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Generalized Least Squares 1st Edition Takeaki Kariya
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Takeaki Kariya, Hiroshi Kurata
ISBN(s): 9780470866986, 0470866985
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.23 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
 Generalized
Least Squares

Generalized Least Squares Takeaki Kariya and Hiroshi Kurata

 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-86697-7 (PPC)
WILEY SERIES IN PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Established by WALTER A. SHEWHART and SAMUEL S. WILKS

Editors: David J. Balding, Peter Bloomfield, Noel A. C. Cressie,

Nicholas I. Fisher, Iain M. Johnstone, J. B. Kadane, Geert Molenberghs, Louise M. Ryan,
David W. Scott, Adrian F. M. Smith, Jozef L. Teugels;
Editors Emeriti: Vic Barnett, J. Stuart Hunter, David G. Kendall

A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
 Generalized
Least Squares

Takeaki Kariya
Kyoto University and Meiji University, Japan

Hiroshi Kurata
University of Tokyo, Japan
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kariya, Takeaki.
Generalized least squares / Takeaki Kariya, Hiroshi Kurata.
p. cm. – (Wiley series in probability and statistics)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-470-86697-7 (alk. paper)
1. Least squares. I. Kurata, Hiroshi, 1967-II. Title. III. Series.
QA275.K32 2004
511
.42—dc22
2004047963

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0-470-86697-7 (PPC)

Produced from LaTeX files supplied by the author and processed by Laserwords Private Limited,
Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
To my late GLS co-worker Yasuyuki Toyooka and to my wife Shizuko
—Takeaki Kariya

To Akiko, Tomoatsu and the memory of my fathers

—Hiroshi Kurata
Contents

Preface xi

1 Preliminaries 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Multivariate Normal and Wishart Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Elliptically Symmetric Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Group Invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2 Generalized Least Squares Estimators 25

2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 General Linear Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Generalized Least Squares Estimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Finiteness of Moments and Typical GLSEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5 Empirical Example: CO2 Emission Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.6 Empirical Example: Bond Price Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3 Nonlinear Versions of the Gauss–Markov Theorem 67

3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Generalized Least Squares Predictors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3 A Nonlinear Version of the Gauss–Markov Theorem
in Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4 A Nonlinear Version of the Gauss–Markov Theorem
in Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5 An Application to GLSEs with Iterated Residuals . . . . . . . . . 90
3.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4 SUR and Heteroscedastic Models 97

4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2 GLSEs with a Simple Covariance Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3 Upper Bound for the Covariance Matrix of a GLSE . . . . . . . . 108
4.4 Upper Bound Problem for the UZE in an SUR Model . . . . . . . 117
4.5 Upper Bound Problems for a GLSE in a Heteroscedastic Model . 126

vii
viii CONTENTS
4.6 Empirical Example: CO2 Emission Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

5 Serial Correlation Model 143

5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.2 Upper Bound for the Risk Matrix of a GLSE . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.3 Upper Bound Problem for a GLSE in the Anderson Model . . . . 153
5.4 Upper Bound Problem for a GLSE in a Two-equation
Heteroscedastic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.5 Empirical Example: Automobile Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6 Normal Approximation 171

6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.2 Uniform Bounds for Normal Approximations
to the Probability Density Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.3 Uniform Bounds for Normal Approximations
to the Cumulative Distribution Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7 Extension of Gauss–Markov Theorem 195

7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.2 An Equivalence Relation on S(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.3 A Maximal Extension of the Gauss–Markov Theorem . . . . . . . 203
7.4 Nonlinear Versions of the Gauss–Markov Theorem . . . . . . . . 208
7.5 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

8 Some Further Extensions 213

8.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.2 Concentration Inequalities for the Gauss–Markov Estimator . . . . 214
8.3 Efficiency of GLSEs under Elliptical Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.4 Degeneracy of the Distributions of GLSEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.5 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

9 Growth Curve Model and GLSEs 244

9.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
9.2 Condition for the Identical Equality between the GME
and the OLSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
9.3 GLSEs and Nonlinear Version of the Gauss–Markov Theorem . . 250
9.4 Analysis Based on a Canonical Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.5 Efficiency of GLSEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
9.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
CONTENTS ix
A Appendix 274
A.1 Asymptotic Equivalence of the Estimators of θ in the AR(1) Error
Model and Anderson Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Bibliography 281

Index 287
Preface

Regression analysis has been one of the most widely employed and most important
statistical methods in applications and has been continually made more sophisti-
cated from various points of view over the last four decades. Among a number of
branches of regression analysis, the method of generalized least squares estimation
based on the well-known Gauss–Markov theory has been a principal subject, and is
still playing an essential role in many theoretical and practical aspects of statistical
inference in a general linear regression model. A general linear regression model is
typically of a certain covariance structure for the error term, and the examples are
not only univariate linear regression models such as serial correlation models, het-
eroscedastic models and equi-correlated models but also multivariate models such
as seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models, multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) models, growth curve models, and so on.
When the problem of estimating the regression coefficients in such a model
is considered and when the covariance matrix of the error term is known, as an
efficient estimation procedure, we rely on the Gauss–Markov theorem that the
Gauss–Markov estimator (GME) is the best linear unbiased estimator. In practice,
however, the covariance matrix of the error term is usually unknown and hence the
GME is not feasible. In such cases, a generalized least squares estimator (GLSE),
which is defined as the GME with the unknown covariance matrix replaced by
an appropriate estimator, is widely used owing to its theoretical and practical
virtue.
This book attempts to provide a self-contained treatment of the unified theory of
the GLSEs with a focus on their finite sample properties. We have made the content
and exposition easy to understand for first-year graduate students in statistics,
mathematics, econometrics, biometrics and other related fields. One of the key
features of the book is a concise and mathematically rigorous description of the
material via the lower and upper bounds approach, which enables us to evaluate
the finite sample efficiency in a general manner.
In general, the efficiency of a GLSE is measured by relative magnitude of
its risk (or covariance) matrix to that of the GME. However, since the GLSE
is in general a nonlinear function of observations, it is often very difficult to
evaluate the risk matrix in an explicit form. Besides, even if it is derived, it is
often impractical to use such a result because of its complication. To overcome
this difficulty, our book adopts as a main tool the lower and upper bounds approach,

