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ProblemSet1

The document is an assignment for the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Siddaganga Institute of Technology, focusing on various probability problems. It includes questions on defective items, pulse code modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, and communication systems, among others. The assignment aims to apply probability concepts to real-world scenarios in electronics and communication.

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6 views2 pages

ProblemSet1

The document is an assignment for the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Siddaganga Institute of Technology, focusing on various probability problems. It includes questions on defective items, pulse code modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, and communication systems, among others. The assignment aims to apply probability concepts to real-world scenarios in electronics and communication.

Uploaded by

nsdarshan1161
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Siddaganga Institute of Technology.

Tumkur
(An Autonomous institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Assignment 1 (S3EC05)

Unit 1: Probability

1. A box of 30 capacitors is known to contain five defective ones. If two capacitors are
selected at random without replacement, what is the probability that at least one of
these is defective?

2. In pulse code modulation (PCM), a PCM word consists of a sequence of binary digits
(bits) of 1s and 0s.
(a) Suppose the PCM word length is n bits long. How many distinct words are there?
(b) If each PCM word, three bits long, is equally likely to occur, what is the probability
of a word with exactly two 1s occurring? Solve this problem in two ways. First, consider
all words in a sample space. Second, suppose each bit is equally likely.

3. In pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), a PAM word consists of a sequence of pulses,


where each pulse may take on a given number of amplitude levels. Suppose a PAM word
is n pulses long and each pulse may take on m different levels.
(a) How many distinct PAM words are there?
(b) If each PAM word, four pulses long, is equally likely to occur and each pulse can
have one of three levels, {0, 1, 2}, what is the probability of a PAM word occurring with
exactly two pulses of level 2?

4. A shipment of 8 similar microcomputers to a retail outlet contains 3 that are defective. If a


school makes a random purchase of 2 of these computers, find the probability distribution
for the number of defectives.

5. Manufacturer X produces personal computers (PCs) at two different locations in the


world. Five percent of the PCs produced at location A are delivered defective to a retail
outlet, while Fifteen percent of the PCs produced at location B are delivered defective to
the same retail store. If the manufacturing plant at A produces 1,50,000 PCs per year
and the plant at B produces 1,00,000 PCs per year, find the probability of purchasing a
defective PC.

6. In a binary communication system a zero and a one is transmitted with probability 0.4
and 0.6 respectively. Due to error in the communication system a zero becomes a one
with a probability 0.1 and a one becomes a zero with a probability 0.08. Determine the
probability (i) of receiving a one and (ii) that a one was transmitted when the received
message is one.

7. A communication system sends binary data (0 or 1) which is then detected at the receiver.
The receiver occasionally makes mistakes and sometimes a 0 is sent and is detected as a
1 or a 1 can be sent and detected as a 0. Suppose the communication system is described
by the following set of conditional probabilities:

1
P r(R0 |T0 ) = 0.95, P r(R1 |T0 ) = 0.05,
P r(R0 |T1 ) = 0.10, P r(R1 |T1 ) = 0.90. (a)Assuming 0s and 1s are equally likely to be
transmitted (i.e.,P r(T0 ) = 1/2andP r(T1 ) = 1/2), find P r(R0 ) and P r(R1 ).
(b)Suppose a 0 is detected at the receiver. What is the probability that the transmitted
bit was actually a 1? Also, if a 1 was detected at the receiver, what is the probability
that the transmitted bit was actually a 0?
(c)What is the probability that the detected bit is not equal to the transmitted bit. This
is the overall probability of error of the receiver.

8. In an electronics laboratory, there are identically looking transistors of three makes T1 , T2


and T3 in the ratio 2:3:4. It is known that 1% of T1 ,1.5% T2 and 2% of T3 are defective.
What percentage of transisitors in the laboratory are defective? If a transistor picked at
random is found to be defective, what is the probability it is of make T3 ?

9. A manufacturing firm employs three analytical plans for the design and development
of a particular product. For cost reasons, all the three are used at varying times. In
fact plans 1,2 and 3 are used for 50%, 30%, and 20% of the products respectively. The
defect rate is different for 3 procedures as follows: P (D/P1 ) = 0.01, P (D/P2 ) = 0.03 and
P (D/P3 ) = 0.02. If a random product was observed and found to be defective, which
plan was most likely and thus responsible?

10. Imagine an audio amplifier contains six transistors. Harry has determined that two tran-
sistors are defective, but he does not know which two. Harry removes three transistors
at random and inspects them. Let X be the number of defective transistors that Harry
finds, where X may be 0, 1, or 2. Find the PMF for X.

11. A software manufacturer knows that one out of 10 software games that the company
markets will be a financial success. The manufacturer selects 10 new games to market.
What is the probability that exactly one game will be a financial success? What is the
probability that at least two games will be a success?

12. Suppose the arrival of telephone calls at a switch can be modeled with a Poisson PMF. hat
k −λt
is, if X is the number of calls that arrive in t minutes, then P r(X = k) = (λt)k!e , k = 0, 1
where l is the average arrival rate in calls/minute. Suppose that the average rate of calls
is 10 min. (a) What is the probability that fewer than three calls will be received in the
first 6 s?
(b) What is the probability that fewer than three calls will be received in the first 6 min?

13. A laboratory blood test is 95% effective in detecting Nipah virus, when it is present. The test
also gives a False positive result for 1% of helathy persons tested (i.e., If a healthy person is
tested, then with probability of 0.01%, the test test result will imply that the person is infected
with virus. ) If 0.5

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