MBTE02 Biology of the Immune System 3 0 0 3

UNIT 1
Introduction to immunology: Properties of immune response, Innate and acquired immunity, Active
and passive immunity, Cells and tissue of immune system: Lymphocytes, classes of lymphocytes,
Antigen presenting cells, NK cells, Mast cells, Dendritic cell, Organ of immune system, Bone
marrow, Thymus, Lymph node, Spleen, CALT, MALT.

UNIT 2
Molecular immunology: Molecular structure of antibody, Classification, Isotypes, Synthesis
assembly and expression of immunoglobulin molecules, Nature of antigens, Function and diversity,
Generation of antibody diversity.

UNIT 3
Antigens: Different characteristics of antigens, Mitogens, Hapten, Immunogen, Adjuvants. MHC:
Discovery of MHC complex, Role of MHC, Structure of MHC molecule, binding of peptides to
MHC molecules, MHC restriction.

UNIT 4
Effecter mechanism of immune response: Cytokines, T-cell receptors, Cell activation,
Complement system, Antigen processing and presentation, Regulation of immune response.
Immunological techniques: Antigen – antibody reactions, Immuno diffusion, Immuno
electrophoresis, ELISA, RIA, and Fluorescence activated cell sorter.
UNIT 5
Applied immunology,: Immune system in health and disease, autoimmunity, Hypersensitivity,
Tumor immunity, Tissue and Organ transplant, Synthetic vaccines.Hybridoma Technology: Fusion
of myeloma cells with lymphocytes, Production of monoclonal antibodies and their application.

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Kuby- immunology (4th edition) by R.A Goldsby, T.J Kindt, B.A. Osborne
2. Essentials of immunology (6th edition): Ivan Riot- Blakswell scientific publications, Oxford,
1988.
3. Fundamentals of immunology: Paul W. E. (Eds.) Raven press, New York, 1988
4. Antibodies A laboratory Manual: Harlow and David Lane (1988), Cold spring Harbor
laboratory.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

Page 17
MBTE04 FOOD TECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3

UNIT 1:
Historical background: History of microorganism in food, Historical developments,
Taxonomy: role and significance of microorganism in foods, Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of
foods that affect microbial growth,Microorganisms in fresh meats and poultry,Processed meats,
seafoods, Fermented and fermented diary products and miscellaneous food products.

UNIT 2
Starter cultures: Cheeses,beer, wine and distilled spirits, SCP, Medical foods, Probiotics and
Health benefits of fermented milk and food products;Brewing ,malting ,mashing,hops, rimary and
secondary fermentation:Biotechnological improvements,catabolic repression,High gravity brewing ,
B – glucan problem,Getting rid of diacetyl,Beer , wine and distilled spirits.

UNIT 3
Nutritional boosts and flavour enhancers: Emerging processing and preservation technologies
for milk and dairy products.Microbiological examination of surfaces, Air sampling, Metabolically
injured organisms,Enumeration and detection of food – borne organisms. Bioassay and releated
methods.

UNIT 4
Food preservation: Food preservation using irradiation,Characteristics of radiations of interest
in Food preservation,Principle underlying the destruction of microorganisms by irradiation,
Processing of foods for irradiation, Application of Radiation, Radappertization,Radicidation, and
Radurization of foods legal status of food irradiation, Effect of irradiation of food constituents.

UNIT 5
Storage stability food preservation with low temperatures, Food preservation with high
temperatures, Preservation of food by drying, Indicator and food- borne pathogens,Other proven and
food- borne pathogens.Psychrotrophs,Thermophiles and radiation resistant microorganisms,
Charecteristic and growth of Thermophilic microorganisms, Nature and radiation resistance in
microorganism, Rheology of food products.Consumer perspective and future of food biotechnology
.
Text/Reference Books:
1. Modern food microbiology by James M . jay, food- borne pathogens 2000)

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT108 Fermentation Technology 3 1 0 4

UNIT I:
Introduction to Fermentation Process:Component parts of fermentation processes, Microbial growth
kinetics-batch & continuous culture, isolation, preservation & cultivation of microbes.

UNIT II:
Media optimization & Sterilization kinetics:Introduction, medium formulation, sources of
media, media optimization-Plackett Burman method, medium sterilization, design of batch
& continuous sterilization processes, sterilization of fermentor, sterilization of feeds &
liquid waste, filter sterilization

UNIT III:
Design of Fermenter:Basic Functions of Fermenter, Body construction of Fermenter, Aeration
& agitation, achievement & maintenance of ascetic conditions, types of fermenters, instrumentation
& control (temperature,
pH & pressure), Measurement & control of dissolved oxygen.