xi
xii PREFACE
which approaches the problem by deriving a sharp lower bound and an effective
upper bound for the risk matrix of a GLSE: for this purpose, we begin by showing
that the risk matrix of a GLSE is bounded below by the covariance matrix of the
GME (Nonlinear Version of the Gauss–Markov Theorem); on the basis of this result,
we also derive an effective upper bound for the risk matrix of a GLSE relative to
the covariance matrix of the GME (Upper Bound Problems). This approach has
several important advantages: the upper bound provides information on the finite
sample efficiency of a GLSE; it has a much simpler form than the risk matrix
itself and hence serves as a tractable efficiency measure; furthermore, in some
cases, we can obtain the optimal GLSE that has the minimum upper bound among
an appropriate class of GLSEs. This book systematically develops the theory with
various examples.
The book can be divided into three parts, corresponding respectively to Chap-
ters 1 and 2, Chapters 3 to 6, and Chapters 7 to 9. The first part (Chapters 1
and 2) provides the basics for general linear regression models and GLSEs. In
particular, we first give a fairly general definition of a GLSE, and establish its
fundamental properties including conditions for unbiasedness and finiteness of
second moments. The second part (Chapters 3–6), the main part of this book,
is devoted to the detailed description of the lower and upper bounds approach
stated above and its applications to serial correlation models, heteroscedastic mod-
els and SUR models. First, in Chapter 3, a nonlinear version of the Gauss–Markov
theorem is established under fairly mild conditions on the distribution of the
error term. Next, in Chapters 4 and 5, we derive several types of effective upper
bounds for the risk matrix of a GLSE. Further, in Chapter 6, a uniform bound
for the normal approximation to the distribution of a GLSE is obtained. The
last part (Chapters 7–9) provides further developments (including mathematical
extensions) of the results in the second part. Chapter 7 is devoted to making a
further extension of the Gauss–Markov theorem, which is a maximal extension
in a sense and leads to a further generalization of the nonlinear Gauss–Markov
theorem proved in Chapter 3. In the last two chapters, some complementary topics
are discussed. These include concentration inequalities, efficiency under elliptical
symmetry, degeneracy of the distribution of a GLSE, and estimation of growth
curves.
This book is not intended to be exhaustive, and there are many topics that are
not even mentioned. Instead, we have done our best to give a systematic and unified
presentation. We believe that reading this book leads to quite a solid understanding
of this attractive subject, and hope that it will stimulate further research on the
problems that remain.
The authors are indebted to many people who have helped us with this work.
Among others, I, Takeaki Kariya, am first of all grateful to Professor Morris
L. Eaton, who was my PhD thesis advisor and helped us get in touch with the
publishers. I am also grateful to my late coauthor Yasuyuki Toyooka with whom
PREFACE xiii
I published some important results contained in this book. Both of us are thankful
to Dr. Hiroshi Tsuda and Professor Yoshihiro Usami for providing some tables and
graphs and Ms Yuko Nakamura for arranging our writing procedure. We are also
grateful to John Wiley & Sons for support throughout this project. Kariya’s portion
of this work was partially supported by the COE fund of Institute of Economic
Research, Kyoto University.

Takeaki Kariya
Hiroshi Kurata
1

Preliminaries

1.1 Overview
This chapter deals with some basic notions that play indispensable roles in the
theory of generalized least squares estimation and should be discussed in this
preliminary chapter. Our selection here includes three basic notions: multivariate
normal distribution, elliptically symmetric distributions and group invariance. First,
in Section 1.2, some fundamental properties shared by the normal distributions are
described without proofs. A brief treatment of Wishart distributions is also given.
Next, in Section 1.3, we discuss the classes of spherically and elliptically sym-
metric distributions. These classes can be viewed as an extension of multivariate
normal distribution and include various heavier-tailed distributions such as mul-
tivariate t and Cauchy distributions as special elements. Section 1.4 provides a
minimum collection of notions on the theory of group invariance, which facilitates
our unified treatment of generalized least squares estimators (GLSEs). In fact, the
theory of spherically and elliptically symmetric distributions is principally based
on the notion of group invariance. Moreover, as will be seen in the main body of
this book, a GLSE itself possesses various group invariance properties.

1.2 Multivariate Normal and Wishart Distributions

This section provides without proofs some requisite distributional results on the
multivariate normal and Wishart distributions.

Multivariate normal distribution. For an n-dimensional random vector y, let

L(y) denote the distribution of y. Let
µ = (µ1 , . . . , µn )
∈ R n and
= (σij ) ∈ S(n),
Generalized Least Squares Takeaki Kariya and Hiroshi Kurata
 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-86697-7 (PPC)

1
2 PRELIMINARIES
where S(n) denotes the set of n × n positive definite matrices and a
the transpo-
sition of vector a or matrix a. We say that y is distributed as an n-dimensional
multivariate normal distribution Nn (µ,
), and express the relation as
L(y) = Nn (µ,
), (1.1)

if the probability density function (pdf) f (y) of y with respect to the Lebesgue
measure on R n is given by


1 1
−1
f (y) = exp − (y − µ)
(y − µ) (y ∈ R n ). (1.2)
(2π )n/2 |
|1/2 2
When L(y) = Nn (µ,
), the mean vector E(y) and the covariance matrix Cov(y)
are respectively given by
E(y) = µ and Cov(y) =
, (1.3)

where

Cov(y) = E{(y − µ)(y − µ)
}.

