Example A: Find the general solution (𝑫𝟒 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙?

solution:

𝝀𝟒 − 𝟏 = 𝟎, (𝝀𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝝀𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟎, 𝝀 = ±𝟏, ±𝒊,

𝒚𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
(𝑫𝟒 − 𝟏) ((𝑫𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟏)

1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = sin 2𝑥,
((−𝟐𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟏) 15

1
𝑦𝑝 = sin 2𝑥
15

the general solution:

1
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + sin 2𝑥
15

Example B: Find the general solution (𝑫𝟒 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙?

Solution:
𝒚𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥,
((𝑫𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟏) ((−𝟏𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟏) (0)

Page 1 of 9
 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐼𝑀
(𝑫𝟒 −𝟏)
(𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ) = 𝐼𝑀 {(𝑫𝟐 −𝟏)(𝑫𝟐 +𝟏) (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )} = 𝐼𝑀 {(𝑫𝟐 +𝟏) ∗ (𝑫𝟐 −𝟏) (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )}
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝐼𝑀 {
(𝑫𝟐 +𝟏)
∗
((𝒊)𝟐 −𝟏)
(𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )} = 𝐼𝑀 {(𝑫𝟐 +𝟏) (−𝟐)
(𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )} = 𝐼𝑀 {(𝑫+𝒊)(𝑫−𝒊) (−𝟐)
(𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )}

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝐼𝑀 { ∗ (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )} = 𝐼𝑀 { (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )}
(𝑫 − 𝒊) (𝑫 + 𝒊) (−𝟐) (𝑫 − 𝒊) (𝒊 + 𝒊) (−𝟐)

1 1 1 𝑥
= 𝐼𝑀 { (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 )} = 𝐼𝑀 { (𝑒 𝑖𝑥 ) }
(𝑫 − 𝒊) (−𝟒𝒊) (−𝟒𝒊) 1!

1 𝑥 1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑖𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝐼𝑀 { (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)} = 𝐼𝑀 { − }
(−𝟒𝒊) 1! (−𝟒𝒊) 1! −4𝑖
𝑖 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝐼𝑀 { + }=
(−𝟒 ∗ 𝒊 ∗ 𝒊) 1! 4 4

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 +
4

Investigation:

(𝑫𝟒 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒙 −𝒙
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝟒)
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = [𝒄𝟏 𝒆 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + ]
4
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
− [𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + ] = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺
4

Page 2 of 9
 Simultaneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients

1- Elimination Method in Solving LDEs

𝒅
EXAMPLE 1: Solve 𝐷𝑥 + (𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0, (𝐷 − 3)𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0? (𝑫 = ) (1)
𝒅𝒕
solution:
Operating on the first equation by 𝐷−3 and on the second by 𝐷 and then subtracting eliminates 𝑥 from
the system

(𝐷 − 3)[𝐷𝑥 + (𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0],

−{𝐷[(𝐷 − 3)𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0]}
[(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 + 2) + 2𝐷]𝑦 = 0

[(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 + 2) + 2𝐷]𝑦 = (D2 + D − 6)y = 0.

(D2 + D − 6)y = 0

Auxiliary equation: λ2 + λ − 6 = (λ + 3)(λ − 2) = 0, λ = 2, −3

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒−3𝑡 (2)

Eliminating 𝑦 in a similar manner yields:

2[𝐷𝑥 + (𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0],

(𝐷 + 2)[(𝐷 − 3)𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0]

(𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑥 + 2𝐷𝑥 = (𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6)𝑥 = 0

(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6)𝑥 = 0

Auxiliary equation: λ2 + λ − 6 = (λ + 3)(λ − 2) = 0, λ = 2, −3

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑐3 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑒−3𝑡 (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) into the first equation of (1) gives
Page 3 of 9
 𝐷𝑥 + (𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0

𝐷[𝑐3 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑐4 𝑒−3𝑡 ] + (𝐷 + 2)[𝑐1 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒−3𝑡 ] = 0

2𝑐3 𝑒2𝑡 − 3𝑐4 𝑒−3𝑡 + 2𝑐1 𝑒2𝑡 + 2𝑐2 𝑒−3𝑡 + 2𝑐1 𝑒2𝑡 − 3𝑐2 𝑒−3𝑡 = 0,

𝑒 2𝑡 (2𝑐3 + 4𝑐1 ) + 𝑒 −3𝑡 (−3𝑐4 − 𝑐2 ) = 0,

1
𝑐3 = −2𝑐1 , 𝑐4 = − 𝑐2
3

1
𝑥(𝑡) = −2𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑡 ,
3
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑡 .

EXAMPLE 2 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑥 ′ − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑡 2 , 𝑥′ + 𝑥 + 𝑦′ = 0?(Solution by Elimination) (1)

Solution:
First we write the system in differential operator notation:
(𝐷 − 4)𝑥 + 𝐷2 𝑦 = 𝑡2 , (𝐷 + 1)𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 = 0.

