FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

COLLEGE WRITING

READING PACKAGE
by

Group 1:

Tran Thi Tam Anh – 23040011

Phung Khanh Linh - 23040064

Tran Thi Ngoc Minh - 23040076

Dao Duc Trong - 23040116

presented to Ms. Pham Ngoc Khanh Ly

as the first assignment of the course.
 STEP 1: GENERAL OUTLINE

● OVERVIEW:
Theme ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Topic Scientists and the news media are presenting ever more evidence of
climate change. The government cannot be expected to solve this
problem. It is the responsibility of individuals to change their lifestyle to
prevent further damage. What are your views?

Viewpoint Argumentative/Disagree

Pattern Point-by-point

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Reference to the severity of climate change recognized by scientists.
B. Emphasis on the onus of the climate change situation, which lies with individuals’
way of life.
C. Thesis statement: Opposing perspective:
+ A transformation in individual lifestyle alone is not pertinent enough to relieve
the adverse impact of climate change.
+ The main responsibility belongs to the government.

II. BODY
A. Point 1: Governments have the upper hand in legislation.
a.1, Counter-argument: However, institutional policies often exhibit a lack of clarity
and specificity in certain elements. (Citation needed)
a.2, Rebuttal:
- Climate change adaptation plans involve addressing diverse and interrelated factors in
diverse sectors. (Citation needed)
- The success of these plans depends heavily on securing support from sectoral
decision-makers. (Citation needed)
a.3. Author’s point:
- The need to establish a strong foundation for flagship policies based on experts’
guidelines to enhance implementation capability.
- Example: The Delta Program in the Netherlands (2010) (Citation needed)

B. Point 2: Governments can allocate resources for environmental spending.

b.1, Counter-argument: Government investment in environmental issues cannot
provide sufficient incentives to all environmental stressors.
b.2, Rebuttal:
- Federal funding prioritizes urgent and practical sectors (such as transportation over
nuclear energy) to ensure effective investments. (Citation needed)
- The effects of strategic allocation of subsidies. (Citation needed)
b.3, Author’s point:
- Disparities in access to governmental fiscal aid and financial means for sustainable
habits exist among diverse communities.
- Governments need to establish a more equitable distribution of tasks and resources.
- Coordinated and comprehensive solutions from both governments and society are
necessary to materialize this scenario.
III. CONCLUSION
Recapitulation of main points & the authors’ own viewpoints.
 STEP 2: SEARCH STRATEGY
Step 2.1: IDENTIFY THE QUESTION
“The roles of governments in combating climate change”

Step 2.2: IDENTIFY THE MAJOR CONCEPTS/KEYWORDS

Essay topic Major keywords derived

Scientists and the news media are presenting ever ● Climate change
more evidence of climate change.

The government cannot be expected to solve this ● Government

problem.

It is the responsibility of individuals to change ● Responsibility

their lifestyle to prevent further damage. What are ● Changing lifestyle
your views? ● Mitigating further
damage

Step 2.3: ALTERNATIVE KEYWORDS OR PHRASES

Keywords Climate change Government Responsibility Changing Mitigating
lifestyle further damage
Related - Global - Government's - Climate - Adjusting - Easing the
terms warming efforts responsibility lifestyle severity
- Climate crisis/ - Government's - Individual - Adopting - Preventing
emergency/ failures responsibility new habits further
breakdown - legislation - Authorities’ destruction
responsibility
Spelling N/A - governance - Climate - Adjustments - Climate
variations - govern responsibilities in lifestyle change
/including - governments - Individual - Lifestyle mitigation
plurals responsibilities changes
- Authorities’ - Adoption of
responsibilities new lifestyles
Broader - Biodiversity - transnational - Ethical - Adaptation - Climate
terms - - national responsibility actions change combat
Anthropogenic - - Legal - Amendment
intergovernmen responsibility act
tal - Corporate - Personal
social efforts
responsibility - Adaptation
strategies
Narrower - Greenhouse - Policymakers - Individual’s - Behavior - Restrain
terms gas emissions - Sectoral stewardship changes temperature
- Rising - ministerial - Attitudes - Adaptive rise
temperature - institutional - Power capacity - Reduce
- Low-carbon - government’s - Duty greenhouse gas
transportation subsidies emissions
-
Environmental
spending
 - Atmosphere

Step 2.4: SEARCH PLANNING

Keyword Alternative words

Climate change OR Climate crisis; global warming

AND

Government OR Legislation; government’s subsidies

AND

Responsibility OR Individual stewardship

AND

Changing lifestyle OR Adaptation strategies; Adaptive capacity;

Amendment act

AND

Mitigating further damage OR Climate change combat

Step 2.5: IDENTIFY SUITABLE DATABASE & OTHER RELEVANT RESOURCES

Database Other resources to try

Wiley Online Library Government & intergovernment websites (EPA, IAEA,

MoEF, UNFCCC); governments’ reports

Google Scholar Science journals (Natural Resources Forum) & journal

articles

ScienceDirect National & transnational conference papers

EBSCO CAT (Climate Action Tracker) - an independent scientific

analysis produced by three research organizations
(Climate Analytics, EcoFys, NewClimate Institute) that
tracks the emission commitments and actions of
countries.

