Ecosystem

1. Who proposed the 10% energy transfer law of food chain?

a) Tansley

b) Stanley

c) Weismann

d) Lindeman

2. What is the term for the mass of living material at a particular trophic level at a
specific time?

a) Standing rate

b) Gross primary productivity

c) Standing crop

d) Net primary productivity

3. What are plant decomposers?

a) Animalia and Monera

b) Protista and Animalia

c) Fungi and Plants

d) Monera and Fungi

4. Which of the following is the most stable ecosystem?

a) Desert
b) Ocean

c) Forest

d) Mountain

5. In a terrestrial ecosystem, such as a forest, which trophic level possesses the

maximum energy?

a) T1

b) T2

c) T3

d) T4

6. Which of the following is a feature of a biological

community? a) Sex-ratio

b) Mortality

c) Natality

d) Stratification
7. If decomposers were entirely removed from an ecosystem, what would be the
impact on its functioning?

a) Herbivores will not receive solar energy

b) Energy flow will be blocked

c) The rate of decomposition will be very high

d) Mineral movement will be blocked

8. What is the term for the vertical distribution of different species occupying
different levels in a biotic community?

a) Stratification

b) Pyramid

c) Divergence

d) Zonation

9. Which of the following animals can occupy more than one trophic level in the
same ecosystem at the same time?

a) Frog

b) Goat

c) Lion

d) Sparrow
10. What is a characteristic feature of the cropland

ecosystem? a) Least genetic diversity

b) Absence of soil organisms

c) Ecological succession

d) Absence of weeds
11. Which ecosystem has the most biomass?

a) Forest ecosystem

b) Lake ecosystem

c) Pond ecosystem

d) Grassland ecosystem

12. What does the upper part of a sea/aquatic ecosystem

contain? a) Benthos

b) Nekton

c) Plankton and nekton

d) Plankton
13. What is the natural reservoir of phosphorus?

a) Animal bones

b) Seawater

c) Fossils

d) Rock

14. The process by which earthworms break down detritus into smaller particles is
called?

a) Catabolism

b) Mineralization
c) Fragmentation

d) Humification

15. Most animals living in the deep oceanic waters are?

a) Secondary consumers

b) Primary consumers

c) Detritivores

d) Tertiary consumers
16. Which one shows a one-way passage in an ecosystem?

a) Potassium

b) Nitrogen

c) Carbon

d) Free energy

17. Both hydrarch and xerarch succession lead to?

a) Excessive wet conditions

b) Highly dry conditions

c) Xeric conditions

d) Medium water conditions

18. In a maize field ecosystem, which one of the following is a primary

consumer? a) Phytoplankton

b) Grasshopper

c) Wolf

d) Lion
19. What happens during ecological succession?

a) The establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

b) The gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given

area

c) The changes lead to a community that is near equilibrium with the

environment, and is called a pioneer community

d) The numbers and types of animals remain constant

20. What type of ecological pyramid would be obtained with the following

data? Secondary consumer: 120 g

Primary consumer: 60 g

Primary producer: 10 g

a) Upright pyramid of numbers

b) Upright pyramid of biomass

c) Pyramid of energy

d) Inverted pyramid of biomass

 Bio-diversity
1. Which of the following best defines biodiversity?

a) The number of plant species in a given area

b) The variety of living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, fungi, and
microorganisms
c) The total number of ecosystems on Earth
d) The genetic variation within a single species

2. What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss?

a) Natural disasters
b) Climate change
c) Human activities, such as deforestation and pollution
d) Evolutionary processes

3. Which of the following ecosystems is most likely to have the highest

biodiversity?

a) Tropical rainforest
b) Desert
c) Tundra
d) Grassland

4. What is an example of a keystone species?

a) A plant species that is consumed by herbivores

b) A species whose presence has a disproportionately large impact on its
ecosystem
c) A predator that competes with other predators for food
d) A species that is at the top of the food chain
5. What does the term "endemic species" refer to?

a) Species that are extinct

b) Species that can survive in multiple habitats
c) Species found only in a specific geographic area
d) Species that migrate regularly

