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Integumentary System Reviewer

Reviewer

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lolaseding
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4 views

Integumentary System Reviewer

Reviewer

Uploaded by

lolaseding
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Also known as: skin or cutaneous layer


• Composed of: skin, hair, nails, sweat & sebaceous glands, sensory receptors

SKIN FUNCTIONS

• Sensation: largest sensory organ


• Protection:
1. Prevents dehydration
2. Prevents infection
3. Physical barrier
4. UV light injury (melanin)
• Thermoregulation:
o Hair & adipose: insulation
o Sweat & blood flow: heat dissipation
• Metabolic:
o Triglyceride storage
o Vitamin D synthesis

LAYERS OF SKIN

• Epidermis: superficial epithelium (ectoderm)


• Dermis: connective tissue with blood supply (mesoderm)
• Subcutaneous: loose CT, adipocytes

LIPID BARRIER (Skin Barrier)

• Key lipids: ceramides, cholesterol, FFAs


• Deficiency → eczema / atopic dermatitis
• “Brick-and-mortar” model: skin cells = bricks, ceramides = mortar
ACID MANTLE

• Protective, slightly acidic


• Composed of sebum, sweat, dead skin cells

IMMUNE SYSTEM OF SKIN

• Langerhans cells + keratinocytes + T-cells = SALT (skin-associated lymphoid


tissue)
• Immune surveillance against viruses

EPIDERMIS STRUCTURE

• Avascular
• Keratinocytes (90%): produce keratin
• Melanocytes: pigment
• Langerhans: immune
• Merkel cells: touch receptors

Layers:

1. Stratum basale: mitosis, renewal


2. Stratum spinosum: desmosomes = “prickle cells”
3. Stratum granulosum: keratohyalin granules, waterproof barrier
4. Stratum lucidum: thick skin only
5. Stratum corneum: dead, keratinized, desquamation

TYPES OF SKIN

Thick skin (palms/soles):

• 5 layers, no hair/sebaceous glands


Thin skin:
• 4 layers, has hair & glands
EPIDERMAL CELLS

• Keratinocytes: 2–4 week cycle


• Melanocytes: synthesize melanin via tyrosinase
• Langerhans: dendritic, immune
• Merkel: sensory

DERMIS

• Fibroblasts: collagen, elastin


• Layers:
o Papillary: loose CT, Meissner's corpuscles
o Reticular: dense irregular CT, strength/elasticity
• Cells: fibroblasts, mast cells, adipocytes
• Matrix: collagen (strength), elastin (elasticity), hyaluronan (hydration)
• Sensory:
o Deep pressure: Pacinian corpuscles
o Light touch: Meissner’s
o Temp/pain: Free nerve endings

HYPODERMIS

• Loose areolar + adipose


• Stabilizes skin, allows movement
• Connected to dermis by CT
• Subcutaneous fat: hormone-regulated

SKIN COLOR

Influenced by:

1. Genetics
2. Melanin amount
3. Oxygenation
4. Hormones (MSH)
5. Sunlight exposure
HAIR

Hair Anatomy

• Medulla: central core, soft keratin


• Cortex: thick middle, hard keratin
• Cuticle: outermost, overlapping dead cells

Hair Follicle

• Formed deep in the dermis


• Surrounded by dense connective tissue sheath
• Root hair plexus: sensory nerves at follicle base
• Arrector pili muscle: smooth muscle; goosebumps

Hair Regions

• Hair root: lower part (attached)


• Hair shaft: upper part (not attached)

Hair Functions

• Head: UV protection, insulation, trauma cushion


• Nostrils, ears, lashes: filter foreign particles
• Body hair: sensory detection
• Root plexus: detects hair movement

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

• Type: holocrine
• Function: secrete sebum
o Lubricates hair/skin
o Bactericidal
• Associated with: hair follicles
• Controlled by: hormones, especially androgens

SWEAT GLANDS

Eccrine (Merocrine)
• All over body (esp. palms & soles)
• Duct opens to skin surface
• Clear, watery sweat (mostly water + salts)
• Role: cooling, waste excretion

Apocrine

• Located in armpits, groin, nipples


• Ducts open into hair follicles
• Thick, cloudy secretion
• Stimulated by emotional stress
• Develop odor (bacteria breakdown)
• Active after puberty

Other Glands

• Mammary glands: modified apocrine


• Ceruminous glands: earwax production

NAILS

Parts

• Nail body: visible part


• Nail root: under skin
• Lunula: pale crescent
• Cuticle (Eponychium): skin overlap
• Hyponychium: under nail edge

Growth

• Produced at nail root from germinative matrix


• Grows continuously
o Fingernail: ~0.1 mm/day (~6 months to regrow)
o Toenail: ~0.033 mm/day (~18 months)
• Grows faster in summer

Blood Supply

• Lateral digital arteries → superficial, proximal & distal arcades


• Glomus bodies: control temp, blood flow

Nerve Supply
• Richly innervated
• From radial, median, and ulnar nerves
• Digital nerves → 3 branches → supply nail unit

Disorders

• Thickening → nail bed disease


• Thinning → matrix disease
• Color or shape change → metabolic issues

DERMATITIS

• Inflammation of papillary dermis


• Causes: infection, radiation, chemicals, irritation (e.g., poison ivy)
• Symptoms: itch, pain

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