Smart Farming Using IOT Technology

A
Mini Project Report submitted to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

In partial Fulfillment for the awards of Degree of Engineering in Computer

Engineering
Submitted by
Ms. Diksha Pande, Exam Seat No. S1902704275
Ms. Gauri Koshti, Exam Seat No. S1902704254
Ms. Arti Jadhav, Exam Seat No. S1902704240
Ms. Pooja Kangne, Exam Seat No. S1902704249
Under the Guidance of

Prof. Pravin M. Tambe

A.Y. 2024-25

Department of Computer Engineering

Sir Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology, Nashik
 Sir Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology, Nashik

Department of Computer Engineering

(2024-25)

Certificate

This is to certify that,

Diksha Pande, Exam seat no: S1902704275
Gauri koshti , Exam seat no: S1902704254
Arti Jadhav , Exam seat no: S1902704240
Pooja Kangne, Exam seat no: S1902704249

have successfully completed the Mini project entitled “Smart Farming Using IOT Technology”
under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Third Year of Engineering in Computer
Engineering under the Savitribai Phule Pune University during the academic year 2024-2025.

Date : ……………….
Place: ………………
Prof. Pravin M. Tambe Prof. Sharad M. Rokade
Project Guide HOD Of comp. dept.

Acknowledgement
With deep sense of gratitude we would like to thank all the people who have lit our path with their kind
guidance. We are very grateful to these intellectuals who did their best to help during our project work.
It is our proud privilege to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr.G. B. Shinde, Principal of Sir Visvesvaraya
Institute of Technology, Nashik, for his comments and kind permission to complete this project. We remain
indebted to Prof. Sharad M. Rokade, H.O.D. Computer Engineering Department for his timely suggestion and
valuable guidance.
The special gratitude goes to Prof. Pravin M. Tambe excellent and precious guidance in completion of this
work .We thanks to all the colleagues for their appreciable help for our working project. With various industry
owners or lab technicians to help, it has been our endeavor throughout our work to cover the entire project
work.
We are also thankful to our parents who provided their wishful support for our project completion
successfully .And lastly we thank our all friends and the people who are directly or indirectly related to our
project work.
Ms. Diksha Pande
Ms. Gauri Koshti
Ms. Arti Jadhav
Ms. Pooja Kangne
 Abstract
Here’s an abstract for your IoT-based agritech solution project:

The proposed IoT-based agritech solution aims to revolutionize traditional farming practices by integrating
advanced technologies for efficient resource management and enhanced productivity. The system employs
sensors to monitor critical parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH levels. Data
collected from these sensors is processed by microcontrollers and transmitted to a cloud platform via
communication modules like Wi-Fi or LoRa. The cloud platform facilitates real-time data storage, analysis, and
visualization, enabling predictive analytics and informed decision-making. Actuators, such as water pumps and
motors, automate irrigation and other farming activities based on sensor inputs. A user-friendly mobile or web
application provides farmers with remote monitoring and control capabilities, ensuring accessibility and ease
of use. This solution addresses challenges like water scarcity, inefficient resource utilization, and labor-
intensive practices, paving the way for sustainable and smart agriculture.
 Table Of Content

Table Number Table Name Page Number

Table iii.1 List of figure table 12

Table 2.1 Literature Review Table 8

 INDEX
Abstract
Table of Contents i
List of Abbreviations ii
List of Figures iii
List of Tables
1 Introduction 6
1.1 Overview
1.2 Aim/Motivation
1.3 Objective
1.4 Organization of Report
2 Literature Survey 9
3 Problem Statement 10
4. Methodology 12
4.1 Algorithm
4.2 Flowchart
5. Software Requirements Specification 15
5.1 Hardware Requirements
5.2 Software Requirements
6. System Design 17
6.1 Project Block Diagram
6.2 GUI of Working System
7. Conclusion and Future Scope 20
References 23

List of Abbreviations
1 PBS - phosphate buffered saline
2 FITC - fluorescein isothiocyanate
 List of Abbreviations