UNIT IV:
Aeration & Agitation:Oxygen requirement & supply, determination of K La values (sulphite
oxidation & gassing out techniques), factors affecting K La values (diffusivity, ionic strength &
surface active agent), effect of the degree of agitation & effect of microbial biomass on K La values.

UNIT V:
Scale up and Scale down : Balance between oxygen supply and demand – controlling biomass
concentration and specific oxygen uptake rate, scale – up of aeration/agitation regimes in STR,
scale-up of Airlift reactors and scale down methods.

Text / Reference books:

1. Principles of Fermentation Technology - Peter F.Stanbury, Allan Whitaker, Stephen J.Hall.

2. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals – James E.Bailey, David F.Ollis : Second Edition.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT201 Genomics and Proteomics 3 1 0 4

Unit 1:
Features of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and organellar genomes, Genome sizes – C value paradox,
gene counting; Principles of DNA sequencing, automated Dna sequencing, Shotgun sequencing,
contig assembly.

Unit 2:
Whole genome analysis methods: Physical vs. Genetic mapping, Gene finding methods for
prokaryotes, eukaryotes, RNA structural analsys, analysis of sequences, Gene Ontology, examples
with bacterial, plant and animal model organisms.

Unit 3:
Functional Genomics – Analysis of Gene Expression, subtractive cDNa library, differential
display analysis, SAGE, TOGA, cDNA microarrays, creation of knockout plants and animal cell
lines.

Unit 4:
Proteomics: Methods for protein characterization: 2-D Gels, western blotting, Edman
protein microsequencing, amino acid composition, mass spectrometry; protein-protein interactions
screening methods and databases, protein ligand interactions.

Unit 5:
Human Genome Project, Genes and Diseases, SNP analysis, pharmacogenomics, Metabolic
engineering

Text Book:
1. Functional Genomics , Practical Approach, edited by S.P.Hunt and F.J. Livesay, Oxford
Indian Edition (2002)
2. Principles of Protein structure, G.E. Schulz and R.H. Schirmer, Springer International
Edition (2004)

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT112 FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY LAB 0 0 6 2

1. Heating-cooling profile and determination of Δ cooling, Δ heating and Δ holding for

optimizing sterilization parameters.
2. Citric acid production by (a) solid state and (b) submerged fermentation.
3. Optimization of media by using design expert software.
4. Amylase production by batch fermentor.
5. Effect of substrate consumption rate vs product production rate for amylase
production.
6. Enzyme purification by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, lyophilization and
chromatography.
7. Kinetic study of enzyme.

References:
1. “Industrial Microbiology”, S.C. Prescott and C.G. Dunn, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New
York.
2. Official methods of analysis of AOAC.
3. BIS booklets for various products.
4. “An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry”, david T. Plummer, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBTE213 Biotechnology of Animal Production 3 0 0 3

UNIT 1 :
Manipulation of growth : Growth, neurosystem, bones, muscle & fat.Animal Production :
requisites, nutrients, maintenance – feed intake of body resources such as lipids, glycogen &
unstable proteins – insulin.Growth Hormones : Releasing hormones (GHRh) – somatotrophin, STH,
Growth Hormone GH & Stomato Medicines.Somatostatin (Stomatotrophin producing Inhibitory
Factor SPIF)

UNIT 2 :
Thyroid Hormones, Reproductive Steroids (Androgen, Estrogen, Gestagins) Probiotics as
growth promoters, mode of action of lactation, mamogenesis, lactogenesis, galactoboises
Manipulation of wool growth in sheep – manipulation of human microbial digestive system

UNIT 3:
Biotechnology in Animal production & Manipulation of animanl production & manipulation of
animal production..Embryo transfer technology – selection of donor, super – ovulation, embryo
collection, embryo evaluation, selection of recipients & transfer of embryo.

UNIT 4:
Cryopreservation of embryos-embryo splitting – embryo sexing- sex chromosome analysis –
demonstration of H-Y antigen, Metabollic activity of X-linked enzyme

UNIT 5:
DNA probes-Invitro fertilization-Preparation of oozytes & spermatozoa-Invitro fertilization in farm
animals

Text/reference Books:
1. Animal Biotechnology by Dr.P.Ramadas & Veera Rani
2. Biotechnology & Genomics by P.K. Gupta
3. Text Book of Biotechnology by R.C.Dubey
4. Genetic Engineering by T.A.Brown

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBTE211 SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3

UNIT I GENERAL
Review of conventional processes, Recent advances in separation techniques based on size, surface
properties, ionic properties and other special characteristics of substances, Process concept, Theory
and equipment used in cross flow filtration, cross flow electrofiltration, dual functional filter,
Surface based solid – liquid separations involving a second liquid, Sirofloc filter.

