END OF TERM EXAMINATIONS

CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 (THEORY) 233/1

FORM THREE
END OF TERM ONE EXAMINATIONS 2025
MARKING SCHEME
TIME: 2 HOURS.
NAME:…………………………………………….CLASS:……………ADM NO:…………
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

 Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided.

 Scientific calculators may be used.

80
MARKS SCORED OUT OF

1. Samples of urine from three participants F, G and H at an international sports meeting

were spotted onto a chromatography paper alongside two from illegal drugs A1 and A2. A
chromatogram was run using methanol. The figure below shows the chromatogram.

i. Identify the athlete who had used an illegal drug. G (1mk)

ii. Which drug is more soluble in methanol? A1 (1mk)

2. Using electrons in the outermost energy level, draw the dot (.) and cross (x) diagrams for
the molecules H3O+ and NaF. (H=1, Na=11, F=9, O=8)
i. Hydroxonium ion, H3O+ (2mks)

ii. Sodium fluoride, NaF (2mks)=6

3. The table below gives the first ionization energies of the alkali metals

Element 1st ionization energy Kj mol-1

A 494
B 418
C 519
a. Define the term first ionization energy. (1mk)
This is the energy needed to remove the first electron completely from an atom in gaseous
state.
b. Which of the three metals is the least reactive? Give a reason. (2mks)
C; Its outermost electron is strongly attracted to the nucleus hence not easily lost//requires
highest amount of energy to remove an electron during a reaction.
4. Element K (not actual symbol of element) has isotopes with relative abundances as
shown below.

Isotope Abundance (%)

10
5K 18.69
11
5 K 81.31
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element K (2mks)=11
18.69 x 10+81.31 x 11
RAM =
100
= 10.813.
5. (a) What is meant by the terms?
i. Atom; (1mk)
The smallest indivisible particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
ii. Isotopes? (1mk)
Are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

(b) The formula for a sulphate of titanium is Ti2 (SO4)3. What is the formula of its chloride?
(1mk)
TiCl3

6. In an experiment to determine the relative formula mass of gas P; the time taken for equal
volumes of oxygen and gas P under identical conditions of temperature and pressure was
measured and the results were shown in the table below. (O = 16.0) (3 marks)=17

Gas Oxygen P
Time in seconds 20.3 30.3
 2

√
T1 M1 20 .3 32
= =
T2 M2 30 .3 M2

20 .3
30 .3
=
√
32
M2
M2 = 32 × 30.32
20.32

M2 = 71.92

7. Calculate the number of chloride ions in a 250cm3 of 1M solution calcium chloride

(Avogadro’s number is 6.0 × 1023) (3marks)=20

Ca Cl2(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl─(aq) ∴ No. of moles of Cl─ ion = 0.25 x 2 = 0.5mol

250 ∴ No of chloride ions 0.5 x 6.0 x 1023

No. of moles of CaCl2 ×1=0 .25 mol
1000
= 3.0 x 1023 ions

8. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions
that follow. The letters are not the actual symbols.

Q
W Y R S
T K U
V Z

(a)Hydrogen can be placed in group I or group VII. Explain. (1 mark)

 Hydrogen reacts by losing one electron like group I elements to form H.
 Hydrogen can react to gain an electron like group 7 elements to form H.

(b) Write the formula of the compound formed between element T and Z.(1 mark)

TZ2

(c) How does the atomic radii of T and K compare. Explain. (1 mark)=23

It is smaller than T; because K has more protons in the nucleus than T. There
is therefore a greater pull in the K than T to the nucleus.

9. Identify and state the use of the apparatus represented below. (2marks)
 i. Name Pair of tongs ii. Use Used for holding corrosive/hot
solids

10. A fixed mass of gas occupies 105cm3 at -140C and 650mm Hg. At what temperature will
it have a volume of 15cm3 if pressure is adjusted to 690? (3marks)=28
P1V1 = P2V2 T2 = T1P2V2 T2 = 259k x 690 x 15

T1 T2 P1V1 650 x 105

= 39.28K

11. An oxide of copper in a porcelain boat was reduced by a stream of hydrogen. The results
obtained were as follows;
Mass of porcelain boat =4.5g
Mass of boat +Oxide = 6.40g
Mass of boat + copper = 6.02g
i) Deduce the empirical formula of the oxide. (3marks)
Mass of copper = (6.02 – 4.5)g = 1.52g1/2

Mass of oxygen = (6.40 – 4.5) – 1.52 = 0.38g1/2

Element Cu O
Mass 1.52 0.38
Moles 1.52 0.381
63.5 16
0.02375
0.02375 = 1 Ef = CuO1

ii) If the relative formula of the oxide is 80, determine its chemical formula.
(Cu =64, O=16) (2marks)=33
n (CuO) = MF

n (80) = 80 n=1

Chemical formula CuO

12. (a)State Gay-Lussac’s law (1mark)

Gases react in simple whole numbers ratios to one another and to the ratio of the products if
gaseous.