STEP 3: SOURCE EVALUATION

I. SELECTED READING MATERIALS SHORTLIST: [SOURCE] Original
Clar, C., & Steurer, R. (2019). Climate change adaptation at different levels of
government: Characteristics and conditions of policy change. Natural Resources
Forum, 43(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12168
 INIS Liaison Officer for France. (2022). Report on the Environmental Impact of
the Central Government Budget. INIS, 54(47).
https://www.budget.gouv.fr/documentation/file-download/20906

Stockwell, C., Geiges, A., Ramalope, D., Gidden, M., Hare, B., Baxter, C., Merrett, C.,
Spagopoulo, F., & Beer, M. (2021). Warming Projections Global Update. Climate
Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-
11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, October 5). Sources of

Greenhouse Gas Emissions. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Van Alphen, J. (2015). The Delta Programme and updated flood risk management
policies in the Netherlands. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 9(4), 310–319.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12183

II. SOURCE EVALUATION

Source 1: Clar & Steurer, 2019

1. Initial Appraisal

1.1. Author The authors of this journal are Christoph Clar and Reinhard Steurer,
both of whom are academically involved in researching the
overarching impacts of climate change. They both have official
credit IDs and have their journal published on SCOPUS.

1.2. Date of The publication date was March 15th 2019, which can be deemed
Publication relatively recent considering that there are still difficulties in
implementing a proper general policy on mitigating the influences
of climate change.

1.3. Edition or Although there is no indication of its afterward revision or further

Revision edition, the date of paper acceptance is clearly shown (January 11th,
2019)

1.4. Publisher The publisher of this report is National Resources Forum, a

subsidiary peer-reviewed academic journal branch on a quarterly
basis developed by Wiley Online Library on behalf of the Division of
Sustainable Development in the United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs. The department aims at addressing
current gaps in knowledge, encouraging implementation of the
sustainable development agenda, and the achievement of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
2. Content Analysis

2.1. Intended The targeted audiences of this journal are potentially academics and
audience scholars as well as policymakers, political actors, and governmental
officials with an interest in addressing an overhaul of strategies
combating climate change. The language also appears to enhance its
readability for the general public.

2.2. Objective The journal showcases an in-depth analysis on the role and
reasoning examples of multilayered governance from local to transnational
scale. The information is dominantly factual with real examples of
nations applying adaptation tactics according to the governance
levels with the involvement of various political figures. There is no
indication of personally biased opinions, allowing the readers to
have an objective view on the issue.

2.3. Coverage The journal investigates the application of adaptation strategies in

mostly Western nations namely EU countries, Australia and Canada.
The research aims to provide a more comprehensive view on the
practicality, similarities, and disparities of such tactics if they are
applied in different levels of governance so that political actors and
scholars can make wise decisions on how to undermine the
influence of climate change.

2.4. Writing The writing style is generally academic and formal for a journal
style with concise wording and the limitation of jargons. Besides, the
sections are arranged logically by bolded numbered sections
according to the scale and the eliteness of stakeholders. This
enables readers to easily understand what the authors are trying to
convey.

Source 2: INIS Liaison Officer for France, 2022

1. Initial Appraisal

1.1. Author The publisher of this report is the INIS Liaison Officer for France,
whose original organisation is the International Nuclear
Information (INIS), operated by the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) in cooperation with international organisations. The
goals and values of the organisation are to collect and disseminate
information on nuclear science and technology. At the same time,
INIS highlights the specific influence of nuclear on the economic
sector, environmental, and health-related issues. In this way, this
source of information is considered to be reliable and credible.

1.2. Date of The report was first published in 2019 in France, followed by the
Publication English version updates of the author on 7 Jun 2023 which can be
regarded as current for the information about the governmental
 budget allocated to an environmental issue

1.3. Edition or This is the second edition of the publication with the update of
Revision interpretation from France to English in 2023.

1.4. Publisher The publisher of this report is the INIS Liaison Officer for France,
whose original organisation is the International Nuclear
Information (INIS), operated by the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) in cooperation with international organisations.

2. Content Analysis

2.1. Intended The targeted audiences of this governmental report are academics,
audience educators, professionals, and experts in environment specialisation.
It is therefore reasonable that this report was designed for a variety
of audiences.

2.2. Objective The information demonstrated in the document is descriptive and

reasoning informative facts about the governmental budget impacts in
eliminating environment-related controversial issues. The statistics,
data and studies are well-researched with reliable collective
methods. There are nearly no author’s opinions or personal
experiences involved in the report, making it an objective source of
information.

2.3. Coverage This analysis presents information about the strategy, proves its
effectiveness and illuminates the limitations of the governmental
strategies and budget allocated to ecological issues. The article also
provides a detailed elaboration of taxation applications as a way of
relieving the problems of climate change.

2.4. Writing This report applies formal writing styles with a logical organisation
style by presenting the values and purposes of each part, analysing the
most striking and memorable features, and concluding with results
and further space for improvement.

Source 3: Stockwell et al., 2021

1. Initial Appraisal

1.1. Author - The document is published by Climate Action Tracker (CAT),

which is an independent research alliance on climate change. CAT
comprises reputable organizations such as Climate Analytics,
NewClimate Institute, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact
Research.
- CAT is a well-known and credible source for tracking and
analyzing countries' climate commitments and actions.
1.2. Date of The document was published on November 9, 2021, which is just
Publication before the COP26 Climate Summit in Glasgow. The information in
the document is relatively recent and still relevant for
understanding the current state of global climate action.

1.3. Edition or The document does not mention any specific edition or revision
Revision number. However, since it is a briefing document, it is likely the
latest version available at the time of publication.

1.4. Publisher The document is published by Climate Action Tracker (CAT), which
is an independent research alliance on climate change. CAT is not a
commercial publisher, but rather a collaborative effort by
reputable research organizations to provide objective and
authoritative analysis on climate change issues.

2. Content Analysis

2.1. Intended The intended audience for this document appears to be

audience policymakers, climate experts, and the general public interested in
understanding the current state of global climate action. The level
of detail and technical analysis suggests it is aimed at an audience
with some background knowledge on climate change and policy.