Hence, we often refer to Nn (µ,
) as the normal distribution with mean µ and
covariance matrix
.

Multivariate normality and linear transformations. Normality is preserved under

linear transformations, which is a prominent property of the multivariate normal
distribution. More precisely,

Proposition 1.1 Suppose that L(y) = Nn (µ,
). Let A be any m × n matrix such
that rank A = m and let b be any m × 1 vector. Then
L(Ay + b) = Nm (Aµ + b, A
A
). (1.4)

Thus, when L(y) = Nn (µ,
), all the marginal distributions of y are normal. In
particular, partition y as


y1
y= with yj : nj × 1 and n = n1 + n2 ,
y2
and let µ and
be correspondingly partitioned as



µ1
11
12
µ= and
= . (1.5)
µ2
21
22
Then it follows by setting A = (In1 , 0) : n1 × n in Proposition 1.1 that

L(y1 ) = Nn1 (µ1 ,
11 ).

Clearly, a similar argument yields L(y2 ) = Nn2 (µ2 ,
22 ). Note here that yj ’s are
not necessarily independent. In fact,
PRELIMINARIES 3
Proposition 1.2 If L(y) = Nn (µ,
), then the conditional distribution L(y1 |y2 ) of
y1 given y2 is given by
−1
L(y1 |y2 ) = Nn1 (µ1 +
12
22 (y2 − µ2 ),
11.2 ) (1.6)

with
−1

11.2 =
11 −
12
22
21 .

It is important to notice that there is a one-to-one correspondence between (
11 ,

−1

12 ,
22 ) and (
11.2 , ,
22 ) with  =
12
22 . The matrix  is often called
the linear regression coefficient of y1 on y2 .
As is well known, the condition
12 = 0 is equivalent to the independence
between y1 and y2 . In fact, if
12 = 0, then we can see from Proposition 1.2 that

L(y1 ) = L(y1 |y2 ) (= Nn1 (µ1 ,
11 )),

proving the independence between y1 and y2 . The converse is obvious.

Orthogonal transformations. Consider a class of normal distributions of the form

Nn (0, σ 2 In ) with σ 2 > 0, and suppose that the distribution of a random vector y
belongs to this class:

L(y) ∈ {Nn (0, σ 2 In ) | σ 2 > 0}. (1.7)

Let O(n) be the group of n × n orthogonal matrices (see Section 1.4). By using
Proposition 1.1, it is shown that the distribution of y remains the same under
orthogonal transformations as long as the condition (1.7) is satisfied. Namely, we
have
Proposition 1.3 If L(y) = Nn (0, σ 2 In ) (σ 2 > 0), then

L(y) = L(y) f or any  ∈ O(n). (1.8)

It is noted that the orthogonal transformation a → a is geometrically either the

rotation of a or the reflection of a in R n . A distribution that satisfies (1.8) will be
called a spherically symmetric distribution (see Section 1.3). Proposition 1.3 states
that {Nn (0, σ 2 In ) | σ 2 > 0} is a subclass of the class of spherically symmetric
distributions.
Let A denote the Euclidean norm of matrix A with

A2 = tr(A
A),

where tr(·) denotes the trace of a matrix ·. In particular,

a2 = a
a

for a vector a.
4 PRELIMINARIES

Proposition 1.4 Suppose that L(y) ∈ {Nn (0, σ 2 In ) | σ 2 > 0}, and let
x ≡ y and z ≡ y/y with y2 = y
y. (1.9)
Then the following three statements hold:
 
(1) L x 2 /σ 2 = χn2 , where χn2 denotes the χ 2 (chi-square) distribution with
degrees of freedom n;
(2) The vector z is distributed as the uniform distribution on the unit sphere U(n)
in R n , where
U(n) = {u ∈ R n | u = 1};

(3) The quantities x and z are independent.

To understand this proposition, several relevant definitions follow. A random vari-
able w is said to be distributed as χn2 , if a pdf of w is given by
1
w 2 −1 exp (−w/2) (w > 0),
n
f (w) = (1.10)
2n/2 (n/2)
where (a) is the Gamma function defined by
 ∞
(a) = t a−1 e−t dt (a > 0). (1.11)
0
A random vector z such that z ∈ U(n) is said to have a uniform distribution on
U(n) if the distribution L(z) of z satisfies
L(z) = L(z) for any  ∈ O(n). (1.12)
As will be seen in the next section, statements (2) and (3) of Proposition 1.4
remain valid as long as the distribution of y is spherically symmetric. That is, if y
satisfies L(y) = L(y) for all  ∈ O(n) and if P (y = 0) = 0, then z ≡ y/y is
distributed as the uniform distribution on the unit sphere U(n), and is independent
of x ≡ y.

Wishart distribution. Next, we introduce the Wishart distribution, which plays a

central role in estimation of the covariance matrix
of the multivariate normal
distribution Nn (µ,
). In this book, the Wishart distribution will appear in the
context of estimating a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model (see Example
2.4) and a growth curve model (see Chapter 9).
Suppose that p-dimensional random vectors y1 , . . . , yn are independently and
identically distributed as the normal distribution Np (0,
) with
∈ S(p). We call
the distribution of the matrix

n
W = yj yj

j =1
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K.C.M.G., F.R.G.S.