IoT - Internet of Things

GPS - Global Positioning System
RTOS - Real-Time Operating System
MQTT - Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
SSL/TLS - Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security
AI - Artificial Intelligence
ML - Machine Learning
LoRa - Long Range
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
pH - Potential of Hydrogen (used for soil analysis)
LED - Light Emitting Diode
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
SD - Secure Digital (for storage)
AWS - Amazon Web Services
API - Application Programming Interface
SQL - Structured Query Language
NoSQL - Not Only SQL
 List of Figures

Figure Number Figure Name Page Number

Fig 3.1 Problem statement

figure
13

Fig 4.2.1 Flowchart figure 15

Fig 5.2.1 Code image 19

Fig 6.1.1 Blockdiagram 21

Fig 6.2.1 Output 1 22

Fig 6.2.2 Output 2 22

iii.1
 Chapter 1
Introduction
Agritech solutions using IoT sensors represent a groundbreaking fusion of agriculture and modern technology,
designed to enhance productivity, optimize resource use, and support sustainable farming practices. Here's an
introduction to how this works:

What Are IoT Sensors in Agritech?

IoT (Internet of Things) sensors are devices that collect real-time data from the agricultural environment and
transmit it over the internet to connected systems for analysis and decision-making. These sensors can
measure various parameters like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, light intensity, and more.

How Are IoT Sensors Applied in Agriculture?

1. Precision Farming :
- Sensors collect data on soil health, moisture, and nutrients, enabling farmers to apply the right amount of
water, fertilizers, or pesticides exactly where needed. This reduces waste and boosts crop yield.

2. Smart Irrigation Systems :

- Sensors monitor soil moisture and weather conditions to automate irrigation. This ensures crops get just
the right amount of water, saving both water and energy.

3. Weather Monitoring :
- IoT sensors provide hyper-local weather data to help farmers plan activities like planting, harvesting, or
spraying pesticides.

4. Livestock Management :
- Wearable sensors on livestock can track their health, movement, and feeding patterns, alerting farmers to
potential issues early.

5. Supply Chain Optimization :

- IoT-enabled systems can monitor crop conditions during storage and transport, reducing losses and
ensuring better quality for consumers.
1.1 Overview :
The project "Agritech Solutions Using IoT Sensors" focuses on integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology
into agriculture to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. IoT sensors are deployed to monitor
various parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and crop health. This data is collected in
real-time and analyzed to provide actionable insights for farmers, enabling precision farming practices.
The project aims to address challenges like resource optimization, pest control, and yield prediction. By
leveraging IoT, farmers can make informed decisions, reduce waste, and improve overall agricultural
outcomes. It also contributes to environmental conservation by minimizing the use of water, fertilizers, and
pesticides.

1.2 Aim/Motivation :
The aim of the project "Agritech Solutions Using IoT Sensors" is to revolutionize the agricultural sector by
integrating modern IoT technology to improve farming practices. Its primary motives are:
1. Enhancing Productivity: Leveraging IoT sensors to provide precise, real-time data about soil, weather,
and crops, enabling farmers to optimize their efforts and maximize yields.
2. Resource Optimization: Reducing the overuse of water, fertilizers, and pesticides by monitoring the
exact needs of crops, thereby saving costs and promoting sustainable farming.
3. Environmental Conservation: Mitigating the environmental impact of traditional farming methods by
minimizing waste and promoting eco-friendly practices.
4. Decision-Making Support: Offering actionable insights through data analytics, which empower farmers
to make informed and efficient decisions.
5. Reducing Manual Effort: Automating key processes in farming to save time and labor, making
agriculture more accessible and manageable.
6. Addressing Global Food Security: Contributing to global food supply by improving the efficiency and
reliability of agricultural outputs.
1.3 Objective :
The objectives of the project "Agritech Solutions Using IoT Sensors" are focused on transforming
agriculture through innovation and technology. They include:
1. Implementing Precision Agriculture: Utilizing IoT sensors to gather data on soil conditions, weather,
and crop health to ensure precise farming practices.
2. Improving Resource Management: Reducing wastage of water, fertilizers, and pesticides by
monitoring and meeting crop-specific requirements efficiently.
3. Enhancing Crop Yield and Quality: Providing farmers with actionable insights to boost productivity and
ensure better-quality produce.
4. Promoting Sustainability: Encouraging eco-friendly agricultural practices by leveraging data-driven
decisions to minimize the environmental footprint.
5. Automating Agricultural Operations: Integrating IoT to streamline and simplify farming processes,
thereby reducing reliance on manual labor.
 Chapter 2
Literature Survey