2.2. Objective The document presents a balanced and objective analysis of

reasoning countries' climate commitments and the "credibility gap" between
these commitments and actual actions. The reasoning and
conclusions drawn are based on rigorous data analysis and
scientific evidence, rather than advocacy or political bias.

2.3. Coverage The document provides a comprehensive global overview of

climate commitments and actions, covering the major emitting
countries and regions. It delves into the details of specific
countries' targets, policies, and progress, offering a detailed and
well-rounded perspective

2.4. Writing The writing style is clear, concise, and accessible, making the
style technical information easy to understand for the intended
audience. The language used is professional and avoids overly
technical jargon, allowing the key points to be communicated
effectively.

Source 4: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2023

1. Initial Appraisal

1.1. Author The author of this report is the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), a federal government agency responsible
for protecting human health and the environment. As a leading
 authority on environmental issues, the EPA is a highly credible and
reliable source of information on topics like greenhouse gas
emissions and climate change.

1.2. Date of The source is dated October 5, 2023, indicating it is a recent and
Publication up-to-date resource. The content is likely to reflect the latest
available data and research on greenhouse gas emission sources.

1.3. Edition or The page does not specify an edition or revision number, as it is a
Revision dynamic web page on the EPA's official website.
However, the EPA regularly reviews and updates its online content
to ensure the information remains accurate and relevant.

1.4. Publisher The publisher of this report is the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), a reputable government agency with a
mandate to protect the environment. As a government entity, the
EPA is an authoritative and trustworthy publisher of
environmental data and analysis.

2. Content Analysis

2.1. Intended The intended audience for this report appears to be a broad and
audience diverse group, including the general public, policymakers,
researchers, environmental advocates, and anyone with an interest
in understanding the sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the
United States. The EPA's role as a federal agency responsible for
protecting human health and the environment suggests the
information is designed to educate and inform a wide range of
stakeholders on this critical environmental issue. By providing
comprehensive and accessible data on emission sources, the EPA
aims to empower citizens, decision-makers, and experts to make
informed choices and take appropriate actions to address climate
change.

2.2. Objective As a government agency, the EPA is expected to maintain a high

reasoning level of objectivity and impartiality in its presentation of
environmental data and analysis. The information is based on
rigorous scientific research, robust data collection, and thorough
analysis conducted by the EPA and other reputable scientific
institutions. The content is presented in a factual and evidence-
based manner, without apparent bias or agenda, reflecting the
EPA's commitment to providing reliable and trustworthy
information to the public. This objectivity is crucial for informing
policy decisions, guiding research priorities, and empowering
individuals to make informed choices about their own carbon
footprint and environmental impact.

2.3. Coverage The report offers a comprehensive overview of the main

contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. The
page delves into the relative contributions of various sectors,
 including transportation, electricity generation, industry,
agriculture, and others, providing a detailed breakdown of the
sources and their respective shares. This level of detail and breadth
of information suggests the EPA's intent to offer a thorough
understanding of the drivers of climate change in the country,
enabling readers to gain a holistic perspective on the issue and
identify the most significant areas for intervention and mitigation
efforts.

2.4. Writing The writing style of this report is generally clear, concise, and
style accessible to a wide range of readers. The language used is
technical enough to provide authoritative and detailed information,
but it is also presented in a way that is understandable for non-
specialists. The page is well-organized, with clear headings and
subheadings that help readers navigate the content and find the
information they need. This user-friendly approach ensures that
the complex topic of greenhouse gas emissions is communicated in
a manner that is engaging and informative for both experts and the
general public, facilitating a broader understanding of this critical
environmental issue.

Source 5: Van Alphen, 2015

1. Initial Appraisal

1.1. Author The author of this scientific article is Van Alphen, who is
professionally involved in researching effective flood prevention
methods in the event of sea-level rise. He has published 25 works
in total on ResearchGate

1.2. Date of The article's online publication can be traced back to May 2015,
Publication which is not really recent for up-to-date information about flood
risk management systems. However, since it also documents the
history of the delta construction, it still remains a valuable source
for research.

1.3. Edition or The first publication of this article appears to be in 2014, 1 year
Revision prior to the official online publication. Therefore, it could be
deduced that it has been edited for the online version.

1.4. Publisher The publisher of this article is ResearchGate, a renowned

European commercial social networking site for scientists and
researchers to share their papers on various science topics with
the largest number of active users.

2. Content Analysis

2.1. Intended The intended audience are potentially experts and specialists on
audience flood risk management networks as well as watchdog agencies and
involved political actors. The article manages to elaborate on the
process and effectiveness of constructing flood management
systems, indicating that it is most likely targeted at infrastructure
specialists.

2.2. Objective The author manages to maintain his objectivity in evaluation

reasoning throughout the article as he mostly discusses what prompted the
construction of flood management networks on the Delta and how
they can be applied in real life within the Netherlands. This
consistent objectivity is essential for policymakers and
infrastructure planners to reach a wise decision.

2.3. Coverage The article centres on the construction in the Netherlands, which
allows a profound insight into the practicality of the flood
management system in reality. Not only does it provide
information about how successful the implementation was within
a nation but also explains how the system could withstand floods
thanks to its solid foundation.

