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10. Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017, Oracle Database, and MySQL 5.7
Online 10A. Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017
Online 10B. Managing Databases with Oracle Database
Online 10C. Managing Databases with MySQL 5.7
V. Database Access Standards
11. The Web Server Environment
12. Data Warehouses, Business Intelligence Systems, and Big Data
Appendix A. Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Appendix B. Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
Appendix C. E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Appendix D. Getting Started with Microsoft Visio 2016
Appendix E. Getting Started with the MySQL Workbench Data Modeling Tools
Appendix F. The Semantic Object Model
Appendix G. Physical Database Design and Data Structures for Database Processing
Appendix H. Getting Started with Web Servers, PHP, and the NetBeans IDE
Appendix I. XML
Appendix J. Business Intelligence Systems
Appendix K. Big Data
Appendix L. JSON and Document Databases
Other documents randomly have
different content
 THE GREY PARROT.
(Psittacus erythacus.)

The tongue of the Parrot is not unlike a black soft bean, and fills so
completely the capacity of its beak, that the bird can easily modulate sounds
and articulate words; the beak is composed of two pieces, both moveable,
which is a peculiarity belonging almost exclusively to this tribe of birds.
The bill of the Parrot is strongly hooked, and assists it in climbing, catching
hold of the boughs of the trees with it, and then drawing its legs upwards;
then again advancing the beak, and afterwards the feet, for its legs are not
adapted for hopping from bough to bough, as other birds do. Several stories
are told of the sagacity of these birds, and of the aptitude of their
interrogatories and answers, but they have been no doubt the effect of
chance.
Dr. Goldsmith says that a Parrot, belonging to King Henry the Seventh,
having been kept in a room next the Thames, in his palace of Westminster,
had learned to repeat many sentences from the boatmen and passengers.
One day, sporting on its perch, it unluckily fell into the water. The bird had
no sooner discovered its situation, than it called out aloud, “A boat! twenty
pounds for a boat!” A waterman, happening to be near the place where the
Parrot was floating, immediately took it up, and restored it to the king;
demanding, as the bird was a favourite, that he should be paid the reward
the bird had called out. This was refused; but it was agreed that, as the
Parrot had offered a reward, the man should again refer to its determination
for the sum he was to receive. “Give the knave a groat,” screamed the bird
the instant the reference was made.
The memory of Parrots is very astonishing, and they can not only imitate
discourse, but can sing verses of songs, and mimic gestures and actions.
Scaliger saw one that performed the dance of the Savoyards at the same
time that it repeated their song. The song was well imitated, but when the
bird tried to caper, it was with the worst grace imaginable, as he turned in
his toes, and kept tumbling back in a most clumsy manner.
Willoughby tells us of a Parrot, which, when a person said to it, “Laugh,
Poll, laugh,” laughed accordingly, and the instant after screamed out, “What
a fool to make me laugh!” Another, which had grown old with its master,
shared with him the infirmities of age. Being accustomed to hear scarcely
anything but the words “I am sick;” when a person asked it, “How do you
do, Poll?” “I am sick,” it replied in a doleful tone, stretching itself out, “I
am sick.”
Parrots are very numerous in the East and West Indies, where they
assemble in companies, like rooks, and build in the hollows of trees. The
female lays two or three eggs, marked with little specks, like those of the
partridge. They never breed in our climate, though they live here to a great
age. They feed entirely upon vegetables, but, when tame, will take from the
mouth of their master or mistress any kind of chewed meat, and chiefly
eggs, of which they seem particularly fond. They bite or pinch very hard,
and some of them possess so much strength in their beak, that they could
easily break a man’s finger. The Parrot is sensible of attachment, as well as
of revenge; and if in their mimic attitudes they show great pleasure at the
sight of their feeders, they also fly up with anger to the face of those who
once have affronted or injured them.

THE GREEN PARROT,

(Psittacus amazonicus,)
Which is perhaps more commonly seen in England than the African Grey
Parrot, is a native of South America, and receives its name from the great
river Amazon, on the banks of which it is common. In its native country it
does much damage to the plantations, and indeed many of the Parrots are as
injurious in this respect as they are beautiful in their plumage. The Green
Parrot resembles the Grey species in its habits, and may likewise be taught
to speak with much distinctness.

THE BLUE AND YELLOW

MACAW, (Psittacus, or
Macrocercus aracanga,)

Is one of the largest of the parrot tribe, and painted with the finest colours
Nature can bestow. The beak is uncommonly strong; and the tail
proportionally longer than that of any of the parrot tribe. Its voice is fierce
and tremulous, sometimes sounding like the laugh of an old man; and it
seems to utter the word “Arara,” which occasions its bearing that name in
its native country.
When tame, it eats almost every article of human food, and is
particularly fond of bread, beef, fried fish, pastry, and sugar. It cracks nuts
with its bill, and dexterously picks out the kernels with its claws. It does not
chew the soft fruits, but sucks them by pressing its tongue against the upper
part of its beak: and the harder sort of food, such as bread and pastry, it
bruises, or chews, by pressing the tip of the lower upon the most hollow
part of the upper mandible.
The Scarlet Macaw (M. Macao) is another large species, of a bright red
colour, with some blue and yellow feathers on the wings, and blue ones
about the base of the tail. It was formerly common in the West Indian
Islands, but has now become rare there. Its voice is very loud and harsh.

