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PHYS-111-Linear Motion

The document discusses the concepts of linear motion, including definitions of motion, displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It explains the differences between average and instantaneous velocity, as well as the equations of motion. Additionally, it includes self-assessment questions and answers related to these concepts.

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SUNDAY JAMES
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12 views

PHYS-111-Linear Motion

The document discusses the concepts of linear motion, including definitions of motion, displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It explains the differences between average and instantaneous velocity, as well as the equations of motion. Additionally, it includes self-assessment questions and answers related to these concepts.

Uploaded by

SUNDAY JAMES
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Motion (kinematics) In discussion displacement and velocity, a body

changes position at a uniform rate with reference to a


 Definition motion
specified direction e.g. Motion due east or 450 west of
 Motion in a straight line and parameters for
North. Velocity is vector quantity.
describing motion
 Displacement Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
 Velocity
 Acceleration

Definition: Motion may be defined as a continuous


Average velocity is the displacement divided by the
change of position with time. We say that an object is
elapsed time.
moving if it changes its location at different times.

Motion in a Straight Line and Parameters for


describing Motion: This section describes motion in a
straight line and the parameters for describing motion.
These are displacement, velocity and acceleration.

Distance: This is the measure of the separation


between two points.

Displacement: This is the distance travelled from the


reference point or in a specified direction.

If you run on a winding path from point A to point B


and travel a distance of 240m in 20 seconds, then your
average speed is.

From the data, determine the average velocity for each


run.
Similarly, a car that takes 2 hours to travel from Lokoja
to Abuja along a winding road, a distance of 200km is
said to have an average speed given by:

Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of a particle at


In discussing distance and speed a body changes any one instant of time. It is also the limiting value as
position at a uniform rate without reference to its the time interval two positions (initial + final positions)
direction i.e. Speed is a scalar quantity of a particle tends to zero i.e.

Also if a satellite revolves round the earth covering a By convention, a positive velocity indicates that it is
circular path 60,000km in 24 hours its average speed is: towards the right along the x-axis of the coordinate
system. The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast
the car moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time.
But if the satellite moves through equal distance in The instantaneous velocity at any point of a coordinate-
equal times, no matter how small the time intervals the time graph therefore equals the slope of the tangent to
satellite is said to have a constant or uniform speed. the graph at that point.
Acceleration: Average and instantaneous acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

That when the velocity of a particle changes, with time


it results in the acceleration or deceleration of the
particle depending or whether the motion is increasing
in speed or decreasing i.e.

Note that at constant velocity or constant speed, a body


is not accelerating.

That instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration of a


particle at some instant of time i.e. it is also given by the
slope of the tangent to the curve at any point of a
velocity-time graph.

That constant acceleration results from when the


velocity of the particle changes at the same rate
throughout its motion. That is the equations of motion

are given by:

Note that: 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒐


𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒗𝒐 , 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒗
𝒗𝒐 + 𝒗
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔 = ( )𝒕
𝟐
𝟏
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝒐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Define in scientific terms what is motion?


2. Define the velocity and acceleration of a particle
undergoing rectilinear motion.
3. Distinguish between average and instantaneous
velocity of a particle undergoing rectilinear motion.
4. State the laws of motion
5. A particle moves with non-uniform velocity and
accelerates at 2m/s2. If the initial velocity is 30ms-1,
calculate the distance covered in the 6th second
6. The distance 𝑥 (𝑚) travelled by a body in time t
seconds is described by the equation 𝑥 = 10 + 12𝑡 2 .
Find the average speed of the body between the
time interval 𝑡 = 2𝑠 and𝑡 = 5𝑠.
Answers
1. Motion is a phenomenon in which a body changes
its location or position over time. It is
mathematically described in terms of displacement,
distance, velocity, acceleration, speed and time.
2. For a particle undergoing rectilinear motion with
uniform acceleration, the magnitude of
displacement is one third the distance covered in
some time interval. The magnitude of the final
velocity is less than the magnitude of the initial
velocity for this time interval.
3. The instantaneous velocity is the specific rate of
change of position (or displacement) with respect to
time at a single point (x, t), while average velocity is
the average rate of change of position (or
displacement) with respect to time over an interval.
4. Newton’s first law of motion state that everybody
preserves in its state of rest or of uniform-motion in
a straight line except in so far as it is compelled or
acted upon to change that state by an external
force. While the second law states that the
resultant force exerted on a body is directly
proportional to the rate of change of momentum p
of that body. And lastly, the third law states that:
action and reaction are always equal and opposite,
that is to every action there is equal and opposite
reaction. For example if you sit on a chair you are
applying a force downwards which is as a result of
the action you made and that force is the action
force while at the same time the chair is exerting a
force upward in order to resist the force you
applied and that force in the reaction force, both
are equal but opposite.
5. The answer is 42 m
6. The answer is 84 ms-1

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