6. Which of the following is an example of a genetic resource that contributes to

biodiversity?

a) The genetic makeup of a rare fish species

b) A tropical rainforest's plant diversity
c) The variety of different animal species in an ecosystem
d) The variety of habitats in a national park

7. Which convention aims to conserve biological diversity globally?

a) The Kyoto Protocol

b) The Rio Declaration
c) The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
d) The Paris Agreement

8. In which of the following regions would you expect the highest species
diversity?

a) Antarctica
b) The Arctic
c) The Sahara Desert
d) The Amazon Rainforest
9. What is the term used for the loss of species, habitats, or ecosystems?
a) Conservation
b) Biodiversity loss
c) Ecological succession
d) Eutrophication

10. What is one way humans can help protect biodiversity?

a) Deforestation
b) Overhunting of species
c) Establishing protected areas like national parks and
reserves d) Introducing invasive species

biodiversity assessment initiatives in India

1:Which of the following is the main objective of the "National Biodiversity Action
Plan" (NBAP) of India?

A) To assess the economic value of biodiversity

B) To create awareness about biodiversity conservation
C) To enhance biodiversity in urban areas
D) To improve agricultural biodiversity

2:Which of the following initiatives is part of the “Biodiversity Assessment and

Monitoring Programme” in India?

A) National Biodiversity Mission (NBM)

B) Project Tiger
C) Green India Mission
D) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
3:What is the main focus of the "State of India’s Birds" (SoIB) report?
A) Assessing the population of various mammal species
B) Documenting the diversity of plants in India
C) Monitoring the distribution and population of bird species in
India D) Monitoring the health of marine life in India

4:Which of the following is a significant biodiversity assessment tool used in India

for identifying and cataloging species?

A) The National Green Tribunal (NGT)

B) The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
(INTACH) C) The India Biodiversity Portal
D) The Ministry of Environmental Affairs

5:The "Indian Biodiversity Information System" (IBIS) is primarily aimed at:

A) Promoting eco-tourism in India

B) Documenting and managing India’s biodiversity
C) Enhancing agricultural productivity
D) Reducing environmental pollution

6:Which of the following assessments focuses on the "Red List of Threatened

Species" in India?

A) The National Afforestation Programme

B) The Indian Wildlife Protection Act
C) The IUCN Red List
D) The Biodiversity Management Committee
7:The "Forest Survey of India" (FSI) is responsible for assessing:
A) Forests, tree cover, and biodiversity
B) Pollution levels in forests
C) Economic growth related to forestry
D) Environmental regulations for mining

8:Which of the following schemes is aimed at promoting the conservation of

India's medicinal plant species?

A) National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)

B) National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB)
C) National Ganga Action Plan (NGAP)
D) Environmental Protection Act

9:The "Bio-Diversity Management Committees" (BMCs) were established under

the provisions of which Act?

A) The Environment Protection Act, 1986

B) The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
C) The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
D) The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

10:The "National Mission on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services" (NMBES)

focuses primarily on:

A) Commercializing biodiversity
B) Ecosystem restoration and services
C) Industrial development
D) Forest conservation and plantation
SWOT analysis of biodiversity hotspots in

India: 1. What is the primary strength of biodiversity hotspots in India?

A) High degree of political stability
B) High species richness and endemism
C) Strong economic growth in surrounding areas
D) Reduced human interference

2. A major weakness in managing biodiversity hotspots in India is:

A) Habitat destruction due to rapid urbanization

B) Excessive tourism promoting environmental awareness
C) Availability of large conservation funds
D) Large scale government support for biodiversity initiatives

3. An opportunity for the conservation of biodiversity hotspots in India is:

A) Increased deforestation
B) Implementation of eco-friendly tourism policies
C) Declining number of species
D) Over-exploitation of natural resources

4. Which of the following is a potential threat to biodiversity hotspots in India?

A) Decline in international interest in conservation

B) Decrease in agricultural practices in the region
C) Increasing public awareness about biodiversity
D) Climate change and unpredictable weather patterns
5 In SWOT analysis, the "opportunity" for biodiversity hotspots in India would
refer to:

A) Rising pollution levels

B) Restoration of degraded ecosystems
C) Illegal poaching
D) Over-hunting of endangered species
6. Which of the following is considered a "threat" to the biodiversity hotspots in
India according to the SWOT analysis?