UNIT II MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS

Types and choice of membranes, Plate and frame, tubular, spiral wound and hollow fibre membrane
reactors and their relative merits, Commerical, pilot plant and laboratory membrane permeators
involving dialysis, reverse osmosis, Nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, Microfiltration and Donnan
dialysis, Economics of membrane operations, Ceramic membranes

UNIT III SEPARATIONS BY ADSORPTION TECHNIQUES

Mechanism, Tyes and choice of adsorbents, Normal adsorption techniques, Affinity chromatography
and immuno Chromatography, Types of equipment and commercial process, Recent advances and
process economics.

UNIT IV IONIC SEPARATIONS

Controlling factors, Applications, Types of equipment employed for electrophoresis,
Dielectrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis, Commercial processes.
UNIT V OTHER TECHNIQUES
Separations involving Iyophilisation, Pervaporation and permeation techniques for soilis, liquids and
gases, Industrial viability and examples, zone melting, Addluctive crystallization, Other separation
processes, Supercritical fluid extraction, Oil spill Management, Industrial effluent treatment by
modern techniques.

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Lacey, R.E. and S.Looeb – Industrial Processing with Membranes Wiley – Inter
Science, N.Y.1972.
2. King, C.J. Separation Processes, Tata McGraw–Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 1982.

REFERENCES

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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1. Schoew, H.M. – New Chemical Engineering Separation Techniques, Interscience
Publishers, 1972.
2. Ronald W. Roussel – Handbook of Separation Process Technology, John Wiley, New York,
1987.
3. Kestory, R.E. – Synthetic polymeric membranes, Wiley. Interscience, N.Y. 1985.
4. Osadar, Varid Nakagawal – Membrane Science and Technology, Marcel Dekkar (1992).

MBT203 Plant and Animal Tissue Culture 3 1 0

4

Unit 1: Introduction to tissue culture: Definition, principle and significance of tissue culture,
Animal tissue culture, Maintenance of sterility and use of antibiotics, Mycoplasma and viral
contaminants, Various systems of tissue culture - their distinguishing features advantages and
limitations , Culture medium: Logic of formulation (natural media, synthetic media, and sera)
Methodology: i. Primary culture: Behaviour of cells, properties, utility. Development of plant tissue
culture. :Totipotency of plant cells and its realization in vitro Nutrient media: obligatory and
optional constituents, Incubation systems: static agitated culture systems, Explant culture.
Suspension culture.

Unit 2: Animal Cell Organ Culture :Cell lines: Definition, development,maintenance and
management and Cell adaptation, Established cell lines: Their characteristic features and utility,
Cross contamination hazards , Characteristics of cells in culture: Contact inhibition, anchorage (in)
dependence, cell-cell communication etc, Cell senescence, Cell and tissue response to tropic factors,
Culturing of different cells. Designing of an experiment in tissue culture and response assessment.
Significance of various controls, Growth studies: Cell proliferation, cell cycle, mitosis in growing
cells, Organ culture: Methods, behaviour of organ explant, and utility of organ culture, Organ
transplants. Freeze storing of cells and transport of cultures.

Unit 3: Mass production of biologically important compound, Harvesting of products, purification

and assays, Propagation of viruses (viral sensitivity of cell lines) , Cell cloning and cell
synchronization, Separation of cell types: Various methods: advantages and limitations; Flow
cytometry, Nuclear transplantation, Cell hybridization, Transfection studies

Unit 4: Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture : Growth and differentiation of cultured cells and
tissues, Cytodifferentiation, organogenesis and embryogenesis, In vitro culture: physical, chemical
and genotypic factor , Culture systems: organ, callus, cell and protoplast cultures, Assessment of
growth and development in vitro , Plant Growth Regulators: mode and mechanism of action,
Secondary metabolism in cultured cells, increase of secondary metabolite production by suitable
media supplements like elicitors, stress factors, precursor , Tissue culture of lower plants, algae,
lichens and bryophytes, Genetic and epigenetic variation, spontaneous genetic variation, in vitro
variation existing in cell populations or induced by culture conditions.