Sr. No Authors Name of Topic Major finding

1 Dipti D. Desai . IoT-based Smart Agriculture The study highlights the use of IoT
Monitoring and Control Systems devices like Raspberry Pi and
sensors for automating irrigation
and monitoring soil moisture and
temperature

2 Abhilash Lad . Smart Agriculture Monitoring This research explores IoT's role in
and Control System Using IoT addressing challenges like water
management and crop dryness.

3 Sanskriti Sharma & Review of IoT in Agriculture: The paper discusses precision
Dr.Neelam Sharma . Enhancing Efficiency and farming and resource optimization
Sustainability using IoT technologies.

4 Ahmed Tawfiq Jamil. Systematic Literature Review on This study examines the integration
IoT Applications in Agriculture of IoT devices for real-time
monitoring of soil moisture and
temperature.
 Chapter 3
Problem Statement
● Enhancing Awareness and Adoption of Modern Farming Technologies To Improve Productivity

Fig.3.1
● IOT – Driven Solutions For Predicting Climate Change And Seasonal Variation In Agriculture

● Farmers lack access to real- time weather data and prediction analytic to adopt to changing climate
conditions . IOT sensors could address this gap by providing accurate and timely environmental data.

● The absence of automated tools to continuously monitor crop health can lead to delayed identification
of issues such as pests or diseases. IoT sensors could enable early detection and intervention.
 Chapter 4
Methodology

4.1 Algorithm :
1. Preparation:
o Import required libraries (requests, BeautifulSoup, Elasticsearch, nltk, etc.).
o Download the necessary NLTK tokenizer resource (punkt).
2. Initialize Elasticsearch:
o Set up a connection to the Elasticsearch instance running locally on http://localhost:9200.
3. Web Scraping Function:
o Define a function (scrape_website) to scrape text content from a specified website URL:
▪ Send an HTTP GET request to the URL.
▪ Parse the response HTML using BeautifulSoup.
▪ Extract and concatenate text from <p> tags (paragraphs).
▪ Return the extracted text. If an error occurs, return None.
4. Indexing Function:
o Define a function (index_website) to index the scraped content into Elasticsearch:
▪ Call the scrape_website function to get the text content of the URL.
▪ If content is found, create a document containing the URL and text content.
▪ Use Elasticsearch's index() method to store the document in the "webpages" index.
5. Flask Web API:
o Create a Flask application to provide a RESTful API for searching indexed content.
o Define an endpoint (/search) that accepts GET requests with a query parameter (q).
o Validate the query parameter; return an error if it's missing.
o Construct an Elasticsearch search body using the query parameter to perform a match query on
the content.
4.2 Flowchart : Fig. 4.2.1
START

Register
 Chapter 5
Software Requirements Specification
Login

5.1 Hardware Requirement :

1 Sensors: Add Response
● Soil moisture sensors
● Temperature and humidity sensors
● Light intensity sensors
● pH and nutrient sensors for soil analysis
Go To
2 Microcontrollers or Microprocessors: Search
Site
● Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or ESP32 for processing and controlling the system.
3 Communication Modules:
● Wi-Fi modules (e.g., ESP8266)
● GSM/GPRS modules for remote communication
Home
● LoRa or Zigbee modules for long-range communication
4 Power Supply:
● Solar panels for sustainable energy
● Batteries or power adapters
About
5 Actuators:
● Water pumps for irrigation
●
Service
Motors for automated systems like greenhouses or feeders