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We meet by accident in Venice and go to Trieste—Richard as a

"Celebrity at Home"—Articles by Alfred Bates Richards—Cicci—A wild
race—Opçina—Trieste life—And environs—Rome and the Tiber—
Vienna—The Imperial family—Fiume—Castellieri—Duino—Venice—
Good-bye to Charley Drake—Excursions—Proselytizing—Richard is
very ill—Charley Drake's death—Travelling for his health—The Nile on
the tapis again—My Arab girl goes home to be married—Gordon—
Winwood Reade's death—K.C.B.—Meeting Mr. Gladstone—Incidents
of London life—Excursions—More London life—Leave England.
 CHAPTER II.

INDIA.

Jeddah—Bazars of Jeddah—Experiences on a crowded pilgrim-ship—

Bombay—Sind—Travelling in Sind—Richard's remarks on changes in
Indian army—The Indian army—And Sind—The Muhárram—Richard's
old Persian moonshee—Mátherán—Karla Caves.

CHAPTER III.

THE DECCAN.

Hyderabad in the Deccan—Elephant riding—Ostrich race—Hospitality

—Eastern hospitality at Hyderabad—Golconda—The famous Koh-i-
noor—Regret at leaving the Deccan—Towers of Silence—Sects—The
Hindu Smáshán—The Pinjrapole—Bhendi Bazar—Máhábáleshwar—
Goa and West India—Life there—What to see—The Inquisition—
Xavier's death—The Inquisition perishes—Sea journey to Suez—After
a stay in Egypt, to Trieste.

CHAPTER IV.

A QUIET TIME AT TRIESTE.

Delightful Trieste life—Henri V. of France—Bertoldstein—Midian—

Akkas—Waiting and working—I go out to join him—Richard's
triumphant return—We go home—The British Association for Science
—Society and amusement.

CHAPTER V.
 SPIRITUALISM.

Spiritualism—A memorable meeting on the subject—Richard's lecture

—Some very amusing and instructive speeches—Interesting
discussions—And letters.

CHAPTER VI.

ON LEAVE IN LONDON.

A remarkable visit—On leave in London—We leave London—I get a

bad fall—The Austrian Scientific Congress—A ghost story—Excursions
—Richard sends me home to a bone-setter—Richard meets with foul
play—Camoens—A little anecdote about a Capuchin—The Passion
Play—Ober-Ammergau—Celebrating a Vice-Consul's jubilee—
Monfalcone—Richard's metal and colour.

CHAPTER VII.

ON SLAVERY.

Richard's three letters to Lord Granville—His application to be made

Slave-Commissioner—How to deal with the slave scandal in Egypt.

CHAPTER VIII.

TRIESTE LIFE AGAIN.

Duino—Our Squadron—Our Squadron leaves—We go to Veldes—We

part company—I am sent to Maríenbad—The Scientific Congress at
Venice—Life and incidents of Trieste—Gold in West Africa—Mining—
 African mines.

CHAPTER IX.

ANOTHER SHORT LEAVE TO LONDON.

London and back—The Great Trieste Exhibition—Émeute at Trieste—

We lose an old Vice-Consul—Lord Wolseley—Richard is sent to find
Palmer—Trieste life—Count Mattei's cure—Count Mattei—We get the
house we wanted—Scorpions—"Gup".

CHAPTER X.

MISCELLANEOUS TRAITS OF CHARACTER AND OPINIONS.

Miscellaneous traits of character and opinions—Descriptions from

other sources.

CHAPTER XI.

DECLINE IN OUR WELL-BEING.

Richard's first bad attack of gout—His leave of absence—We return

to Trieste—Streams of visitors—Richard's second attack of gout—
Gordon's death—Colonel Primrose's death—Leave to England
—"Arabian Nights"—London again—Richard's programme for Egypt—
He asks for Tangier—Parts with my father—Goes to Marocco—What
the world said—He waits for me at Tangier.

CHAPTER XII.
 RICHARD ON HOME RULE AND THE RELIGIOUS QUESTION.

Diet for Ireland—Another postscript—Treatment of Catholics and

loyalty—We winter in Marocco—Richard made a K.C.M.G.—A bad
hurricane at sea—I have another fall—Naples—The great Chinese
move—We get leave again to England—Oxford—His last appeal to
Government—What the world thought about it—Chow-chow—His
third bad attack of gout without danger.

CHAPTER XIII.

WE LEAVE ENGLAND.

Cannes and Society—The earthquakes—Riviera—Richard becomes an

invalid—His own account of it—Our journey with Dr. Leslie—Drains—
The Queen's Jubilee—Richard's speech—Ally Sloper—We think of a
caravan—He gets much better—We go for our summer trip—Some
of our Royalties come to Trieste—We lose Dr. Leslie, and Dr. Baker
comes to us.

CHAPTER XIV.

CHANGES.

Programme of our day—Abbazia—We return to Trieste—His notes on

his Swiss summer—Aigle—Our last visit to England—Richard leaves it
for ever—His advice about Suákin—Discussing about Ludlow—
Richard's remarks on Lausanne.

CHAPTER XV.

AT MONTREUX.
 M. Elisée Réclus—Our Swiss outing—Trieste again—Maria-Zell—
Austrian Lourdes—Semmering—Home again—Malta—Tunis—
Carthage—Constantine—Sétif—Bouira—Algiers—Hammam R'irha—
Things one would rather have left unsaid—Marseilles—Hyères—Nice
—Home—Our last trip—Switzerland—Davos-Platz—Ragatz—St.
Moritz—Maloja—We descend into Italy homewards.