THE RING PAROQUET.

(Palæornis Alexandri.)

This beautiful species, no less remarkable for the elegance of its form than
for its docility and imitative powers, is supposed to have been the first of
the parrot species known to the ancients, from the time of Alexander the
Great down to the age of Nero. It is about fifteen inches long; its bill is
thick and red; the head and the body a bright green; the neck, breast, and the
whole of the under side of a paler tint. It has a red circle, or ring, which
encompasses the neck, and is about the breadth of a little finger at the back;
but grows narrower by degrees towards the sides, and ends under the lower
bill. The lower part of the body is of so faint a green, that it seems almost
yellow. The tail also is of a yellowish green, and the legs and feet ash-
coloured.
THE WARBLING GRASS PAROQUET.

(Melopsittacus undulatus.)
Great numbers of Paroquets of different species are found in Australia, and
most of these live and seek their food upon the ground rather than in trees.
One of them is called the Ground Paroquet, as it is never seen to perch
upon trees, but is always running about among the grass and herbage. The
Warbling Grass Paroquet is a well known and beautiful little Australian
bird, of which considerable numbers have been imported into this country
of late years; it is deservedly a favourite, both on account of its elegance,
and from its possessing a gentle warbling note very different from the harsh
screaming of many species of its tribe. It can, however, scream vigorously
for its size. In the interior of Australia these charming little birds occur in
countless multitudes. They feed chiefly on the seeds of grasses, which they
pick up whilst running upon the ground, but they perch in crowds upon the
gum-trees for shelter from the noon-day heat, and also before starting on an
expedition in search of water.

THE COCKATOO.
(Plyctolophus galeritus.)

This bird is distinguished from the parrots, by a beautiful crest, composed

of a tuft of elegant feathers, which he can raise or depress at pleasure. We
meet with some of a beautiful white plumage, and the inside feathers of the
crest of a pleasing yellow, with a spot of the same colour under each eye,
and one upon the breast. The Cockatoos are natives of the Indian Islands
and Australia, where they are found in great abundance. Their food consists
of seeds and soft and stony fruits, which last their powerful bill enables
them to break with ease. They are easily tamed when taken at an early age,
after which they become familiar and even attached, but their imitative
powers seldom go beyond a very few words added to their own cry of
Cockatoo.
In a wild state they are shy, and cannot easily be approached. The flesh
of the young birds is accounted very good eating. The female is said to
make her nest in the rotten limbs of trees, using nothing more than the
accumulation of vegetable mould formed by the decayed parts of the bough.
The eggs are white, without spots; there are no more than two young at a
time. The natives first find the nest by the pieces of bark and twigs which
the old birds strip off the trees adjoining that in which the nest is situated. It
is a remarkable fact that the bark is never stripped off the tree which
contains the nest.
Mr. Bennet, in speaking of the large black Cockatoo of New Holland,
says, that if this bird observes on the trunk of a tree indications of a larva
being within, it diligently labours to get at it with its powerful beak, and
should the object of its pursuit be deep within the wood, as often happens,
the trunk becomes so extensively hacked, that a slight gust of wind will lay
the tree prostrate.
§ V.—Gallinaceous Birds.

THE PEACOCK. (Pavo

cristatus.)

Astonished at the unparalleled beauty of this bird, the ancients could not
help indulging their lively and creative fancy, in accounting for the
magnificence of his plumage. They made him the favourite of imperial
Juno, sister and wife to Jupiter; and not less than the hundred eyes of Argus
were pulled out to ornament his tail; indeed, there is scarcely anything in
nature that can vie with the transcendent lustre of the Peacock’s feathers.
The changing glory of his neck eclipses the deep azure of ultramarine; and
at the least evolution, it assumes the green tint of the emerald, and the
purple hue of the amethyst. His head, which is small and finely shaped, has
several curious stripes of white and black round the eyes, and is surmounted
by an elegant plume, or tuft of feathers, each of which is composed of a
slender stem and a small tuft at the top. Displayed with conscious pride, and
exposed under a variety of angles to the reflections of light, the broad and
variegated disks of his train, of which the neck, head, and breast of the bird
become the centre, claim our admiration. By an extraordinary mixture of
the brightest colours, it displays at once the richness of gold, and the paler
tints of silver, fringed with bronze-coloured edges, and surrounding eye-like
spots of dark brown and sapphire. The hen does not share in the beauty of
the cock, and her feathers are generally of a light brown. She lays only a
few eggs at a time, generally at an interval of three or four days; they are
white and spotted, like the eggs of the turkey. She sits from twenty-seven to
thirty days.
The loud screamings of the Peacock are worse than the harsh croakings
of the raven, and a sure prognostic of bad weather; and his feet, more
clumsy than those of the turkey, make a sad contrast with the elegance of
his plumage:

“Though richest hues the Peacock’s plumes adorn,

Yet horror screams from his discordant throat.”