A) Creation of national parks and protected areas

B) Deforestation and habitat loss
C) Awareness programs in local communities
D) Wildlife corridors and protected area networks

Conservations of biodiversity
1. What is the primary goal of biodiversity conservation?

a) To increase human population

b) To preserve natural habitats
c) To increase economic growth
d) To reduce global warming

2. Which of the following is a direct threat to biodiversity?

a) Habitat destruction
b) Sustainable farming
c) Pollution control
d) Conservation programs
3. The "Endangered Species Act" is an example of:

a) A global effort to increase biodiversity

b) A law aimed at protecting endangered species
c) A strategy for increasing agriculture production
d) A method of controlling invasive species

4. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biodiversity?

a) Improves ecosystem stability
b) Enhances genetic variety
c) Decreases ecosystem services
d) Provides food, medicine, and materials

5. What is an invasive species?

a) A species that naturally belongs to the ecosystem

b) A species that is native but threatened
c) A non-native species that causes harm to the
environment d) A species that is endangered but protected

6. Which of the following is a method used to conserve biodiversity?

a) Establishing protected areas

b) Deforestation
c) Overfishing
d) Pollution increase

7. In-situ conservation involves:

a) Creating zoos and botanical gardens

b) Breeding endangered species in captivity
c) Protecting species in their natural habitats
d) Collecting species for research purposes
8. What does the term "biodiversity hotspot" refer to?

a) A location where biodiversity is rapidly declining

b) A region that is home to many endangered species
c) A region with no human activity
d) An area with high biodiversity and threatened ecosystems
9. The concept of "sustainable development" refers to:

a) Maximizing economic growth while ignoring environmental concerns b)

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations’
ability to meet their own needs
c) Over-exploiting resources for maximum profit
d) Limiting population growth at any cost

10. Which organization is known for its efforts in global biodiversity

conservation?

a) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

b) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
c) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
d) All of the above
Laws for conservation of biodiversity
1. The primary objective of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in India is to:

a) Promote large-scale deforestation

b) Regulate the use of biological resources and associated
knowledge c) Facilitate the export of endangered species
d) Encourage the creation of protected areas

2. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted at the Earth

Summit in which year?

a) 1992
b) 1994
c) 1995
d) 2000
3. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in India provides protection to:

a) Only mammals
b) Only birds
c) Only reptiles
d) Wild animals, birds, and plants

4. The key focus of the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is to:

a) Ban all trade of wildlife

b) Regulate international trade of endangered species
c) Promote conservation of only plants
d) Enhance poaching for economic benefit
5. Which of the following is not a goal of the National Biodiversity Action Plan
(NBAP) of India?

a) Sustainable use of biodiversity

b) Preservation of traditional knowledge
c) Promoting genetic modification of plants
d) Conservation of threatened species

6. The term “Endangered Species” refers to species that are:

a) Considered extinct
b) At risk of extinction in the near future
c) Not threatened at all
d) Common and abundant in the wild

7. The National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India are primarily protected
under:

a) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980

b) The Environment Protection Act, 1986
c) The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
d) The Biological Diversity Act, 2002

8. What is the purpose of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 in India?

a) To promote urbanization
b) To prevent the conversion of forest land to non-forest
use c) To increase the production of forest-based products
d) To encourage deforestation for industrialization
9. Which of the following is an international agreement aimed at conserving
migratory species?

a) The Ramsar Convention

b) The Cartagena Protocol
c) The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
d) The Kyoto Protocol

10. The term "Biosphere Reserve" refers to an area that:

a) Does not allow human habitation

b) Conserves wildlife and promotes sustainable
development c) Is reserved for military purposes
d) Has no human activity allowed whatsoever