CHAPTER XVI.

WE RETURN HOME FOR THE LAST TIME.

Our last happy day—The sword falls—He is called away—The sixty

hours between death and funeral—The funeral at Trieste—The
dreadful time that followed—Colonel Grant attacks Richard after his
death—I answer directly to the Graphic in two parts—My answer—
The beloved remains are removed to England—I leave Trieste and go
to Liverpool—I fall ill—The mausoleum tent complete—The funeral in
England at Mortlake—"It" confesses: too late.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE TWO CONTESTED POINTS BETWEEN A SMALL SECTION OF

ANTAGONISTS AND MYSELF.

My defence about the burnt MS.—To the Echo—And to the New

Review—Religion—I take my leave—Good-bye.

APPENDICES.

A.—List of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton's Works.

B.—Notes on "the Kasîdah."
C—Bhujang and the Cock-fight.
D.—Visit to the Village of Meer Ibrahim Khan Talpur, a Beloch Chief.
E.—POLITICS.
F.—Letters bearing on the Jeddah Massacre, and Cholera—His Warning to
the Government, which called down a Reprimand on him.

G.—Description of African Character—The Raw Material in 1856-59.

H.—Report after going to search for Palmer.
I.—Opinions of the Press and of Scholars on the "Arabian Nights."

Index.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Daneu's Inn, Opçina, in the Karso.
Akkas.
Sir Richard Burton, 1879.
By Madame Gutmansthal de Benvenuti, Trieste.
Stave of Music.
Sir Richard Burton in 1880.
House at Trieste, where Burton died.

A Corner of the Burtons' Drawing-room at Trieste.

Richard Burton in his Bedroom at Trieste.
The Burtons' Smoking Divan, Trieste.
The View from the Burtons' Bedroom and Study over the Sea at Trieste.
Arab Tents (Tunis).
The Mausoleum at Mortlake, where Sir Richard Burton is laid at rest.

Lady Burton.
 THE LIFE OF SIR RICHARD
BURTON.
CHAPTER I.
TRIESTE—HIS FOURTH AND LAST CONSULATE.