End
5.2 Software Requirement
1 Operating System:
● Linux-based systems for microcontrollers (e.g., Raspberry Pi OS).
● Real-time operating systems (RTOS) for embedded devices.
2 Programming Languages:
● Python, C/C++, or Java for device programming.
● JavaScript for web-based interfaces.
3 IoT Platforms:
● AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, or Microsoft Azure IoT for device management and data analytics.
4 Database Management:
● SQL databases like MySQL or PostgreSQL for structured data.
● NoSQL databases like MongoDB for unstructured data.
5 Communication Protocols:
● MQTT, HTTP/HTTPS, or CoAP for data transmission.
● LoRaWAN or Zigbee for long-range communication.
6 Data Analytics Tools:
● Machine learning frameworks like TensorFlow or PyTorch for predictive analytics.
● Visualization tools like Tableau or Power BI.
7 Mobile and Web Applications:
● Frameworks like React Native or Flutter for mobile apps.
● Angular or React for web applications.
8 Security Measures:
● Encryption protocols (e.g., SSL/TLS) for secure data transmission.
● Authentication mechanisms like OAuth
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Smart Farming Dashboard</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

</head>

<body>

<header>

<h1>Smart Farming Dashboard</h1>

</header>

<main>

<section class="sensor">

<h2>Temperature</h2>

<p id="temp">-- °C</p>

</section>

<section class="sensor">

<h2>Humidity</h2>

<p id="humidity">-- %</p>

</section>

<section class="sensor">

<h2>Soil Moisture</h2>

<p id="moisture">-- %</p>

</section>

</main>

<script>

// Simulating real-time data update from IoT sensors

setInterval(() => {

document.getElementById("temp").innerText = (20 + Math.random() * 10).toFixed(1) + " °C";

document.getElementById("humidity").innerText = (40 + Math.random() * 30).toFixed(1) + " %";

 document.getElementById("moisture").innerText = (30 + Math.random() * 20).toFixed(1) + " %";

}, 3000);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Code for CSS:-

body {

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

text-align: center;

background-color: #f4f4f4;

header {

background: #28a745;

color: white;

padding: 1rem;

main {

display: flex;

justify-content: center;

gap: 20px;

padding: 20px;

.sensor {

background: white;

padding: 15px;

border-radius: 5px;

box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);

width: 150px;

}
 Fig 5.2.1 code for website
Chapter 6
System Design
6.1 Block Diagram
1. Input Layer:
- Various Sensors (e.g., Soil moisture, Temperature, pH, Humidity).
2. Processing Layer:
- Microcontroller/Microprocessor (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP32).
- Includes Communication Module (e.g., Wi-Fi, GSM, LoRa).
3. Storage and Analysis Layer:
- Cloud Platform (e.g., AWS IoT, Azure IoT) or local server.
- Handles Data Storage and Analytics.
4. Output Layer:
- Actuators (e.g., Pumps, Motors for irrigation, Greenhouse systems).
- User commands and automation logic.
5. User Interaction Layer:
- Mobile/Web Applications for real-time monitoring and control.
Fig 6.1.1 blockdiagram
6.2 Working :

6.2.1 Output 1

6.2.2 Output 2
GUI WORKING OF SYSTEM :
1. Web Scraping :
Your function `scrape_website (url)`:
- Uses `requests` to fetch the webpage.
- Parses the HTML using `BeautifulSoup`.
- Extracts and compiles text from all `<p>` (paragraph) tags.
2. Indexing with Elasticsearch :
Your function index_website (url) :
- Calls `scrape_website (url)` to extract the content.
- Stores the URL and its text in Elasticsearch for fast searching.
3. Searching with Flask API :
- The Flask application provides an endpoint `/search`.
- A user queries with `q` (e.g., `http://localhost:5000/ search? q=example`).
- The query is matched against stored webpage content.
- The top results (URLs and snippets of content) are returned in JSON.