2.4. Writing style The author sticks to a concise writing style for readability due to
the elaboration on the construction process and history. Besides,
the sections are arranged logically by bolded sections from
context, definition, and process. This enables readers to easily
understand what the authors are trying to convey.
 STEP 4: SELECTING INFORMATION

Step 4.1: ANNOTATION

Step 4.2: SELECTED INFORMATION, INTENDED USE & PARAPHRASE

DETAILS ANNOTATION PARAPHRASE

SOURCE 1: Stockwell et al., 2021

“Australia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, - Lack of clarity & specificity in Net zero objectives proposed by
and the United Arab Emirates have put net-zero target designs Australia, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
forward net zero targets that lack - Table 1: Only two elements Turkey, and the UAE are devoid
critical details on scope, target marked as qualified of scope, framework, and
architecture, and transparency (Table - Out of 5 countries evaluated, transparency. Law enforcement
1). These announcements will only be none met the standard based on such irrational targets
credible if they are followed by robust requirements for the may be ineffective in diverting
legislations and detailed plans on how comprehensiveness of from lacklustre plans. However,
to achieve net zero, as well as stronger national net zero target such announcements can be
2030 targets to put the countries on Design, with 1 nation marked as consolidated by rigid legislation
track to meet them. At their worst, Poor Design, while the rest and revised tactics on net zero
these governments and others intend to submitted incomplete achievements. (Stockwell et al.,
use these vague and aspirational information 2021)
targets in the distant future to distract → Intended use: Counter
from inadequate short-term action.” argument a.1 (Institutional
(p.10) policies often exhibit a lack of
clarity and specificity in
certain elements)

“To accelerate implementation globally, - Insufficient subsidies from the Not only can international
and ensure that all countries benefit governments for emissions climate funding from developed
from the transition to 1.5°C, developed reduction nations enable the developing
countries need to massively increase → Intended use: Counter counterparts to achieve their
international climate finance. argument b.1 (Governments targets but also guarantee the
Sufficient climate finance is critical to cannot provide sufficient transition to 1.5°C to serve all
ensure that developing countries are incentives to all environmental States well. However, none of
able to meet their targets. None of the stressors) CAT-tracked developed nations
developed countries the CAT tracks provided ample climate subsidies
have put forward sufficient climate (Stockwell et al., 2021)
finance (Figure 5).”
SOURCE 2: Clar & Steurer, 2019

“In 2013, the EU Commission adopted - Intergovernmental efforts in In 2013, the EU Commission
the EU Strategy on adaptation to combating climate change. adopted the “EU Strategy on
climate change. It aims to support and → Further reading: Main Adaptation to Climate Change”
“standardize” adaptation efforts in objective of the EU Strategy as [2] that prioritizes
member states (not at the EU level), formulated in the document: “to transboundary concerns in
with an emphasis on transboundary contribute to a more climate- critical sectors rather than at the
issues in selected key sectors. Thus, the resilient Europe. This means EU level. Thus, it provides
EU strategy does not initiate enhancing the preparedness and support for the member states in
and implement adaptation policies capacity to respond to the institutionalizing and initiating
directly but aims to support member impacts of climate change at policies to respond to climate
states in doing so.” (p.124, section 3.1) local, regional, national and EU change. (Clar & Steurer, 2019)
levels, developing a coherent
approach and improving
coordination” (Annex 3:
Overview of adaptation
strategies at different
governmental levels
(transnational, national, local))

“Like the initial Dutch strategy, the - National efforts in combating Initially established by an
Danish adaptation strategy from 2008 climate change, including an interministerial working group in
was also developed by an inter-ministerial working group, cooperation with local and
interministerial working group in led by the Ministry of Climate regional authorities, The “Danish
cooperation with local and regional and Energy. Strategy for Adaptation to a
authorities. It outlines different → ministerial offices and sectoral Changing Climate” (2008)
scenarios for sectors potentially authorities join forces to address proposes resolutions to regions
affected by climate change, and the most concerning detriment potentially affected by climate
addresses research, information, and caused by climate change. change, and coordination for
coordination as cross-sectoral issues. cross-sectoral issues. Later in
An action plan adopted by a new 2011, an updated procedure
government in 2011 places stronger placed stronger emphasis on the
emphasis on the implementation of implementation of concrete
concrete adaptation actions, mainly adaptation actions, mainly
concerned with flooding due to heavy concerned with flooding due to
rainfalls.” (p.125, section 3.2) heavy rainfalls. (Clar & Steurer,
2019)

“...an adaptation policy foreseen in a - A strategy document proposed - It is irrefutable that the highest
strategy by the superior bureau is not authority in the governmental
document does not mean that it is also guaranteed to be abided by the apparatus holds the prerogative
on the agenda of sectoral policy- inferior bureau, nor be to enact policies pertaining to
makers, let alone a policy about to implemented. environmental issues.
being implemented.” → This is because the initial Nevertheless, the proposal by
strategy lacks institutionalized superior executives does not
“...while most strategies are rather arrangements for solutions guarantee it being enacted by
vague with regard to goals and despite its clarity in objectives & sectoral policymakers, let alone
measures, a few provide details on urgency. its imminent implementation.
what to do until when and where.” → As a result, the foreshadowed This stems from the fact that
strategy becomes somewhat most action plans are nebulous
“Since adaptation strategies are weak impractical, thus its regarding parameters and
coordination tools that are unable to implementation is heavily proximity despite their clarity in
force adaptation onto driven by sectoral self- objectives and urgency. This
sectoral policy agendas, they rely first interests. vagueness mitigates their effect
and foremost on sectoral self-interests.” → Intended use: Rebuttal a.2 on the implementation of legal
(p.128) (Adaptation strategies depend framework in sectoral policy
on several external factors) agendas as a coordination tool,
hence the heavy reliance on
sectoral vested interests. (Clar &
Steurer, 2019)

