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WEEK 6

The document provides definitions for key chemistry terms including pH, electrolysis, electrode, neutralization, hydration, and hydrolysis. It explains standard electrode potential, detailing how copper and zinc behave in terms of electron gain and loss. Additionally, the document covers the process of electrolysis using CuCl2 solution, the definitions of pH and pOH, and their mathematical relationship.

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farheenzulfiqarr24
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5 views6 pages

WEEK 6

The document provides definitions for key chemistry terms including pH, electrolysis, electrode, neutralization, hydration, and hydrolysis. It explains standard electrode potential, detailing how copper and zinc behave in terms of electron gain and loss. Additionally, the document covers the process of electrolysis using CuCl2 solution, the definitions of pH and pOH, and their mathematical relationship.

Uploaded by

farheenzulfiqarr24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEK 6

1. Define the following terms

Here are simple definitions for each term:

1. pH:

 Definition: pH tells you if something is acidic, neutral, or basic.


o Acidic (like lemon juice) has a low pH.
o Neutral (like water) has a pH of 7.
o Basic (like soap) has a high pH.

2. Electrolysis:

 Definition: Electrolysis is a process where electricity is used to break down


a compound into its parts.
o Example: Using electricity to split water (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂)
and oxygen (O₂).

3. Electrode:

 Definition: An electrode is a material (usually metal) that is used to


conduct electricity during processes like electrolysis.
o Example: In electrolysis, the metal rods that electricity passes through
are electrodes.

4. Neutralization:

 Definition: Neutralization is when an acid and a base react together to form


water and a salt, making the solution neutral.
o Example: Mixing vinegar (acid) and baking soda (base) to make water
and salt.

5. Hydration:

 Definition: Hydration is when a substance absorbs water.


o Example: When a sponge takes in water, it's hydrating.

6. Hydrolysis:
 Definition: Hydrolysis is when a substance reacts with water to break
down into smaller parts.
o Example: When salt dissolves in water, it's a type of hydrolysis.

In short:

 pH = How acidic or basic something is.


 Electrolysis = Using electricity to split a compound.
 Electrode = the metal where electricity passes through.
 Neutralization = Mixing acid and base to make water and salt.
 Hydration = Absorbing water.
 Hydrolysis = Breaking down with water

2. What is standard electrode potential? How is electrode potential of a


copper and zinc determined? Explain

Standard Electrode Potential:

 What is it? It's a number that tells us how easily a substance can gain or
lose electrons in a reaction. It tells us how likely a substance is to be
reduced (gain electrons) or oxidized (lose electrons).

In simple words, it's like a "reactivity score" for how a substance behaves when it
comes into contact with electrons.

How is the Electrode Potential of Copper and Zinc Determined?

To measure the electrode potential, we do a test where we place a piece of metal


(like copper or zinc) into a solution of its own ions (like copper sulfate for copper,
and zinc sulfate for zinc).

1. Copper:
o We put a copper strip into a solution of copper ions (Cu²⁺).
o Copper can either gain electrons or become solid copper, or it can
lose electrons and become copper ions in the solution.
o Copper tends to gain electrons, meaning it has a positive potential.
2. Zinc:
o We put a zinc strip into a solution of zinc ions (Zn²⁺).
o Zinc loses electrons easily, turning into zinc ions in the solution.
o Zinc tends to lose electrons, meaning it has a negative potential.
How Do We Compare Copper and Zinc?

 We compare the electrode potentials of copper and zinc to a standard


hydrogen electrode (a reference that we call 0 volts).
 Copper has a positive number, meaning it likes to gain electrons.
 Zinc has a negative number, meaning it likes to lose electrons.

In simple words, copper is better at gaining electrons, and zinc is better at losing
electrons.

So, when you put copper and zinc together, zinc will lose electrons, and copper
will gain them. This is how a battery works!

Summary:

 Electrode potential shows how easily a substance gains or loses electrons.


 Copper likes to gain electrons (positive potential).
 Zinc likes to lose electrons (negative potential).

3. What is meant by electrolysis? Explain the electrolysis of CuCl2


solution giving all the necessary electrode reaction.

What is Electrolysis?

Electrolysis is a process where electricity is used to break down a compound


into its smaller parts. This happens when an electric current is passed through a
liquid (called an electrolyte) that contains ions.

In simple words, electrolysis is like using electricity to "split" a substance into


pieces.

Electrolysis of CuCl₂ (Copper (II) Chloride) Solution

When copper chloride (CuCl₂) is dissolved in water, it breaks into copper ions
(Cu²⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).

When we pass electricity through this solution, the ions move towards the
electrodes, and chemical reactions happen at the electrodes.
The process:

1. At the Negative Electrode (Cathode):


o The Cu²⁺ ions (copper ions) move to the negative electrode because
the negative electrode attracts positive ions.
o At the negative electrode, copper ions gain electrons (they are
reduced) to form solid copper.

Reaction at Cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu

This means copper ions gain two electrons and turn into solid copper metal.

2. At the Positive Electrode (Anode):


o The Cl⁻ ions (chloride ions) move to the positive electrode because
the positive electrode attracts negative ions.
o At the positive electrode, chloride ions lose electrons (they are
oxidized) and form chlorine gas.

Reaction at Anode:
2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e−

This means chloride ions lose two electrons and turn into chlorine gas (Cl₂),
which bubbles up.

Overall Reaction:

So, the overall result of electrolysis of CuCl₂ is: CuCl2→Cu (solid) +Cl2 (gas)

In simple words:

 At the negative electrode (cathode), copper metal is formed.


 At the positive electrode (anode), chlorine gas is produced.

Summary:

 Electrolysis uses electricity to break down compounds.


 In CuCl₂ solution:
o Copper is deposited at the negative electrode.
o Chlorine gas is released at the positive electrode.
4. Define pH and pOH. What is the mathematical relationship between pH
and pOH of an aqueous solution?

What is pH?

pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

 Acidic solutions have a low pH (below 7).


 Neutral solutions (like pure water) have a pH of 7.
 Basic solutions have a high pH (above 7).

In simple words, pH tells us if something is sour or soapy, and how strong that
sourness or soapiness is.

What is pOH?

pOH is a measure of how basic or alkaline a solution is.

 Basic solutions have a low pOH (below 7).


 Neutral solutions have a pOH of 7.
 Acidic solutions have a high pOH (above 7).

In simple words, pOH tells us how "soapy" a solution is, and how strong it is.

Mathematical Relationship Between pH and pOH:

The pH and pOH are related by a simple formula:

pH+pOH=14\text{pH} + \text{pOH} = 14

This means:

 If you know the pH, you can easily find the pOH.
 If you know the pOH, you can easily find the pH.

Example:

 If a solution has a pH of 3, then its pOH will be: pOH=14−3=11\text{pOH} =


14 - 3 = 11
In summary:

 pH tells us how acidic or basic a solution is.


 pOH also tells us how basic or acidic a solution is.
 The formula is: pH + pOH = 14

5. Balancing equation method from yt

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