The spreading of the train, the swelling of the throat, neck, and breast,
and the puffing noise which they emit at certain times, are proofs that the
Turkey and the Peacock stand nearly allied in the family chain of animated
beings.
The flesh of the Peacock was anciently esteemed a princely dish; and the
whole bird used to be served on the table with the feathers of the neck and
tail preserved; but few people could now relish such food, as it is much
coarser than the flesh of the turkey. The Italians have given this laconic
description of the Peacock: “He has the plumage of an angel, the voice of a
devil, and the stomach of a thief.”
 THE TURKEY, (Meleagris Gallo-
Pavo,)

Was originally an inhabitant of America, whence he was brought to Europe

by some Jesuit missionaries, which accounts for his being called a Jesuit in
some parts of the continent. The general colour of the feathers is buff and
black; and turkeys have about the head, especially the cock, naked and
tuberous lumps of flesh of a bright red colour. A long fleshy appendage
hangs from the base of the upper mandible, and seems to be lengthened and
shortened at pleasure. The hen lays from fifteen to twenty eggs, which are
whitish and freckled. The chicks are very tender, and require great care and
attentive nursing, until they are able to seek their food. In the county of
Norfolk the breeding of Turkeys, which is there a considerable branch of
trade, is brought to great perfection; and some weighing upwards of twenty
pounds each have been raised there. They appear to have a natural antipathy
to everything of a red colour.
Though extremely prone to quarrel among themselves, they are, in
general, weak and cowardly against other animals, and fly from almost
every creature that ventures to oppose them. On the contrary, they pursue
everything that appears to dread them, particularly small dogs and children;
and after having made these objects of their aversion scamper, they evince
their pride and satisfaction by displaying their plumage, strutting about
among their female train, and uttering their peculiar note of self-
approbation. Some instances, however, have occurred, in which the Turkey-
cock has exhibited a considerable share of courage and prowess; as will
appear from the following anecdote:—A gentleman of New York received
from a distant part a Turkey-cock and hen, and with them a pair of bantams;
which were put all together into the yard with his other poultry. Some time
afterwards, as he was feeding them from the barn-door, a large hawk
suddenly turned the corner of the barn, and made a pounce at the bantam
hen: she immediately gave the alarm, by a noise which is natural to her on
such occasions; when the Turkey-cock, who was at the distance of about
two yards, and without doubt understood the hawk’s intention, flew at the
tyrant, with such violence, and gave him so severe a stroke with his spurs,
as to knock him from the hen to a considerable distance; by which means
the bantam was rescued from destruction.
The wild Turkey-cock is, in the American forests, an object of
considerable interest. It perches on the tops of the deciduous cypress and
magnolia:

“On the top

Of yon magnolia, the loud Turkey’s voice
Is heralding the dawn: from tree to tree
Extends the wakening watch-note far and wide,
Till the whole woodlands echo with the cry.”
Southey.

THE GUINEA FOWL, OR

PINTADO.