On the 24th of October, 1872, Richard left England for Trieste, to

pass, though we little thought it then, the last eighteen years of his
life. He was recommended to go to Trieste by sea, which always did
him so much good. He was to go on and look for a house, hire
servants, etc.; and I was to lay in the usual stock of everything a
Consul could want, and follow as soon as might be by land. We all
went down to Southampton to see him off, but, as the gale and fog
were awful, they were only able to steam out and anchor in the
Yarmouth Roads.[1]
On the 18th of November I went down to Folkestone to cross, en
route to Trieste, and ran through straight to Brussels, where I slept,
and next day got to Cologne.
Of course, I stopped and looked at the Cathedral, and went to
Johann M. Farina's (4, Jülichs Platz), and the Museum, top of
Cathedral, for view, stained glass, and all that; and then I sauntered
on to Bonn, Coblenz, Bingen, Castel, Mayence, until I got to
Frankfort. I enjoyed the Rhine very much, but my perception for
scenery had been a little blunted by the magnificence of South
America, and for antiquities by ancient Syria. I thought the finest
things in Frankfort were Dannecker's Ariadne, belonging to Mr.
Bethmann, a private collection of pictures; and Huss before the
Council of Constance, by Lessing; and another of four priests at the
throne of the Virgin, by Moretto; and I thought how pretty the place
must be in summer.
From here I went quietly on to Würzburg, and thence to Munich,
where I was enchanted with the Hôtel des Quatres Saisons. I
enjoyed the winding river, and the Forest of Spessart (the remnant
of the great primeval Hercynian Forest described by Cæsar and
Tacitus), the Spessart range of hills wooded to the top, the wild
country with a few villages. I thought the rail along the river-side
ascending amongst the wooded hills, crossing the stream of the
Laufach, very beautiful, and the entrance to Würzburg reminded me
of Damascus and its minarets. Here I called on the famous Dr.
Döllinger. I went to see Steigenwald's Bavarian glass, and the
porcelain with the Old Masters painted on it, ascended to the top of
the Cathedral tower to see the view, and went to every museum and
picture-gallery in the place, and thought, as most people do, I
imagine, that the City was very pretty, but the Art was very new.
I then went on quietly to Innsbrück. The scenery is magnificent
along the banks of the river Inn, through the Tyrolese mountains,
capped with snow, wooded, dotted with villages, and with cattle on
the mounds, and churches and chapels with delicate spires. I liked
the exhilarating air, and especially the valley of Zillerthal, and seeing
the fine Tyrolean peasants. The best thing to see at Innsbrück is the
Hof-Kirche, or Court Church. There are statues in bronze of all the
great Emperors of Austria, and one or two Empresses; they stand in
two lines down the church, all in armour and coats of mail. The
moment I went into the centre, between these imperial lines, I
singled out one of them, exclaiming, "There is a gentleman and a
knight, from the top of his head to the sole of his foot;" and I ran up
to see who he was. He was labelled, "King Arthur of England." All
that day we were crossing the Brenner Pass. The scenery is
splendid, with snowy peaks, wooded mountains, waterfalls, and
rivers (the Eisach and Adige), torrents and boulders, porphyry rocks,
villages, fortresses, convents and castles, churches and chapels with
slender red or green steeples. I arrived at Trent, where I found
nothing to stay for; so went on to Verona, Vicenza, Padua, and
Venice, and landed at the Hôtel Europa—which I had inhabited long
ago, in 1858, when I was a girl,—in time for table d'hôte. It was
fourteen years since I had seen Venice, and it was like a dream to
come back again. It was all to a hair as I left it, even, I believe, to
the artificial flowers on the table d'hôte table. It was just the same,
only less gay and brilliant—it had lost the Austrians and Henri V.'s
Court; and I was older, and all the friends I knew were dispersed.
We meet by My first action was to send telegram and letter to Trieste
accident in (which was only six hours away), to announce my
Venice and
arrival, then the next day to gondola all over Venice, and
go to Trieste.
to visit all old haunts. Towards late afternoon I thought
it would be only civil to call on my Consul, Sir William Perry. Lucky
that I did so. After greeting me kindly, he said something about
"Captain Burton." I said, "Oh, he is at Trieste; I am just going to join
him." "No; he has just left me." Seeing that he was rather old, and
seemed a little deaf and short-sighted, I thought he did not
understand, so I explained for the third time that "I was Mrs. Burton
(not Captain Burton), just arrived from London, on my way to join
my husband at Trieste." "I know all that," he said, rather
impatiently; "you had better come with me in my gondola. I am
going to the 'Morocco' now—the ship that will sail for Trieste." I said,
"Certainly;" and, very much puzzled, got into the gondola, chatted
gaily, and went on board. As soon as I got down into the saloon, lo,
and behold, there was my husband, quietly seated at the table,
writing. "Hallo!" he said, "what the devil are you doing here?" So I
said, "Ditto;" and we sat down and began to explain, Sir William
looking intensely amused.
I had thought when Richard left me on the 24th October, that he
had sailed straight for Trieste, and he thought I had also started by
land straight for Trieste; so we had gone on writing and telegraphing
to each other at Trieste, neither of us ever receiving anything, and
Mr. Brock, our dear old Vice-Consul, who had been there for about
forty years, thought what a funny couple he was going to have to
deal with, who kept writing and telegraphing to each other, evidently
knowing nothing of each other's movements. Stories never lose
anything in the recital, and consequently this one grew thusly: "That
the Burtons had been wandering separately all over Europe, amusing
themselves, without knowing where each other were; that they had
met quite by accident in the Piazza at Venice, shaking hands with
each other like a pair of brothers who had met but yesterday, and
then walked off to their hotel, sat down to their writing, as if nothing
was the matter."
The ship was detained for cargo and enabled us to stay several days
in Venice, amusing ourselves, and on the 6th of December, 1872, we
crossed over to Trieste in the Cunard s.s. Morocco, Captain
Ferguson, steaming out at 8 a.m., and getting to Trieste at 5.15 p.m.
There came on board Mr. Brock, our Vice-Consul, and Mr.
O'Callaghan, our Consular Chaplain. It was remarked "that Captain
and Mrs. Burton (the new Consul) took up their quarters at the Hôtel
de la Ville, he walking along with his game-cock under his arm, and
she with her bull-terrier," and it was thought that we must be very
funny. We dined at table d'hôte, and we did not like the place at all.
When Richard left England I had entrusted him with the care of two
boxes containing all my best clothes, and part of my jewellery,
wherewith to open my Trieste campaign. He contrived to lose them
on the road (value about £130), so when I arrived I had nothing to
wear. We wrote and complained, but the Peninsular and Oriental
would give us no redress; and when the boxes did arrive they were
empty, but had been so cleverly robbed that we had to get the
canvas covers off, before we perceived that they had been opened
by running the pin out of the hinges at the back. I never recovered
anything. The Peninsular laid the blame on Lloyd's, and Lloyd's on
the Peninsular, and Richard said, "Of course I believe them both."
We stayed for the first six months in the hotel. The chief Israelitish
family, our local Rothschilds, Chief Banker, and afterwards Director of
Austrian-Lloyd's, Baron Morpurgo, called upon us, and opened their
house to us; and this introduced us to all that was the best of
Trieste, and everybody called. This family have always deserved to
be placed on a pedestal for their princely hospitality, their enormous
charities, and their innate nobleness of nature. They made Trieste
what it was, and every one was glad to be asked to their house. We
made our debut at the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sassoon. She
was the belle of our little society; he was a British subject; and
Richard, being his Consul, had to be sort of "best man." It was very
interesting. I had not got used at that time to telegraphs, and when
I saw innumerable telegrams flying about at the breakfast, I
innocently asked if there was any great political crisis. They laughed,
and they said, "Oh no; we only telegraphed to Madame Froufrou, to
tell her how much Louise's dress was admired, and she telegraphs
back her pleasure at hearing it," and so forth. I think in those days
telegrams caused more surprise in England than they did abroad. I
shall never forget the rage of my family the first time I came home
from Trieste, who were thrown into violent palpitations at a telegram
from me, which was only to ask them to send me a big goose for
Michaelmas.
Richard as a As I said, we stayed the first six months at the hotel,
"Celebrity atand we disliked the place very much, until we got
Home."
thoroughly used to it; and, when we got used to it, I
cannot give a better description of our lives than to cut out from the
World the "Celebrity at Home, Captain R. F. Burton at Trieste," 1877,
with Alfred Bates Richards's comments on the same; and that was
the life we led from 1872 to 1882-83.

"CAPTAIN RICHARD F. BURTON AT TRIESTE.