“However, if sectoral policy-makers do - Nevertheless, if sectoral However, if sectoral decision-

not see the need for adaptation, those authorities refuse to see the need makers do not perceive the need
responsible for respective strategies to apply the adaptation strategy for adaptation or the negative
can only raise sectoral awareness for or the detrimental impacts that consequences for their sector, it
potential climate change impacts (e.g., might occur to their sectors, is unlikely that these adaptation
via commissioning and communicating there is little chance that they plans will be effectively
research) and provide incentives (such will enact relevant policies. mainstreamed. In such
as subsidies for adaptation projects).” → In such cases, the subordinates circumstances, where sectoral
(p.128) will be limited to communication buy-in is insufficient, those in
strategies such as raising public charge of adaptation measures
awareness or sponsoring may be limited to fiscal and
research projects. communication strategies like
→ Intended use: Rebuttal a.2 awareness dissemination. (Clar &
(Adaptation strategies depend Steurer, 2019)
on several external factors)

SOURCE 3: Van Alphen, 2015

“The main objective of the Delta - The Delta Programme is aimed To ensure the implementation of
Programme is to create and maintain a at avoiding disastrous floods the flagship strategy, corporate
safe and attractive Netherlands, now rather than combating large- governance should be maintained
and in the future, by providing scale impacts of climate change throughout the enforcement
adequate flood risk management and → prioritized objectives are process. One successful example
fresh water supply. The Delta clearly identified. of this is the Delta Programme in
Programme is a national programme, in - Both governmental & which the Netherlands
which national, regional and local residential apparatus join force government has innovatively
authorities jointly prepare key collaborated with respective
decisions, develop strategies and to materialise the programme administrators, namely regional
implement measures, in close → a successful case of inclusive policymakers, businesses and
cooperation with the public, private cooperation between ministerial, research institutes, to channel
parties, stakeholders and knowledge sectoral & residential authorities their adaptation efforts into
institutions.” (p.311) in combating climate change. water management to insulate
→ Intended use: Author’s point the nation against flooding
a.3 (Underline ministerial derived from sea-level rise. (Van
department joining forces with Alphen, 2015)
sectoral/ regional branch)

“In 2008, this so-called second Delta Close adherence to the The Delta Programme exhibits
Committee concluded that flood propositions established by close adherence to the
protection and freshwater supply in the scientists & environmental propositions established by
Nether- lands could be guaranteed for experts from the Delta scientists & environmental
the coming centuries, even under Committee experts from the Delta
worst-case climate change conditions, → A hierarchical order from Committee, yet certain
but that investigations and experts' consultation to innovations were imposed.
preparations regarding the necessary government's approval Specifically, after the
measures should start soon (Delta → Intended use: Author’s point government’s approval of the
Committee, 2008). In the same year, the a.3 (The need for a solid consultation, flood protection
government approved the Delta foundation based on standards were actualized based
Committee's advice and incorporated propositions made by on the flood factor (a flood risk
most of it into the National Water Plan, environmental experts) assessment using the risk score
making it an official governmental of 10, as advised by the Delta
policy. The government did not adopt Committee) proposed by the
the Committee's advice to generally committee.
raise the flood protection levels with a
factor 10, but decided to actualize flood
protection standards, based on a flood
risk management approach, including
individual and societal risks and a cost-
benefit analysis (Ministry of Transport,
Public Works and Water Management,
2009).” (p.311)

SOURCE 4: INIS Liaison Officer for France, 2022

- 2021: >€27bn invested in The Landscape of Climate

transport Finance has reported
- 2020: €21bn invested in approximately €27bn of
transport institutional climate-change
→ increased by 73% investment in the transportation
→ Intended use: Main Point B sector in France (2021), which
(Governments’ investment in increased by 73% compared to
(p.131) environmental spending) the year before (INIS Liaison
Officer for France, 2022, p. 131).
“There has been a sharp increase in - Governments provide Specifically, the transition
investment in low-carbon vehicles, incentives & admission for towards low-carbon
particularly in the private vehicle manufacturers to launch electric transportation has gained
segment, where manufacturers are vehicles into the market along significant momentum,
being encouraged to sell more electric with customers’ benefit particularly in the private vehicle
models under EU regulations. The packages. (this idea is more segment. The EU has policies
extensive rollout of electric charging significant) encouraging automakers to
infrastructure, increases in the range of → urge citizens to utilize increase electric vehicle
vehicles, and the continuation of buyer electronic vehicles production and sales. This
assistance schemes such as automobile → Intended use: Rebuttal b.2 regulatory push, coupled with the
bonus plans, are serving as an incentive (ultimate impacts of extensive development of electric
to households and businesses to governments’ subsidies on charging infrastructure and the
purchase electric and rechargeable citizens) expansion of vehicle range
hybrid vehicles…registrations of buses - Governmental admissions to an capabilities, has served as a
and HGVs – primarily NGVs – have risen upswing in public transport catalyst for the adoption of
sharply. Investment in bicycles has (buses) & cycling infrastructure electric and plug-in hybrid
increased, driven by a boom in sales of has increased the use of these electric vehicles by both
e-bikes and expansion of the cycle types. households and businesses.
network.” (p.132) → reduce air pollution Besides, buyer assistance
→ Intended use: Rebuttal b.2 schemes, like automobile bonus
(ultimate impacts of plans, have further incentivized
governments’ subsidies on low-emission vehicle purchases.
mitigating pollution) → These policy and market-based
interventions can facilitate the
transition to a more sustainable
transportation system, reducing
air pollution and environmental
impact.