2
[(𝐷 − 4)𝑥 + 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑡2 ],

−{𝐷[(𝐷 + 1)𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 = 0]}

(−𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 𝐷 − 4)𝑥 = 𝑡 2 ,

(𝐷2 + 4)𝑥 = −𝑡 2

𝜆2 + 4 = 0, 𝜆 = ±2𝑖 ,

𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

1 −1
1 2 2 1 𝐷2
𝑥𝑝 = (−𝑡 )= 𝐷2
4
(−𝑡 )= (1 + ) (−𝑡 2 )
(𝐷2 +4) ( +1) 4 4
4

Page 4 of 9
 2
1 𝐷2 𝐷2 𝑡2 1
= {1 − + ( ) −. . . } (−𝑡 2 ) = − +
4 4 4 4 8

𝑡2 1
𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = − +
4 8

𝑡2 1
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − + (2)
4 8

By eliminating 𝑥, we obtain
(𝐷 + 1)[(𝐷 − 4)𝑥 + 𝐷 2 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 ],
−(𝐷 − 4)[(𝐷 + 1)𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 = 0]

(𝐷 + 1)𝐷 2 𝑦 − 𝐷 (𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = (𝐷 + 1)𝑡 2 = 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ,

(𝐷 3 + 4𝐷)𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2

𝐷(𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2

Auxiliary equation: 𝜆(𝜆2 + 4) = 0, 𝜆 = 0, ±2𝑖

𝒚𝒄 (𝒕) = 𝒄𝟑 𝒆𝟎𝒙 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙

1 1
𝒚𝒑 (𝒕) = 2
(2𝑡 + 𝑡2 ) = 2
(2𝑡 + 𝑡2 )
𝐷 ( 𝐷 + 4) 𝐷
4𝐷 ( + 1)
4
2 3
1 𝐷2 𝐷2 𝐷2
= [1 − + ( ) − ( ) +. . . . ] (2𝑡 + 𝑡2 )
4𝐷 4 4 4

1 1 𝐷 𝐷3 2
𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡 𝑡3 𝑡2 𝑡
𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = [ − + −. . . . ] (2𝑡 + 𝑡 ) = + − = + −
4 𝐷 4 16 4 12 8 12 4 8

𝒕𝟑 𝒕𝟐 𝒕
𝒚𝒑 (𝒕) = + −
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟖

𝒕𝟑 𝒕𝟐 𝒕
𝒚 = 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + + − (3)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
Page 5 of 9
Now 𝑐4 and 𝑐5 can be expressed in terms of 𝑐2 and 𝑐3 by substituting (3) and (2) into either equation of (1).

−𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝟏 = (𝟒𝒄𝟓 + 𝟐𝒄𝟑 ), 𝒄𝟐 = (𝟒𝒄𝟓 + 𝟐𝒄𝟑 )
𝟓 𝟓

𝒕𝟑 𝒕𝟐 𝒕
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + + −
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟖

−𝟏 𝟏 𝑡2 1
𝒙(𝒕) = (𝟒𝒄𝟓 + 𝟐𝒄𝟑 )𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + (𝟒𝒄𝟓 + 𝟐𝒄𝟑 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − +
𝟓 𝟓 4 8

2- Determinant method in Solving LDEs

EX1: Solve 𝑫𝒙 + (𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 − 𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎, (𝑫 − 𝟑)𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒕 = 𝟎? (𝑫 = 𝒅𝒕𝒅 )

Solution:

𝑫𝒙 + (𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝑒 𝑡 ,

(𝑫 − 𝟑)𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = −𝑡

𝐷 𝐷+2 𝑥 𝑒𝑡
[ ] [𝑦] = [ ]
𝐷−3 −2 −𝑡

𝐷 𝐷+2
∆= [ ] = −2𝐷 − (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 3) = −2𝐷 − (𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 6)
𝐷−3 −2

−2𝐷 − 𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 6 = −𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 6 = −(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6) = −(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2)

∆= −(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2)

𝑡
∆𝑥 = [ 𝑒 𝐷 + 2] = −2𝑒 𝑡 + (𝐷 + 2)𝑡 = −2 + 1 + 2𝑡 = 2𝑡 − 1,
−𝑡 −2

∆𝑥 2𝑡 − 1
𝑥= = ,
∆ −(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2)

−(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2)𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 1

Page 6 of 9
 −(𝜆 + 3)(𝜆 − 2) = 0, 𝜆 = −3, 2, 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥

1 1
𝑥𝑝 = (2𝑡 − 1) = (2𝑡 − 1)
−(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6) 𝐷2 + 𝐷
6 (1 −
6 )

−1 2
1 𝐷2 + 𝐷 1 𝐷2 + 𝐷 𝐷2 + 𝐷
= (1 − ) (2𝑡 − 1) = [1 + +( ) + ⋯ ] (2𝑡 − 1)
6 6 6 6 6
1 2 1 4
= [2𝑡 − 1 + ] = (2𝑡 − )
6 6 6 6

1 4
𝑥𝑝 = (2𝑡 − )
6 6

1 4
𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + (2𝑡 − )
6 6

∆𝑦 = [ 𝐷 𝑒 𝑡 ] = −𝐷𝑡 − (𝐷 − 3)𝑒 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑡 (1 − 3) = 1 + 2𝑒 𝑡
𝐷 − 3 −𝑡

∆𝑦 1 + 2𝑒 𝑡
𝑦= = , −(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑒 𝑡
∆ −(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 − 2)

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −3𝑦
1 𝑡)
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = (1 + 2𝑒 = (1) + 2𝑒 𝑡
−(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6) −(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6) −(𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6)
1 1 𝑡
1 2 𝑡
= (1) − 2𝑒 = − 𝑒
𝐷2 + 𝐷 −(12 + 1 − 6) 6 4
6 (1 −
6 )
1 1 𝑡
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒
6 2

Page 7 of 9
 1 2
𝑦 = 𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −3𝑦 + + 𝑒 𝑡
6 4

EXAMPLE 2

Page 8 of 9
Page 9 of 9