(Numida Meleagris.)
This bird, which is also called the Pearled Hen, was originally brought
from Africa, where the breed is common, and seems to have been well
known to the Romans, who used to esteem the flesh of this fowl as a
delicacy, and admit it at their banquets. It went then by the name of
Numidian Hen, or Meleagris, because it was fabled that the sisters of
Meleager, who unceasingly deplored his death, were metamorphosed into
Guinea Hens by Diana. In fact, although they are now domesticated with us,
they still retain a great deal of their original freedom, and have a stupid
look. Their noise is very disagreeable: it is a creaking note, which,
incessantly repeated, grates upon the ear, and becomes very teasing and
unpleasant. They belong to the class of birds called pulveratores; as they
scrape the ground and roll themselves in the dust like common hens, in
order to get rid of small insects which lodge in their feathers.
The Pintado is somewhat larger than the common hen; the head is bare
of feathers, and covered with a naked skin of a bluish colour; on the top is a
callous protuberance of a conical form. At the base of the bill on each side
hangs a loose wattle, red in the female and bluish in the male. The general
colour of the plumage is a dark bluish grey, sprinkled with round white
spots of different sizes, resembling pearls, from which circumstance the
epithet of pearled has been applied to this bird; which at first sight appears
as if it had been pelted by a strong shower of hail.
If trained when young, these birds may easily be rendered tame. M. Bruë
informs us, that when he was on the coast of Senegal he received as a
present from an African princess two Guinea fowls. Both these birds were
so familiar that they would approach the table and eat out of his plate; and,
when they had liberty to fly about upon the beach, they always returned to
the ship when the dinner or supper bell rang.
In a wild state, it is asserted that the Pintado associates in large flocks.
Dampier speaks of having seen between two and three hundred of them
together in the Cape de Verd Islands. They were originally introduced into
our country from the coast of Africa somewhat earlier than the year 1260.
In Jamaica, where they have run wild, and become very destructive to
the plantations, they are sometimes caught, Mr. Gosse tells us, by the
following stratagem:—A small quantity of corn is steeped for a night in
proof rum and is then placed in a shallow vessel, with a little fresh rum, and
the water expressed from a bitter cassava grated. This is deposited within an
enclosed ground to which the depredators resort. A small quantity of the
grated cassava is then strewed over it, and it is left. The fowls eat the
medicated food greedily, and are soon found reeling about intoxicated,
unable to escape, and content with thrusting their heads into a corner. It is
almost unnecessary to observe that in this state they become an easy prey.
Pigeons are sometimes caught in this manner in Germany by the poachers.
This bird has, of late years, greatly increased in this country, and is often
seen hanging at the poultry shops and in the markets; the great abundance
of them has considerably reduced their value, and they now sell,
proportionally, like other fowls. The eggs are smaller and rounder than
those of the common hen, and of a speckled reddish-brown colour. They are
esteemed a very delicate food.

THE MOUND-BIRD OF
AUSTRALIA.

(Megapodius tumulus.)

It is remarkable that this bird does not hatch its eggs by incubation. It
collects together a great heap of decaying vegetables as the place of deposit
of its eggs, thus making a hotbed, arising from the decomposition of the
collected matter, by the heat of which the young are hatched. This mound
varies in quantity from two to four cart-loads, and is not the work of a
single pair of birds, but is the result of the united labour of many.
 Mr. Gould, in his Birds of Australia, gives the following account of the
discovery of one of these nests by Mr. Gilbert:—
“I landed beside a thicket, and had not proceeded far from the shore, ere
I came to a mound of sand and shells, with a slight mixture of black soil,
the base resting on a sandy beach, only a few feet above high-water mark; it
was enveloped in the large yellow-blossomed Hibiscus, and was of a
conical form, twenty feet in circumference at the base, and about five feet in
height. On pointing it out to the native, and asking him what it was, he
replied, ‘Oooregoorga Rambal,’ Jungle-fowls’ house or nest. I then
scrambled up the sides of it, and, to my extreme delight, found a young bird
in a hole about two feet deep; it was lying on a few dry withered leaves, and
appeared only a few days old. So far I was satisfied that these mounds had
some connection with the bird’s mode of incubation; but I was still sceptical
as to the probability of these young birds ascending from so great a depth as
the natives represented, and my suspicions were confirmed by my being
unable to induce the native, in this instance, to search for the eggs, his
excuse being that he knew it would be no use, as he saw no traces of the old
birds having recently been there. I took the utmost care of the young bird,
intending to rear it if possible; I therefore obtained a moderate-sized box,
and placed in it a large portion of sand. As it fed rather freely on bruised
Indian corn, I was in full hopes of succeeding; but it proved of so wild and
intractable a disposition, that it would not reconcile itself to such close
confinement, and effected its escape on the third day. During the period it
remained in captivity, it was incessantly occupied in scratching up the sand
into heaps, and the rapidity with which it threw the sand from one end of
the box to the other was quite surprising for so young and small a bird, its
size not being larger than that of a small quail.
“At night it was so restless, that I was constantly kept awake by the noise
it made in its endeavours to escape. In scratching up the sand it only used
one foot, and having grasped a handful, as it were, the sand was thrown
behind it, with but little apparent exertion, and without shifting its standing
position on the other leg: this habit seemed to be the result of an innate
restless disposition, and a desire to use its powerful feet, and to have but
little connection with its feeding; for although Indian corn was mixed with
the sand, I never detected the bird in picking any of it up while thus
employed.
 “I continued to receive the eggs without having any opportunity of
seeing them taken from the mound until the 6th of February; when, on
again visiting Knocker’s Bay, I had the gratification of seeing two taken
from a depth of six feet, in one of the largest mounds I had then seen. In this
instance the holes ran down in an oblique direction from the centre towards
the outer slope of the hillock, so that, although the eggs were six feet deep
from the summit, they were only two or three feet from the side. The birds
are said to lay but a single egg in each hole, and after the egg is deposited
the earth is immediately thrown down lightly, until the hole is filled up; the
upper part of the mound is then smoothed and rounded over. It is easily
known when a Jungle-fowl has been recently excavating, from the distinct
impression of its feet on the top and sides of the mound, and from the earth
being so lightly thrown over, that with a slender stick the direction of the
hole may readily be detected; the ease or difficulty of thrusting the stick
down indicating the length of time that has elapsed since the birds’
operations. Thus far it is easy enough; but to reach the eggs requires no
little exertion and perseverance. The natives dig them up with their hands
alone, and only make sufficient room to admit their bodies, and to throw out
the earth between their legs: by grubbing with their fingers alone, they are
enabled to fellow the direction of the hole with greater certainty, which will
sometimes, at a depth of several feet, turn off abruptly at right angles, its
direct course being obstructed by a clump of wood, or some other
impediment.”
In all probability, as Nature has adopted this mode of reproduction, she
has also furnished the tender birds with the power of sustaining themselves
from the earliest period; and the great size of the egg would equally lead to
this conclusion, since in so large a space it is reasonable to suppose that the
bird would be much more developed than is usually found in eggs of
smaller dimensions. The eggs are perfectly white, of a long, oval form,
three inches and three quarters long by two inches and a half in diameter.
There are several other Australian birds which adopt the same singular
mode of hatching their eggs; one of these is called the Native Pheasant
(Leipoa ocellata), and another the Brush Turkey (Talegalla Lathami). The
latter has its head and neck covered with a naked skin, like the turkey, but
the lower part of this is much thickened, warty, and bright yellow.
 THE PHEASANT. (Phasianus
colchicus.)