(b) When 100cm3 of gaseous hydrocarbon (CxHy )burns in 300cm3 of oxygen, 200cm3 of carbon (IV)
oxide and 200cm3 of steam are formed. Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon. (2marks)

CxHy(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

 100 300 200 200

1vol 3vol 2vol 2vol

CxHy(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Formula is C2H4

13. 30cm3 of 0.5M hydrochloric acid was used to neutralize 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
Determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide in grams per litre (4marks)=40

NaOH(aq) + HCl → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) = 0.015 x 1000÷25 = 0.6M

Moles of HCl = 30 x 0.5÷1000 = 0.015 Concentration grams/litre=RFM x molarity

Moles of NaOH = 0.015 (ratio=1:1)
= 40x0.6=24g/l
Concentration moles/litre

14. The following diagram represents a charcoal burner. Study it and answer the questions that
follow

A
Burning charcoal
B

C
Air

Write the equations for the reaction at; (3mks)=43

i. A 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) 1

ii. B CO2(g) +C(s) 2CO(g) 1
iii. C C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) 1
15. Use the scheme below to answer the questions that follow

Carbon (IV) oxide

SOLID H
H2O
Solid J Ca(OH)2(aq)
a) Identify the solids

i) H - CaCO3 (1mk) (1mk)

ii) J - CaO (1mk) (1mk)

 iii) Write a balanced equation to show thermal decomposition of H for formation of J (1mk)
CaCO3(s) heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)(heat must be shown for full mark)

b) State one laboratory use of Ca(OH)2(aq) (1mk)

Used to detect the presence of Carbon (iv)Oxide gas

16. Explain why potassium is kept under paraffin while phosphorous is kept under water
(2mks)=49

Potassium does not react with paraffin but react with water while phosphorous react with
paraffin but does not react with water

17. A fixed mass of an ideal gas occupies 200cm3 at a pressure of 740 mmHg

a) State Charles’s law (1mk)

It state that the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature at constant pressure  1

b) Calculate the volume of the gas at 77 mmHg pressure (2mks)=52

P1V1=P2V2
740x 200= 770 x V2
770 770
V2=192.2cm3
18. A mass of 2.5g of acid HX was dissolved in water and the resulting solution was
diluted to a total of 250cm3. 15cm3 of the final solution was required to neutralize
25.0cm3 of 0.1M aqueous potassium hydroxide. Calculate the relative molecular mass
of the acid (4mks)=56

HX (aq) +KOH(aq) KX (aq)+H2O(l) 2.5 x 1000÷2501

Mole ration 1:1 =10g/litre
No of moles of KOH= 0.1 x 25 =0.0025mol Molarity =g/litre = 0.167
1000 R.M.M
Since mole ratio is 1:1
Number of moles in 15cm3 of diluted Hx is =10g/l
0.0025mol R.M.M
Molarity = 1000x0.0025= 0.167M 0.167RMM=10g/l
15 R.M.M=10g/l
If 2.5g = 250cm3 0.167=59.8
? = 1000 =60
19. Name three sub – atomic particles found in an atom and state where they are found (3mks)

Sub – Atomic Particle Location

Protons  ½ Nucleus  ½
Electrons  ½ energy levels– ½
Neutrons ½ nucleus– ½

20. The diagram below represent a set up that can be used to prepare and collect oxygen gas.

Hydrogen peroxide

Oxygen

Water

Manganese (IV) oxide

(a)Write an equation for the reaction that takes place. (1mk)

2 H 2 O 2 ( aq ) ⃗
MnO 2 2 H 2 O ( l) + O 2 ( g )

(b)What property of oxygen makes it possible for its collection as indicated in the diagram. (1mk)

It is slightly soluble in water.

(c)Explain why it is important not to collect any gas for the first few seconds of the experiment.(1mk)=62
To ensure that the air that was initially in the apparatus is expelled

21. The reaction below refers to the preparation of lead (II) sulphate starting with lead metal.
Sodium
Reagent A sulphate
Lead metal Solution X solution Mixture Y Residue Z

(a)Name the type of reaction between solution X and sodium sulphate solution. (1mk)

Precipitation (double decomposition) ¹

(b)Write an ionic equation for the reaction in (a) above. (1mk)

Pb(2+ 2−
aq ) + SO 4 ( aq ) → PbSO 4 ( S ) ¹
(c)Explain why it is not possible to prepare residue Z using lead metal and dilute sulphuric acid.
(1mk)=65

An insoluble coating of PbSO4(S) would prevent contact of the metal with the acid
and stop the reaction almost immediately. ¹

22. Below are PH values of some solutions.

Solution Z Y X W
PH 6.5 13.5 2.2 7.2

a) Which solution is likely to be (2mks)

I. Acidic rain Z 1 II. Potassium Y1

b) A basic substance V reacted with both solutions Y and X. What is the nature of V.(1mk)

Amphoteric 1mk
23.Hydrogen gas was passed over hot copper (II) oxide in a combustion tube.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction which took place. (1mk)

CuO(S) + H2(g)  Cu(S) + H2O(g) 1mk

(b) What observations were made in the combustion tube? (1mk)

A brown solid was seen 1mk

(c) Name any other gas which could be used to reduce copper (II) oxide. (1mk)

Ammonia

Carbon (II) oxide 1mk (Any one 1mk)

24.(a) Element A and B have atomic numbers 6 and 1 respectively illustrate the type of bonding
formed when the two elements combine. (2mks)=73

A – 2.4 B – 1 ½mk

B
X

X X
B A B
X
B

(b)Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity while sodium chloride
solution conducts. (1mk)
 Solid sodium chloride does not contain ½mk free ions while sodium chloride solution contains
free ions. ½mk
25. ‘Dry ice’ is preferred to ordinary ice as a refrigerant. Explain. (2mks)

Dry ice sublimes 1mk leaving no liquid 1mk unlike ordinary ice.

26. State one use of argon which is also a use of nitrogen gas. (1mk)=77

Filling electric bulbs. 1mk

27. The table below gives properties of four substances.

Substances Melting points Boiling points Electrical conductivity

Solid Liquid

A 1083 2567 Good Good

B -182 -164 Poor Poor

C 1723 2230 Poor Good

D 993 1695 Poor Poor

State with a reason which of the above is:-

i) An ionic compound. (1mk)

C, conduct in liquid state and not solid state.

ii) A metallic structure. (1mk)

A, conduct in both liquid and solid state with high M.P/B.P

iii) A giant atomic structure. (1mk) =80

D, has high M.P/B.P and does not conduct in both liquid and solid state.