"It is not given to every man to go to Trieste. The fact need not
cause universal regret, inasmuch as the chief Austrian port on
the Adriatic shares with Oriental towns the disagreeable
character of presenting a fair appearance from a distance, and
afflicting the traveller who has become for the time a denizen,
with a painful sense of disenchantment. Perhaps the first
glimpse of Trieste owes something to contrast, as it is obtained
after passing through a desolate stony wilderness called the
Karso. As the train glides from these inhospitable heights
towards Trieste, the head of the Adriatic presents a scene of
unrivalled beauty. On the one side rise high, rugged, wooded
mountains, on a ledge of which the rails are laid; on the other is
a deep precipice, at whose base rolls the blue sea, dotted with
lateen sails, painted in every shade of colour, and adorned with
figures of saints and other popular devices. The white town
staring out of the corner covers a considerable space, and
places its villa-outposts high up the neighbouring hills, covered
with verdure to the water's edge.
"Trieste is a polyglot settlement of Austrians, Italians, Slavs,
Jews, and Greeks, of whom the two latter monopolize the
commerce. It is a City dear and unhealthy to live in, over-
ventilated and ill-drained. It might advantageously be called the
City of Three Winds. One of these, the Bora, blows the people
almost into the sea with its fury, rising suddenly, like a cyclone,
and sweeping all before it; the second is named the Scirocco,
which blows the drainage back into the town; and the third is
the Contraste, formed by the two first-named winds blowing at
once against each other. Alternating atmospherically between
extremes of heat and cold, Trieste is, from a political point of
view, perpetually pushing the principles of independence to the
verge of disorder.
"Arrived at the railway station, there is no need to call a cab and
ask to be driven to the British Consul's, since, just opposite the
station and close to the sea, rises the tall block of building in
which the Consulate is situated. Somewhat puzzled to choose
between three entrances, the stranger proceeds to mount the
long series of steps lying beyond the particular portal to which
he is directed. There is a superstition, prevalent in the building
and in the neighbourhood, that there are but four stories,
including but one hundred and twenty steps. Whoso, after a
protracted climb, finally succeeds in reaching Captain Burton's
landing, will entertain considerable doubts as to the correctness
of the estimate. A German damsel opens the door, and inquires
whether the visitor wants to see the Gräfin or the Herr Consul.
"Captain and Mrs. Burton are well, if airily, lodged on a flat
composed of ten rooms, separated by a corridor adorned with a
picture of our Saviour, a statuette of St. Joseph with a lamp, and
a Madonna with another lamp burning before it.[2] Thus far the
belongings are all of the Cross; but no sooner are we landed in
the little drawing-rooms than signs of the Crescent appear.
Small but artistically arranged, the rooms, opening into one
another, are bright with Oriental hangings, with trays and dishes
of gold and silver, brass trays and goblets, chibouques with
great amber mouthpieces, and all kinds of Eastern treasures
mingled with family souvenirs. There is no carpet, but a Bedouin
rug occupies the middle of the floor, and vies in brilliancy of
colour with Persian enamels and bits of good old china. There
are no sofas, but plenty of divans covered with Damascus stuffs.
Thus far the interior is as Mussulman as the exterior is
Christian; but a curious effect is produced among the Oriental
mise en scène by the presence of a pianoforte and a compact
library of well-chosen books. There is, too, another library here,
greatly treasured by Mrs. Burton, to wit, a collection of her
husband's works in about fifty volumes. On the walls are many
interesting relics, models, and diplomas of honour, one of which
is especially prized by Captain Burton. It is the brevet de pointe
earned in France for swordsmanship. Near this hangs a picture
of the Damascus home of the Burtons, by Frederick Leighton.
"As the guest is inspecting this bright bit of colour, he will be
roused by the full strident tones of a voice skilled in many
languages, but never so full and hearty as when bidding a friend
welcome. The speaker, Richard Burton, is a living proof that
intense work, mental and physical, sojourn in torrid and frozen
climes, danger from dagger and from pestilence, 'age' a person
of good sound constitution far less than may be supposed. A
Hertfordshire man, a soldier and the son of a soldier, of mingled
Scotch, Irish, and French descent, his iron frame shows in its
twelfth lustre no sign of decay. Arme blanche and more
insidious fever have neither dimmed his eye nor wasted his
sinews.
"Standing about five feet eleven, his broad deep chest and
square shoulders reduce his apparent height very considerably,
and the illusion is intensified by hands and feet of Oriental
smallness. The Eastern, and indeed distinctly Arab, look of the
man is made more pronounced by prominent cheek-bones
(across one of which is the scar of a sabre-cut), by closely
cropped black hair just tinged with grey, and a pair of piercing
black, gipsy-looking eyes. A short straight nose, a determined
mouth partly hidden by a black moustache, and a deeply
bronzed complexion, complete the remarkable physiognomy so
wonderfully rendered on canvas by Leighton only a couple of
seasons ago. It is not to be wondered at that this stern Arab
face, and a tongue marvellously rich in Oriental idiom and
Mohammedan lore, should have deceived the doctors learned in
the Korán, among whom Richard Burton risked his life during
that memorable pilgrimage to Mecca and Medinah, on which the
slightest gesture or accent betraying the Frank would have
unsheathed a hundred khanjars.
"This celebrated journey, the result of an adventurous spirit
worthy of a descendant of Rob Roy Macgregor, has never been
surpassed in audacity or in perfect execution, and would suffice
to immortalize its hero if he had not, in addition, explored Harar
and Somali-land, organized a body of irregular cavalry in the
Crimea, pushed (accompanied by Speke) into Eastern Africa
from Zanzibar, visited the Mormons, explored the Cameroon
Mountains, visited the King of Dahomey, traversed the interior
of Brazil, made a voyage to Iceland, and last but not least,