Unit 5: Applications of Tissue Culture : Commercial applications of animal tissue culture: Tissue
culture as a screening system; Cytotoxicity and diagnostic test, Development and preparation of
vaccines against infecting organisms, In vitro fertilization and dolly, Mutant cell lines: Significance
in biomedical research, identification and isolation of mutants. Applications of Genetic

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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manipulations, Commercial applications of plant tissue culture: Mass propagation, Medicinally
important compounds, Screening of cell lines for novel variations: disease resistant, stress tolerant ,
Transgenic plants

Text/Reference:
1.Plantbiotechnology New products and Applications by J.Hammond,P.MC Garevy and V Yusibov
– Springer International Edition
2.Plant Cell Biology (2nd edition) by Chris Hawes and Beatric Satiat- Jeunemaitre – Oxford
Universuty Press
3. Text Book of Animal Tissue culture By Freshney

MBT205 Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology 3 0 0 3

UNIT 1
WTO:As an international agency controlling trade amaong nations. WTO with reference to
biotechnological affairs, TRIPs

UNIT 2
General introduction:Patent claims, the legal decision- making process, ownership of tangible and
intellectual property,Basic requirement of patentability: patantable subject matter, novelty and
public domain, non obviousness

UNIT 3
Special issues in biotechnology patents:disclosure requirements,collaborative
reasearch,competative research,plant biotechnology patents: Indian patents and foreign patents,Plant
veriaty protection act,the strategy of protecting plants.

UNIT 4
Patent litigation: Substatritive aspects of patent litigation, Procedural aspects of patent
litigation, Different Doctrines,Recent developments in Patent system and patentability of
biotechnological inventions.

UNIT 5
IPR issues in Indian context: Role of patent in pharmaceutical industry, Computer related
innovations, Case studies:Rice,Haldi,Neem etc. and challenges ahead

Text/ Reference Books

1. The law & strategy of Biotechnology patents by Sibley. Butterworth publications
2. Intellectual property rights - Ganguli - Tat McGrawhill
3. Intellectual property right - Wattal - Oxford Publishing House

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBT207 Tissue culture lab 0 0 6 2

1. Preparation of tissue culture media and maintenance of aceptic condition.

2. Callus induction form the given explant.
3. Protoplast isolation and fusion
4. Agrobacterium mediated transformation
5. Seed germination from the given seeds.
6. Micropropagation of tobacco leaf explants.

ATC:
1. Preparation of culture media and maintenance of aceptic condition
2. Preparation primary cell cultures from various organs (Liver, kidney, spleen)
3. Inoculation and cultivation of viral strains in CAM
4. Preparation of human metaphase chromosome.
5. Cryopreservation and revival of cultured cells.
6. Enumeration of cell number and cell viability.

Reference:
Text Book of Animal Tissue culture By Freshney
Plant Biotechnology Practical manual, CC. Giri and Archana Giri

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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MBTE217 Stem Cell in Health Care 3 0 0 3

UNIT1:Cell Diversification in The Early Animal Embryo : Initial Differences Among Xenopus
Blastomeres Arise from the Spatial Segregation, Inductive Interactions Generate New Types of
Cells in a Progressively More Detailed Pattern, A Simple Morphogen Gradient Can Organize a
Complex Pattern of Cell Responses, Cells Can React Differently to a Signal According to the Time
When They Receive It: The Role of an Intracellular Clock, In Mammals the Protected Uterine
Environment permits an Unusual Style of Early Development, All the Cells of the Very Early
Mammalian Embryo Have the Same Developmental Potential, Mammalian Embryonic Stem Cells
Show How Environmental Cues Can Control the Pace as well as the Pathway of Development,
Summary.

UNIT2:Renewal by Stem Cells: Epidermis : Stem Cells Can Divide Without Limit and Give Rise
to Differentiated Progeny, Epidermal Stem Cells Lie in the Basal Layer, Differentiating Epidermal
Cells Synthesize a Sequence of Different Keratins as They Mature, Epidermal Stem Cells Are a
Subset of Basal Cells, Basal Cell Proliferation Is Regulated According to the Thickness of the
Epidermis, Secretory Cells in the Epidermis Are Secluded in Glands That Have Their Own
Population Kinetics , Summary.