The name of this bird implies that he was originally a native of the banks of
the river Phasis, in Armenia; how and when he emigrated, and began to
frequent our groves, is unknown. He is of the size of the common cock; the
bill is of a pale horn colour; the nostrils arched; the eyes yellow, and
surrounded by a naked warty skin, of a beautiful scarlet, finely spotted with
black; immediately under each eye there is a small patch of short feathers,
of a dark glossy purple; the upper parts of the head and neck are of a deep
purple, varying to glossy green and blue; the lower parts of the neck and
breast are of a reddish chesnut, with black indented edges; the sides and
lower part of the breast are of the same colour, with tips of black to each
feather, which, in different lights, vary to glossy purple; indeed, the whole
colour of this half-domesticated fowl is very beautiful, uniting the
brightness of deep yellow gold to the finest tints of the ruby and turquoise,
with reflections of green; the whole being set off by several spots of shining
black; but in this, as in every other kind of gorgeously-feathered birds,
Nature has for some wise purposes, yet unknown to us, denied the female
that admirable beauty of plumage which belongs to the male. The Pheasant
lives in the woods, which he leaves at dusk to perambulate corn-fields and
other sequestered places, where he feeds with his females, upon acorns,
berries, grain, and seeds of plants, but chiefly on ants’ eggs, of which he is
particularly fond. His flesh is justly accounted better meat than any of the
domestic or wild fowls, as it unites the delicacy of the common chicken to a
peculiar taste of its own. The female lays eighteen or twenty eggs once a
year, in the wild state; but it is in vain that we have attempted to
domesticate this bird entirely, as she never will remain patiently confined,
and if she ever breeds in confinement is very careless of her brood.
There are great varieties of Pheasants, of extraordinary beauty and
brilliancy of colours: many of these, such as the Gold and Silver Pheasants
(Phasianus pictus and P. Nycthemerus), brought from the rich provinces of
China, are kept in aviaries in this kingdom.
This beautiful bird is elegantly described in the following passage:—

“See! from the brake the whirring Pheasant springs,

And mounts exulting on triumphant wings;
Short is his joy; he feels the fiery wound,
Flutters in blood, and panting beats the ground:
Ah! what avails his glossy, varying dyes,
His purple crest, his scarlet-circled eyes,
The vivid green his shining plumes unfold,
His painted wings, and breast that flames with gold!”
Pope’s Windsor Forest.
 THE RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix rufus.)

These Partridges are natives of Guernsey and Jersey; but are also very
frequently found on the adjoining coasts of France. Of late years they have
spread very rapidly in England; and as they are stronger and fiercer than the
common partridge, the latter becomes scarce wherever the Red-legged
Partridges are abundant. In the Western districts of France they are very
abundant, and their flesh is plump and juicy. In England it is as white as in
France, but more dry. The side-feathers are very handsomely speckled, and
there is a rich black mark beginning behind the eye and forming a kind of
gorget on the breast. The eyelids are of a bright red, as are the bill and feet,
and the claws are brown. They build their nests on the ground; but are
sometimes found perched on trees, or on a fence or paling.
 THE COMMON PARTRIDGE,
(Perdix cinerea,)