- Show whether governmental According to The Landscape of

investment in each sector meets Climate Finance in France, the
the national requirements. highest amount of money was
- Increasing investment in invested in the transportation
environmental issues has system with a noticeable increase
bridged the gap concerning of 73% between 2020 and 2021.
standard requirements. This can be attributed to the
- Transportation as a noticeable transportation sector as a
figure primary source of greenhouse
(p.133 - 2. Adequacy in view of → Being invested considerably gas emissions. Instead, the
financing requirements) compared to nuclear energy to institutional climate change in
reduce a primary source of nuclear energy only experienced
carbon dioxide emissions from a slight rise as it accounts for a
vehicles smaller proportion of greenhouse
→ Intended use: Rebuttal b.2 gas emissions.
(Prioritize sectors with high
urgency & practicality)
SOURCE 5: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2023

- Greenhouse gas emissions come A 2024 report by the U.S.

from a wide range of Environmental Protection Agency
socioeconomic sources, among indicates that some of the biggest
which the residential sector greenhouse gas contributors in
(household emissions) occupies the world are transportation
the smallest proportion (13%). (28%), electricity production
→ The main culprits are (25%), and industry (23%)
transportation, agricultural & respectively, whereas the figure
industrial waste, whereas the for other sectors such as nuclear
most striking figure was reported energy was estimated to account
to be transportation. for the minority of greenhouse
→ The urgency and necessity gas emission contributors.
for considerable funding (United States Environmental
invested in this sector to Protection Agency, 2023)
reduce greenhouse gas
emissions effectively
→ Intended use: Rebuttal b.2
(Prioritize sectors with high
urgency & practicality)
 Step 4.3: SUMMARIES OF SELECTED INFORMATION
Source Keynotes Summary

Clar & Steurer, 2019 - Shared weaknesses: The report hinges on similarities and
+ sectorally non-binding strategies that differences between adaptation tactics and
are frequently unresolved sectoral policies implementation. Regarding
+ deprivation of institutionalized shared features, they are both sectorally non-
coordinations for monitoring binding strategies that are often left
+ reliance on sectoral vested interest unresolved and stripped of institutionalized
and climate change impacts on certain coordinations for monitoring. Besides, they
sectors are dependent on sectoral vested interest and
+ possibility of being downgraded to a climate change impacts on certain sectors,
"communication" tool potentially undermining them as a mere
- Difference between those "communication" tool. What distinguishes
responsible for an adaptation responsible parties for an adaptation strategy
strategy and those responsible for to those of sectoral policies is the ability to
implementing sectoral adaptation raise consciousness, offer fiscal incentives for
policies. adaptation and address more enticing policies.
+ the former: Meanwhile, those accountable for a larger-
● eagerness to mould conditions scale activation can mould certain conditions
in favour of climate change in accordance with adaptation; however, they
adaptation appear uninterested in adaptation. The only
● limited leeway due to exception is the Netherlands where both
dependence on sectoral actors national and regional actors join forces to
● ability to raise consciousness leverage water management due to the
and provide fiscal incentives alarming rise of sea levels. (134 words)
for adaptation
● ability to promote attractive
policy solutions
+ the latter:
● uninterested in adaptation if a
problem is inconceivable
● ability to shape several
conditions in favour of
adaptation

- The only exception: the

Netherlands:
+ National and regional actors focused
their adaptation efforts on water
management early on, and respective
policy-makers have fully embraced the
challenge, mainly because large parts
of the country are threatened by the
sea-level rise.

INIS Liaison Officer - The rise in France’s government The Landscape of Climate Finance report
for France, 2022, investments in the alleviation of (I4CE, 2022) has investigated the
pp. 131-133 climate change: governmental climate-related investment in
France to evaluate the adequacy of national
+ Buildings: renovation and new
financial strategies concerning the standard
energy performance requirements set by the Act. France's
+ Transportation: infrastructure investment in buildings, transport, and energy
 modernisation and low-carbon vehicle sectors in relieving climate change has
sales promotion experienced a noticeable increase despite the
+ Energy: renewables, heating systems, adverse impact of Covid -19 pandemic. Such
progress helps bridge the gap between
and nuclear energy
recorded figures and standard financing
- Does it meet the standard requirements in the second carbon budget.
requirements?: The increase in However, more resources should be allocated
climate investment helped bridge the to facilitate low-energy consumption buildings
gap between governmental investment and public transport infrastructure. In this
and standard requirements way, although future investments in climate
- Suggestions: More money on housing change mitigation are expected to increase, it
is still vital to take more aggressive measures
renovation and public transport
to meet the EU target. (118 words)
infrastructure

Stockwell et al., - Collective climate ambition remains The "Warming Projections Global Update"
2021, pp.1-7 & pp.9- insufficient to limit global warming to from Climate Action Tracker portrays a bleak
11 1.5°C, the Paris Agreement's target. picture of global climate action. The research
- Even if all existing climate promises indicates that existing country promises and
are fully implemented, global actions are insufficient to keep global warming
temperatures are still projected to rise under the 1.5°C threshold set by the Paris
significantly. Agreement. Even if all present commitments
- There is a substantial "emissions gap" are completely executed, temperatures are
- current pledges only reduce expected to climb dramatically. The research
emissions to a fraction of what is underlines the lack of openness in adaptation
required for 1.5°C. efforts, citing many governments' failure to
- Many governments lack transparency produce comprehensive strategies. It also
and comprehensive plans for climate emphasizes the continued reliance on fossil
change adaptation. fuels, which is incompatible with 1.5°C targets,
- The report emphasizes the urgent notwithstanding significant improvements.
need for countries to strengthen The research shows that collective climate
emissions reduction targets and ambition is still insufficient for 1.5°C. Major
implement more ambitious policies emitters such as China, India, the European
across all sectors. Union, and the United States have shaky
policies. Some countries have declared net-
zero goals with little specifics, which may
detract from short-term inaction. The study
underlines the urgent need for more stringent
carbon reduction targets and vigorous
measures across all sectors. (152 words)