• This system can be quite useful in several ways:

1. Information Retrieval :
• Instead of manually searching websites, your tool enables users to query specific content and get
relevant results instantly. Imagine it as a personal search engine tailored to indexed web pages!
2. Research & Analysis :
• You can use this setup to analyze online content, gather insights, or track trends across different sites.
3. Automating Data Collection :
• Businesses, journalists, or researchers can automate information gathering, saving time by avoiding
repetitive manual searches.

4. Enhancing Search Functionality :

• Elasticsearch provides powerful full-text search capabilities, making it easier to find relevant content
without needing exact keywords.
 Chapter 7
Conclusion And Future Scope
7.1 Conclusion :
Working on the project "IoT-Driven Solution for Predicting Climate Change and Seasonal Variations in
Agriculture" has been a truly eye-opening and rewarding experience for our team. As a group of curious
learners Diksha Pande , Gauri Koshti , Arti Jadhav and Pooja Kangne we set out with the goal of exploring
how modern technology could support one of the oldest and most essential human practices: agriculture.
Throughout this journey, we discovered the real power of IoT in gathering real-time data, analyzing patterns,
and offering meaningful predictions that can help farmers make smarter, more sustainable decisions. From
monitoring temperature and humidity to anticipating seasonal shifts, every step of the project brought us
closer to understanding how technology can positively impact lives and livelihoods.
Beyond the technical skills we developed, this project also taught us the value of teamwork, research, and
problem-solving in the face of real-world challenges. It made us realize that even as students, we have the
potential to contribute to something bigger - a future where innovation supports sustainability.
This experience has inspired us to keep learning and keep building solutions that matter.
From the initial research phase to building the technical framework, preparing the workbook, and designing
the final presentation (PPT), each stage of the project allowed us to dive deeper into the intersection of
technology and environmental science. We utilized sensors and smart data collection to monitor critical
environmental parameters and built a system capable of offering valuable insights to support better
agricultural planning.
From the initial research phase to building the technical framework, preparing the workbook, and designing
the final presentation (PPT), each stage of the project allowed us to dive deeper into the intersection of
technology and environmental science. We utilized sensors and smart data collection to monitor critical
environmental parameters and built a system capable of offering valuable insights to support better
agricultural planning.
Creating detailed documentation and visual presentations helped us understand the importance of clear
communication in technical work, and strengthened our ability to explain complex ideas in a simple and
structured way.
Most importantly, this journey taught us that innovation isn't just about building smart systems it's about
building solutions that are meaningful, accessible, and rooted in real needs.
7.2 Future Scope :
1. Integration of Advanced Sensors

● New Sensor Types:

Future IoT sensor systems can integrate more advanced sensors like gas sensors (CO2, methane),
motion and proximity sensors, soil moisture sensors, light intensity sensors, biometric sensors (e.g.,
heart rate, temperature), and air quality sensors (e.g., particulate matter, NO2). This would allow the
system to monitor more diverse environments and offer more detailed insights.
● Multi-sensor Fusion:
By combining data from various types of sensors, a more holistic picture can be obtained, enhancing
decision-making. For example, combining temperature, humidity, and soil moisture sensors in
agriculture can help in precise irrigation management and crop growth predictions.

2. Edge Computing Integration

● Real-Time Data Processing:

Instead of relying entirely on cloud computing for processing data, future IoT sensor systems can
incorporate edge computing. This allows data to be processed locally on the sensors or nearby devices,
significantly reducing latency and improving the system's real-time response capabilities. This is
particularly useful for time-sensitive applications like industrial control, autonomous vehicles, and
emergency systems.
● Reduced Bandwidth and Power Consumption:
By processing data at the edge, only necessary or aggregated data needs to be sent to the cloud,
reducing bandwidth usage and improving energy efficiency, especially for battery-powered sensors.