Is in weight about fourteen ounces. The plumage, although it cannot boast

of gaudiness, is very pleasing to the eye, being a mixture of brown and
fawn-colour, interspersed with grey and ash-colour tints. The head is small
and pretty; the beak strong, but short, and resembling that of all other
granivorous birds. The female lays fifteen or eighteen eggs, and leads her
brood in the corn-fields with the utmost care. Young Partridges are among
the birds which run fleetly the moment they come out of the shell, and may
sometimes be found running with a piece of the shell still remaining on
their heads. The affection of Partridges for their offspring is peculiarly
interesting. Both the parents lead them out to feed: they point out to them
the proper places for their food, and assist them in finding it by scratching
the ground with their feet. They frequently sit close together, covering the
young ones with their wings; and from this position they are not easily
roused. If, however, they are disturbed, most people acquainted with rural
affairs know the confusion that ensues. The male gives the first signal of
alarm, by a peculiar cry of distress; throwing himself at the same moment
more immediately into the way of danger, in order to mislead the enemy. He
flutters along the ground, hanging his wings, and exhibiting every symptom
of debility. By this stratagem he seldom fails of so far attracting the
attention of the intruder as to allow the female to conduct the helpless
unfledged brood into some place of security.
The nest is usually on the ground; but on the farm of Lion Hall, in Essex,
belonging to Colonel Hawker, a Partridge, in the year 1788, formed her
nest, and hatched sixteen eggs, on the top of a pollard oak-tree! What
renders this circumstance the more remarkable is, that the tree had fastened
to it the bars of a stile, where there was a footpath; and the passengers, in
going over, discovered and disturbed her before she sat close. When the
brood was hatched, the birds scrambled down the short and rough boughs,
which grew out all around the trunk of the tree, and reached the ground in
safety. It has long been a received opinion among sportsmen, as well as
among naturalists, that the female Partridge has none of the bay feathers of
the breast like the male. This, however, is a mistake; for Mr. Montague
happening to kill nine birds in one day, with very little variation as to the
bay mark on the breast, he was led to open them all, and discovered five of
them were females. On carefully examining the plumage, he found that the
males could only be known by the superior brightness of colour about the
head; which alone, after the first or second year, seems to be the true mark
of distinction. They fly in coveys till about the third week in February,
when they separate and pair; but if the weather be very severe, it is not
unusual to see them collect together again. We are told that a gamekeeper,
in Dorsetshire, hearing a Partridge utter a cry of distress, was attracted by
the sound into a field of oats, when the bird ran round him very much
agitated; upon his looking among the corn, he saw in the midst of her infant
brood a large snake, which he killed; and perceiving its body much
distended, he opened it, when to his astonishment two young Partridges ran
from their prison, and joined their mother; two others were found dead in its
stomach. Partridges have ever held a distinguished place at the tables of the
luxurious: we have an old distich:

“If the Partridge had the woodcock’s thigh,

’Twould be the best bird that e’er did fly.”
 THE QUAIL, (Coturnix dactylisonans,)

Is a small bird, being in length no more than seven inches. The colour of the
breast is a dirty pale yellow, and the throat has a little mixture of red: the
head is black, and the body and wings have black stripes upon a hazel-
coloured ground. Its habits and manner of living resemble those of the
partridge, and it is either caught in nets by decoy birds, or shot by the help
of the setting-dog, its call being easily imitated by tapping two pieces of
copper one against another. The flesh of the Quail is very luscious, and next
in flavour to that of the partridge. Quails are birds of passage, the only
peculiarity in which they differ from all other of the poultry kind; and such
prodigious numbers have sometimes appeared on the western coast of the
kingdom of Naples, that one hundred thousand have been caught in one
day, within the space of three or four miles. In some parts of the south of
Russia they abound so greatly, that at the time of their migration they are
caught by thousands, and sent in casks to Moscow and St. Petersburg. The
female seldom lays more than six or seven eggs.
The ancient Athenians kept this bird merely for the sport of fighting with
each other, as game-cocks do, and never ate the flesh. The Quail was that
wild fowl which God thought proper to send to the chosen people of Israel
as a sustenance for them in the desert.
The Chinese Quail is a beautiful little bird, and is often kept in cages in
China, for the singular purpose, as it is said, of warming people’s hands in
winter; as taking the soft, warm body of the bird in the hand diffuses
through it an agreeable warmth. It is also very pugnacious, and is employed
in fighting.
 THE AMERICAN QUAIL,
(Ortyx Virginianus,)

Is larger than the Common Quail, and is something between a Quail and a
Partridge.
The Californian Quail (O. Californicus) is distinguished by its
possession of a curious crest or tuft of feathers on the crown of the head.

THE RED GROUSE. (Lagopus

scoticus.)
 “High on exulting wing the Heath-Cook rose,
And blew his shrill blast o’er perennial snows.”
Rogers.