United States - Main idea: sources of carbon This report illuminates the primary sources of
Environmental emission released by human activities greenhouse gas emissions in the United States
Protection Agency, in the economic sector regarding different economic sectors. While
2023
- Direct and Indirect greenhouse gas direct emissions can be put down to industrial,
emissions: commercial, and residential activities,
+ Direct: Industry, commercial and electrical consumption in buildings and
residential aspect machine power should be responsible for their
+ Indirect: through electricity counterparts. To be more precise, there are 5
consumption major contributors to such emissions
- 5 primary sources: including transportation, electricity
 + Transportation generation, industrial activities, commercial
+ Electricity generation and residential sectors, and agriculture. The
+ Industry most noticeable figure was reported to be
+ Commercial and Residential Sector transportation, followed by electricity
+ Agriculture production and industry. Despite being a small
contributor to direct greenhouse gasses,
commercial and residential sectors account
for most of the indirect ones owing to
enormous electrical consumption in buildings.
(110 words)

Van Alphen, 2015 - Main idea: the Delta Programme The extracted journal briefs fundamental
implementation in the Netherlands information on the Delta Programme
- Background: implementation in the Netherlands. The root
+ Weak defense against catastrophic of this launch stems from the urgency to
floods that inflicted socio-economic consolidate defense against catastrophic
repercussions in the Netherlands floods that inflicted socio-economic
+ Commission for long-term committee repercussions and a commission for a long-
on flood protection term committee on flood protection. The
→ prompt the need for layered adaptation plan targets the maintenance of an
protection attractive Netherlands by regulations on flood
- Prior actions: and water supply on a national scale along
+ Legal framework set the foundation with the reduction of the coastline length by
for benchmarks for assessments of barrier construction, supplementing a flood
flood defences protection layer. Further involvement of a
+ Long defence line construction fledgling network of subprograms on
+ Allocation of expenditure to ministerial levels has marked efficacious
maintenance cooperation of national and regional actors in
- Objective: the activation of the Delta Programme. (105
+ Maintenance of Netherlands by words)
regulations on flood and water supply
on a national scale
+ Improvement in flood protection
+ Reduction of the coastline length by
barrier construction
- Progress:
+ Feb 1, 2010: Installation of the Delta
Commissioner
+ 2010 - 2014: fledgling organization
of subprograms piloted on ministerial
levels
+ 2015: activation of nationally and
regionally leveraged programs
 Step 4.4: SYNTHESIS MATRIX

Main idea Clar & Steurer, INIS Liaison Officer Stockwell et al., United States Van Alphen,
2019 for France, 2022, 2021, pp.1-7 & Environmental 2015
pp. 131-133 pp.9-11 Protection
Agency, 2023

1. Climate - If sectoral [SUFFICIENT] [INSUFFICIENT] N/A - Fiscal support

finance from authorities refuse - In terms of energy- - None of the to democratic
governments to see the need to building developed organizations
apply the performance, electric countries that CAT responsible for
adaptation vehicles and tracks have put water
strategy, the renewable energy, forward sufficient management &
subordinates are the level of climate finance, flood
limited to investment closely with Australia, protection
financial support exceeded the Japan, Russia, and extended from
such as offering standard the USA marked as residential
fiscal incentives requirements. As for “critically endowment to
for adaptation the remaining insufficient” (p.7). government
projects. (p.8) sectors, the increase subsidies with
in governmental the purpose of
climate investment large-scale
helped bridge the gap flood defense.
with respect to (p.310)
standard
requirements.
(p.133)

2. Coal & gas N/A N/A - Despite the - The rise in N/A
from definite benefits of greenhouse gases
transportation reducing coal & gas is attributed
as the most consumption, primarily to fossil
contributory several countries fuel burning for
factors in affiliated with The transportation,
greenhouse gas Paris Agreement electricity
emission (2015) still generation,
continue to fund industrial
coal projects production, and
(China, Japan, additionally to
South Korea) or heating &
switch from coal refrigeration
retrofitting to gas- systems, and
dependent (Europe, waste treatment
Chile). (p.6) in commercial &
→ heavy reliance on residential
fuel energy sources sectors.

3. Whether [LACK OF N/A [LACK OF N/A [SUFFICIENT]

adaptation CLARITY] CLARITY] - The Delta
strategy/strate - Adaptation - Many Programme
gy document strategies across governments lack exhibits close
lacks clarity various levels transparency and adherence to
typically exhibit a comprehensive the
deficiency in plans (regarding propositions
institutionalized scope & target established by
commission for architecture) for scientists &
horizontal and climate change environmental
 vertical adaptation. (p.10) experts from
coordination as → inadequate net the Delta
well as zero target design Committee, yet
standardized certain
supervision. (p.8) innovations
- Most adaptation were imposed.
strategies tend to Specifically,
lack specificity after the
regarding government’s
objectives and approval of the
solutions, and consultation,
only a minority flood
offer guidance on protection
actions needed, standards were
timelines & actualized
locations. (p.8) based on the
flood factor
proposed by
the committee.
(p.311)

4. Whether the [FAIL TO [SUCCESS] [FAIL TO N/A [SUCCESS]

authorities fail IMPOSE] - Through estimating FOLLOW] - The success of
to - A strategy the levels of financial - Although the the Delta
impose/follow document resources allocated growing reliance on Programme can
adaptation proposed by the to combating climate, natural gas be attributed to
strategies or superior bureau is 4 out of 6 major contradicts The the inclusive
not not guaranteed to sectors prove to Paris Agreement, cooperation
be abided by the exceed the scenario many nations still between
inferior bureau, path, namely energy subsidize their gas scientists,
nor be performances in industries, partly policymakers
implemented. buildings, hybrid with an aim to and
(p.8) transportation, reduce the organizations
- While adaptation renewable & nuclear emission intensity responsible for
can lead to an energy. (p.133) compared to coal. flood risk
upswing in (p.6) management.
combating climate Specifically,
change, the they managed
materialization of to translate
comprehensive detailed
strategies is still technical and
uncertain. (p.9) scientific
consultation to
administrative
and political
ordinance.
(p.318)
 STEP 5: DETAILED OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Climate change has emerged as a significant predicament in recent times, as adduced
by numerous scientific investigations.
B. The resolution of this plight cannot be merely anticipated by the government. As
such, the onus should be on the citizens to avert any additional harm by the
modification in their way of life.
C. Thesis statement: From an opposing perspective, a transformation in lifestyle alone
is not pertinent enough to relieve the adverse impact of this climate change and
therefore it is the government's responsibility to address this controversial issue as an
inherent part of their role.