3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

● Predictive Analytics:
With the help of machine learning (ML) algorithms, IoT sensor systems can predict future events or
conditions based on historical data. For example, in industrial applications, machine learning models
can predict equipment failures or maintenance needs, reducing downtime and operational costs.
● Anomaly Detection:
AI-powered systems can automatically detect anomalies in the data. For instance, in healthcare,
anomalies in sensor data from wearable devices can be flagged as potential signs of a medical
condition or emergency, allowing for proactive intervention.
● Optimization Algorithms:
Machine learning can be used to optimize the performance of IoT systems, such as adjusting sensor
frequencies or power-saving modes based on usage patterns or environmental conditions.

4. 5G and Advanced Communication Networks

High-Speed Communication:
As 5G networks become more widely available, they will enable ultra-fast communication,
•higher device density, and lower latency,
making IoT sensor systems more robust and capable of handling massive numbers of devices simultaneously.
This will be especially important for large-scale deployments in smart cities and autonomous systems.

•Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN):

IoT sensors can also benefit from technologies like LoRaWAN or NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT), which provide
long-range communication with low power consumption. These networks are ideal for large-area applications
such as smart agriculture, environmental monitoring, and asset tracking.

5. Enhanced Security and Privacy

• Data Encryption and Blockchain:
As IoT systems handle increasing volumes of sensitive data, security becomes a paramount concern.
Implementing end-to-end encryption and blockchain technology can ensure data integrity, privacy, and secure
communication between devices, reducing the risk of cyberattacks or data breaches.

• Authentication and Access Control:

Future IoT sensor systems will need robust authentication and access control mechanisms to prevent
unauthorized access, particularly in sensitive sectors like healthcare, finance, and industrial operations.

7. IoT for Smart Cities

• Smart Infrastructure:
IoT sensors can be used to monitor and manage urban infrastructure, such as traffic lights, street lights, waste
management, and water distribution systems, optimizing energy consumption and improving sustainability.

• Urban Air Quality Monitoring:

Future systems can focus on air quality sensors that monitor pollutants, particulate matter, and gases in urban
areas. These sensors could be linked to public health systems, sending alerts when pollution levels exceed safe
limits.

•Smart Waste Management:

Sensors embedded in waste bins can detect when they are full and optimize garbage collection routes, reducing
energy consumption and improving waste management efficiency in cities.

8. IoT in Healthcare
•Wearable Health Devices:
Future IoT sensor systems can expand into wearables, monitoring critical health parameters such as heart rate,
blood pressure, and blood oxygen levels. These sensors could provide continuous health monitoring and send
alerts to healthcare providers if abnormal readings are detected.

•Remote Patient Monitoring:

IoT sensors can be used in remote patient monitoring, allowing healthcare professionals to track the condition
of patients in real-time. This can be especially beneficial for elderly care, chronic disease management, and
post-operative recovery.
Smart Hospitals:
Sensors can help hospitals manage patient flow, monitor medical equipment, track medication usage, and
improve overall hospital efficiency.
 References

Here are some references you can consider for your IoT sensors project. These include academic papers,
books, and reputable websites that cover key topics such as IoT, sensors, data transmission, and their
applications.

Books:

1."Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach" by Arshdeep Badge and Vijay Madisetti

o A comprehensive guide on the IoT ecosystem, with details on sensor technologies, communication
protocols, and the applications of IoT systems.
o Link: Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach

2."Architecting the Internet of Things" by Dieter Uckelmann, Mark Harrison, Florian Michahelles
o This book discusses the architecture of IoT systems, including sensor integration, connectivity, and data
management.
o Link: Architecting the Internet of Things

3."Internet of Things: Principles and Paradigms" edited by Rajkumar Buyya, Amir Vahid Dastjerdi
o A collection of research and case studies that explore various IoT applications, including sensor
networks, data collection, and analysis.
o Link: Internet of Things: Principles and Paradigms