This bird is called by some ornithologists the Moor Cock, and by others
Red Game. The beak is black and short; over the eyes there is a bare skin of
a bright red. The general colour of the plumage is red and black, variegated,
and intermixed with each other, except the wings, which are brownish,
spotted with red, and the tail, which is black; the feet are covered with thick
feathers down to the very claws. It is common in the north of England, in
Scotland, and in Wales; and not only affords great diversion to the
noblemen and gentlemen of those countries who are fond of shooting, but
also repays them well for their trouble, as the flesh is very delicate, and
holds on our table an equal place with that of the partridge and the pheasant.
The season of Grouse shooting commences on the 12th of August. In winter
they are found in flocks of sometimes fifty to one hundred in number,
which are termed by sportsmen packs, and become remarkably shy and
wild, seldom allowing the sportsman to approach them within one hundred
yards. They keep near the summits of the heathy hills, and seldom descend
to the lower grounds. Here they feed on the mountain berries and on the
tender tops of the heath. The hen lays seven or eight eggs of a reddish black
colour.

THE PTARMIGAN, OR
WHITE GROUSE,
 (Lagopus vulgaris,)

Is somewhat larger than a pigeon; its bill is black, and its plumage in
summer is of a pale brown colour, elegantly mottled with small bars and
dusky spots. The head and neck are marked with broad bars of black, rust-
colour, and white; the wings and belly are white. The White Grouse is fond
of lofty situations, where it braves the severest cold. It is found in most of
the northern parts of Europe and America, even as far as Greenland. In this
country it is only to be met with on the summits of some of our highest
hills, chiefly in Scotland, and in the Hebrides and Orkneys, but sometimes
in Cumberland and Wales. Its plumage becomes pure white in winter, with
the exception of the tail feathers, which remain black.

THE BLACK COCK, (Tetrao

tetrix,)

Is about four pounds in weight; but the female, which is usually called the
Grey Hen, is often not more than two. The plumage of the whole body of
the male is black, and glossed over the neck and rump with shining blue;
the coverts of the wings are of a dusky brown, with the quill feathers black
and white. The tail is much forked in the male. These birds never pair; but
in the spring the males assemble at their accustomed haunts on the tops of
heathy mountains, where they crow and clap their wings:
 “And from the pine’s high top brought down
The giant Grouse, while boastful he display’d
His breast of varying green, and crow’d and clapp’d
His glossy wings.”
Gisborne.

The females, at this signal, resort to them. The males are very
quarrelsome, and fight together like game-cocks. On these occasions they
are so inattentive to their own safety, that two or three have sometimes been
killed at one shot; and instances have occurred of their having been
knocked down with a stick.
Like the Capercalzie, or Cock of the Woods, a larger species of this
genus, these birds are common in Russia, Siberia, and other northern
countries, chiefly in wooded and mountainous situations; and in the
northern parts of our own island on uncultivated moors.

THE CAPERCALZIE,
(Tetrao urogallus,)

Was also formerly an inhabitant of the forests of Scotland, but has been
extinct in Britain for many years. The male is as large as a good-sized
turkey, the female considerably smaller. Several attempts have been made to
rear the Capercalzie, and domesticate it in this country, but without effect.
They are now most numerous in Sweden, where they are much esteemed as
food. Of late years they have been brought to the English market, and are
considered very good eating.

THE COMMON COCK. (Gallus

domesticus.)

“While the Cock, with lively din,

Scatters the rear of darkness thin;
And to the stack, or the barn door,
Stoutly struts his dames before.” Milton.

This bird is so well known that it would be needless to say much of him.
His plumage is various and beautiful, his courage very great and proverbial,
and his intuitive knowledge of the period of sunrise has baffled the most
scrutinising researches of naturalists. When of a good breed, and well
taught to fight, he will die rather than yield to his adversary. The hen lays a
great number of eggs, and will hatch as many as thirteen at one sitting; but
this is considered the extreme number, being as many as she can well cover.
When in the secluded state of incubation she eats very little; and yet is so
courageous and strong that she will rise and fight any men or animals that
dare to approach her nest. It is impossible to conceive how, with such a
scanty sustenance as she takes, she can, for twenty-one days, emit
constantly from her body as much heat as would raise Fahrenheit’s
thermometer to ninety-six degrees. The flesh of this bird is delicate and
wholesome, and universally relished as nourishing and agreeable food.
There are several varieties of families of this fowl. The Hamburg Cock
has a beautiful tuft of feathers about his ears and on the top of his head; and
the Bantam has his legs and toes entirely feathered, which is more an
impediment than an ornament to the bird.
The cruel sport of cockfighting may be traced back to the earliest
antiquity. The Athenians seem to have received it from India, where it is
even now followed with a kind of frenzy; and we are told that the Chinese
will sometimes risk not only the whole of their property, but their wives and
children, on the issue of a battle. The religion of the Greeks could not see
that game with pleasure, and therefore cockfighting was allowed only once
a year; but the Romans adopted the practice with rapture, and introduced it
into this island. Henry VIII. delighted in this sport, and caused a
commodious house to be built for the purpose, which, although now applied
to a very different use, still retains the name of the Cockpit. The part of our
ships so called, seems also to indicate that in former times the diversion of
cockfighting was permitted, in order to beguile the tedious hours of a long
voyage. The Cock has been a subject of considerable interest with the poets;
and has been very commonly called by them “Chanticleer:”

“Within this homestead lived, without a peer

For crowing loud, the noble Chanticleer.” Dryden.