II. BODY
A. Point 1: Governments have the upper hand in legislation
a.1, Counter-argument:
However, institutional policies often exhibit a lack of clarity and specificity in certain
elements such as scope, target architecture, and transparency (Stockwell et al., 2021).
All net-zero objectives proposed by 5 countries were marked inadequate considering
how nebulous the instructions for net-zero achievement were according to CAT’s
evaluation.

a.2. Rebuttal:
- Nevertheless, this inadequacy can be justified by the fact that climate change
adaptation plans must grapple with a multitude of complex, interrelated factors across
socio-economic sectors, one of which is the vested interests of sectoral policymakers.
(Clar & Steurer, 2019)
- To be more specific, the implementation of climate change adaptation plans is heavily
dependent on the perceptions and support of sectoral decision-makers, which poses an
additional impediment to the implementation process. If these stakeholders do not
recognize the need for adaptation or the potential negative consequences for their
sector, the adaptation plans are unlikely to be effectively implemented. In such cases of
insufficient sectoral buy-in, those responsible for adaptation measures may be
restricted to using more limited fiscal and communication strategies, such as awareness
campaigns, rather than being able to take more substantive actions. (Clar & Steurer,
2019)

a.3. Author’s point:

- It is vital to establish a solid foundation for these flagship policies based on scientists'
and experts’ guidelines in order to enhance their implementation capability.
- The Delta Program in the Netherlands can be featured as the exemplar of the close
adherence to the propositions established by scientists & environmental experts from
the Delta Committee, which was commissioned by the Dutch government in 2007 to join
forces in the long-term flood protection of the Netherlands. The program functioned
according to a hierarchical order from experts' consultation to the government's
approval, yet certain innovations were imposed. Specifically, after governmental
approval of water management consultation, flood protection standards were
actualized based on the flood factor proposed by the committee. Subsequently,
subordinate administrators (namely regional policymakers, businesses, and research
institutes) were summoned by the ministerial department to the joint endeavor to
insulate the nation against flooding derived from sea-level rise. (Van Alphen, 2015)

B. Point 2: Governments can allocate resources for environmental spending.

b.1, Counter-argument:
Opponents of governments’ role in relieving climate change have argued that
government investment in environmental issues cannot provide sufficient incentives to
all environmental stressors.

b.2, Rebuttal:
- However, federal fundings prioritize more urgent and practical sectors rather than less
acute and impactful ones to ensure the effectiveness of investments.
- According to The Landscape of Climate Finance in France, the highest amount of
money was invested in the transportation system with a noticeable increase of 73%
between 2020 and 2021. This can be attributed to the transportation sector as a
primary source of greenhouse gas emissions(28%). Instead, the institutional climate
change in nuclear energy only experienced a slight rise as it accounts for a smaller
proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2023)
- Specifically, the transition towards low-carbon transportation has gained significant
momentum, particularly in the private vehicle segment. The EU has policies
encouraging automakers to increase electric vehicle production and sales. This
regulatory push, coupled with the extensive development of electric charging
infrastructure and the expansion of vehicle range capabilities, has catalyzed the
adoption of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles by both households and
businesses. Besides, buyer assistance schemes, like automobile bonus plans, have
further incentivized low-emission vehicle purchases. (INIS Liaison Officer for France,
2022).
→ These market-based interventions can facilitate the transition to a more sustainable
transportation system, reducing air pollution and environmental impact.

b.3, Author’s point:

- The need for governments to establish a more equitable distribution of tasks and
resources to address the disparities and promote a shared commitment to
environmental stewardship. Because access to governmental fiscal aid as well as the
financial means to adopt sustainable habits like clean technology varies significantly
among diverse communities.
→ Ultimately, this inclusive strategy aligns with principles of fairness and social justice,
recognizing that everyone should have the opportunity to contribute to a sustainable
future regardless of their economic circumstances. This scenario can only be
materialized through coordinated and comprehensive solutions from both the
governments and our society.

III. CONCLUSION
- The need to apply experts’ guidelines as a solid foundation for adaptation strategies as
well as comprehensive collaboration among ministerial and regional levels.
- Strategic allocation of resources can lead to impactful outcomes in mitigating climate
change.
- The need for a more equitable distribution of tasks and resources to promote a shared
commitment to environmental stewardship.

IV. REFERENCES (CHOSEN READING SOURCES)

Clar, C., & Steurer, R. (2019). Climate change adaptation at different levels of
government: Characteristics and conditions of policy change. Natural Resources
Forum, 43(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12168

INIS Liaison Officer for France. (2022). Report on the Environmental Impact of
the Central Government Budget. INIS, 54(47).
https://www.budget.gouv.fr/documentation/file-download/20906

Stockwell, C., Geiges, A., Ramalope, D., Gidden, M., Hare, B., Baxter, C., Merrett, C.,
Spagopoulo, F., & Beer, M. (2021). Warming Projections Global Update. Climate
Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-
11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, October 5). Sources of

Greenhouse Gas Emissions. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Van Alphen, J. (2015). The Delta Programme and updated flood risk management
policies in the Netherlands. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 9(4), 310–319.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12183