UNIT3:Genesis, Modulation, And Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle : New Skeletal Muscle Cells
Form by the Fusion of Myoblasts, Muscle Cells Can Vary Their Properties by Changing the Protein
Isoforms That They Contain, Some Myoblasts Persist as Quiescent Stem Cells in the Adult,
Summary.

UNIT4:Fibroblasts and Their Transformations : The Connective-Tissue Cell Family Fibroblasts

Change Their Character in Response to Signals in the Extracellular Matrix, The Extracellular
Matrix May Influence Connective-Tissue Cell Differentiation by Affecting Cell Shape and
Attachment, Different Signaling Molecules Act Sequentially to Regulate Production of Fact Cells,
Bone Is Continually Remodeled by the Cells Within It, Osteoblasts Secrete Bone Matrix, While
Osteoclasts Erode It, During Development, Cartilage Is Eroded by Osteoclasts to Make Way for
Bone, The Structure of the Body Is Stabilized by Its Connective-Tissue Framework and by the
Selective Cohesion of Cells, Summary.

UNIT5:The Concept of The Hemopoietic Stem Cell : Hemopoietic Stem Cell Disorders :
Classification and manifestations Hemopoietic Stem Cell Disorders : A plastic Hemopoietic Stem
Cell Disorders : Myleo dysplastic Myleo proliplastic Clinical applications of Colony Stems
Complications of Germs therapy Replacement Therapy and Marrow Transplantation.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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Immunological principles, Preservation and Clinical use of blood and blood components,
hemapheresis procedures and varies to oxiplantation

Text / Reference Books

1. Developmental Biology, 6th Edition, Scott F. Gilbert
2. Hematology, William J. Williams, Ernest Beutler, Allan JU. Erslev, Marshall A. Lichtman
3. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd Edition, Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin
Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson

MBTE201 Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics 3 0 0 3

INHERITANCE PATTERN IN MAN:
Mendelian inheritance, dominant, recessive, lethal, sex linked, sex influenced, multifactorial and
mitochondrial inheritance. Genetic Diseases of heart, lungs, Kidney, brain and sex organs.
CHROMOSOME BASIS OF INHERITANCE:
Autosomal, sex and micro chromosomal anomalies, cytogenetic techniques and nomenclature of
banded chromosomes, ISCN 1980, 1990.

BANDING TECHNIQUE:
Differential staining: Q-Banding, G- banding, R-banding, Acridine orange R-banding, C-banding,
DAPI, C-banding, NOR banding.

SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUE:
HRB, chromosome Fragile sites, PCC (premature chromosome condensation), Karyotype
interpretation classification of unbanded chromosomes, Nomenclature of banded mitotic
chromosomes, HRB nomenclature.

PREPARATION OF PROBES:
Chromosome analysis by flow cytometryInstrument? Chromosome preparation/ flow sorting and
library construction, restriction digestion, amplification techniques, labeling techniques, haptens,
fluorochromes, counterstaining and hybridization protocol. Microdissection probe construction.
IN- SITU HYBRIDIZATION:
Isotopic and nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH, DISH, FISH, PRINS)

PROBE CLASSIFICATION:
Specific locus probes, telomeric and centromeric probes and whole chromosome probes. Metaphase
chromosome (chromosome painting), interphase nuclei (interphase FISH), extended chromatin
fibres (fiber FISH), mFISH, mBAND, CGH, MPIL, Rx FISH, SKY FISH.

PROTOCOL:
Hybridization protocol, acquiring of image analysis

APPLICATION OF FISH:
Microdissection, species matching, human gene mapping, dosimetry, interphase cytogenetics,
cancer studies clinical disorders etc.

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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Chromosome in clinical medicine: classical chromosome syndromes, cytogenetics of spontaneous
abortion, CA in prenatal diagnosis, CA in normal in mental retardations.
Genomic iprinting and RFLP.

REFERENCES:
1. Human chromosome principle and techniques, Second edition, by Ram S.Verma and Arvind
Babu, Mac Grwall-Hill (1995)
2. Human Cytogenetics, Volume I constitutional analysis – a practical Approach, editor D. E.
Rooney and B.H. Czepulkowski, IRL Press (1992)
3. Human cytogenetics, Volume II Malignancy & Acquired Abnormalities- a practical
approach, Editor D.E. Rooney, B.H. Czepulkowski, IRL Press (1992)
4. In situ hybridization- A practical approach, second edition, Editor D.G. Wilkson, Oxford
university Press (1999)
5. Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics Volume I and II, Editors, Emery and Rimoin,
Churchill Liningstone (1991)

Dept. of Industrial Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. University

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