“The feathered songster, Chanticleer,

Had wound his bugle-horn,
And told the early villager
The coming of the morn.” Chatterton.
 BANKIVA COCK.—JAGO COCK AND
HEN.—SPANISH COCK AND HEN.

From the Bankiva fowl nearly all the various kinds of fowls found in
British poultry-yards are said to have sprung. It is a native of the island of
Java, and is characterised by a red indented comb, red wattles, and ash-grey
legs and feet. The cock has a thin indented or scalloped comb, and wattles
under the mouth. The feathers of the neck are long, falling down, and
rounded at the tips, and are of the finest gold colour. The head and neck are
fawn-coloured, the wing-coverts dusky brownish and black; the tail and
belly black. The hen is of a dusky ash-grey and yellowish colour, and has a
much smaller comb and beard than the cock.
THE PADUAN, OR JAGO FOWL.

(Gallus giganteus.)
The wild species, termed by Marsden the Jago fowl, is a native of Java and
Sumatra, and is supposed by Temminck to be the original of this fine breed,
though little is known of the wild sort, further than that it is double the size
of the Bankiva, or common fowl. Marsden says he has seen in the East a
cock of this species tall enough to pick crumbs from a dining-table. They
are said to weigh from eight to ten pounds. The combs of both the cock and
hen are large, frequently double, of the form of a crown, with a tufted crest
of feathers, which is largest in the hen; the voice is stronger and harsher
than that of other fowls; but the most singular peculiarity is, that they do not
come into full feather till about half grown. The Cochin-China fowls are
said to be a variety of the Jago fowls. There are numerous hybrids and
varieties of the Jago fowl found under different names in poultry-yards, but
all of them lay fine large eggs, and are highly esteemed for the excellent
flavour of their flesh. One of the most interesting of these varieties is called
THE SPANISH FOWL,
the body and tail feathers of which are of a rich black, with occasionally a
little white on the breast. The cock of this variety is a most majestic bird; its
deportment is grave and stately, and its eyes are encircled with a ring of
brown feathers, from which rises a black tuft that covers the ears. There are
other similar feathers behind the comb and beneath the wattles. The legs
and feet are of lead colour, except the sole of the foot, which is yellowish.
THE BANTAM FOWL
is a small variety, with short legs, most frequently feathered to the toes, so
as sometimes to obstruct walking. Many Bantam fanciers prefer those
which have clear bright legs, without any vestige of feathers. The full-bred
Bantam cock should have a rose comb, a well-feathered tail, full hackles, a
proud lively carriage, and ought not to weigh more than a pound. The
nankeen coloured and the black are the greatest favourites. If of the latter
colour, the bird should have no feathers of any other sort in his plumage.
The nankeen bird should have his feathers edged with black, his wings
barred with purple, his tail feathers black, his hackles slightly studded with
purple, and his breast black, with white edges to the feathers. The hens
should be small, clean-legged, and match in plumage with the cock.
 THE DODO. (Didus ineptus.)

Swiftness has generally been considered the attribute of birds, but the
Dodo appears never to have had any title to this distinction. Instead of
exciting the idea of swiftness by its appearance, in the drawings that have
been preserved of it, it strikes the imagination as a thing the most unwieldy
and inactive of all nature. Its body is massive, almost round, and covered
with grey feathers. It is just barely supported upon two short thick legs, like
pillars; while its head and neck rise from it in a manner truly grotesque. The
neck, thick and pursy, is joined to the head, which consists of two immense
jaws, opening far beyond the eye. The Dodo formerly inhabited the Isle of
France; but it has been long extinct—so long, indeed, that the very fact of
its ever having existed at all has been a subject of dispute amongst
naturalists and scientific men. A great deal of evidence, in the form of old
pictures as well as in writings, has been brought forward to prove that the
Dodo is not a fabulous bird, and its reality is now generally admitted. In
fact, we have very reliable testimony that a single specimen was actually
exhibited publicly in London in the year 1638.
The Dodo was supposed by the earliest naturalists who described it, to
be a kind of turkey, as in the flavour of its flesh it resembled that bird. Later
naturalists supposed it to be a kind of swan, and this opinion was followed
by the celebrated Buffon. Others thought it was a kind of vulture; and
others, judging from the shortness of its wings, placed it in the ostrich tribe.
Modern naturalists, however, having carefully examined the bones of the
bird, which have been preserved, are of opinion that it was a gigantic
pigeon. An entire specimen existed about a hundred years ago in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, but only part of the bird and one of the feet