discovered and described the Land of Midian.
"Leading the way from the drawing-rooms or divans, he takes
us through bedrooms and dressing-rooms, furnished in Spartan
simplicity with little iron bedsteads covered with bearskins, and
supplied with reading-tables and lamps, beside which repose
the Bible, the Shakespeare, the Euclid and the Breviary, which
go with Captain and Mrs. Burton on all their wanderings. His
gifted wife, one of the Arundells of Wardour, is, as becomes a
scion of an ancient Anglo-Saxon and Norman Catholic house,
strongly attached to the Church of Rome; but religious opinion
is never allowed to disturb the peace of the Burton household,
the head of which is laughingly accused of Mohammedanism by
his friends. The little rooms are completely lined with rough deal
shelves, containing, perhaps, eight thousand or more volumes
in every Western language, as well as in Arabic, Persian, and
Hindustani. Every odd corner is piled with weapons, guns,
pistols, boar-spears, swords of every shape and make, foils and
masks, chronometers, barometers, and all kinds of scientific
instruments. One cupboard is full of medicines necessary for
Oriental expeditions or for Mrs. Burton's Trieste poor, and on it
is written, 'The Pharmacy.' Idols are not wanting, for elephant-
nosed Gunpati is there cheek by jowl with Vishnu.
"The most remarkable objects in the rooms just alluded to are
the rough deal tables, which occupy most of the floor-space.
They are almost like kitchen or ironing tables. There may be
eleven of them, each covered with writing materials. At one of
them sits Mrs. Burton, in morning négligé, a grey choga—the
long loose Indian dressing-gown of soft camel's hair—topped by
a smoking-cap of the same material. She rises and greets her
husband's old friend with the cheeriest voice in the world. 'I see
you are looking at our tables. Every one does. Dick likes a
separate table for every book, and when he is tired of one he
goes to another. There are no tables of any size in Trieste, so I
had these made as soon as I came. They are so nice. We may
upset the ink-bottle as often as we like without anybody being
put out of the way. These three little rooms are our "den,"
where we live, work, and receive our intimes, and we leave the
doors open that we may consult over our work. Look at our
view!' From the windows, looking landward, one may see an
expanse of country extending for thirty or forty miles, the hills
covered with foliage, through which peep trim villas, and
beyond the hills higher mountains dotted with villages, a bit of
the wild Karso peering from above. On the other side lies spread
the Adriatic, with Miramar, poor Maximilian's home and hobby,
lying on a rock projecting into the blue water, and on the
opposite coast are the Carnian Alps capped with snow.
"'Why we live so high up,' explains Captain Burton, 'is easily
explained. To begin with, we are in good condition, and run up
and down the stairs like squirrels. We live on the fourth story
because there is no fifth. If I had a campagna and gardens and
servants, horses and carriages, I should feel tied, weighted
down, in fact. With a flat, and two or three maidservants, one
has only to lock the door and go. It feels like "light marching
order," as if we were always ready for an expedition; and it is a
comfortable place to come back to. Look at our land-and-sea-
scape: we have air, light, and tranquillity; no dust, no noise, no
street smells. Here my wife receives something like seventy very
intimate friends every Friday—an exercise of hospitality to which
I have no objection, save one, and that is met by the height we
live at. There is in every town a lot of old women of both sexes,
who sit for hours talking about the weather and the cancans of
the place, and this contingent cannot face the stairs.'
"In spite of all this, and perhaps because of it—for the famous
Oriental traveller, whose quarter of a hundred languages are
hardly needed for the entry of cargoes at a third-rate seaport,
seems to protest too much—one is impelled to ask what
anybody can find to do at Trieste, an inquiry simply answered
by a 'Stay and see,' with a slap on the shoulder to enforce the
invitation. The ménage Burton is conducted on the early-rising
principle. About four or five o'clock our hosts are astir, and
already in their 'den,' drinking tea made over a spirit-lamp, and
eating bread and fruit, reading and studying languages. By noon
the morning's work is got over, including the consumption of a
cup of soup, the ablution without which no true believer is
happy, and the obligations of Frankish toilette. Then comes a
stroll to the fencing-school, kept by an excellent
broadswordsman, an old German trooper. For an hour Captain
and Mrs. Burton fence in the school, if the weather be cold; if it
is warm, they make for the water, and often swim for a couple
of hours.
"Then comes a spell of work at the Consulate. 'I have my
Consulate,' the Chief explains, 'in the heart of the town. I don't
want my Jack-tar in my sanctum; and when he wants me, he
has usually been on the spree and got into trouble.' While the
husband is engaged in his official duties, the wife is abroad
promoting a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, a
necessary institution in Southern countries, where—on the
purely gratuitous hypothesis that the so-called lower animals
have no souls—the uttermost brutality is shown in the treatment
of them. 'You see,' remarks our host, 'that my wife and I are like
an elder and younger brother living en garçon. We divide the
work. I take all the hard and scientific part, and make her do all
the rest. When we have worked all day, and said all we have to
say to each other, we want relaxation. To that end we have
formed a little "Mess," with fifteen friends at the table d'hôte of
the Hôtel de la Ville, where we get a good dinner and a pint of
the country wine made on the hillside for a florin and a half. By
this plan we escape the bore of housekeeping, and are relieved
from the curse of domesticity, which we both hate. At dinner we
hear the news, if any, take our coffee, cigarettes, and kirsch
outside the hotel, then go homewards to read ourselves to
sleep; and to-morrow da capo.'
"To the remark that this existence, unless varied by journeys to
Midian and elsewhere, would be apt to kindle desires for fresher
woods and newer pastures, Captain Burton replies, 'The
existence you deprecate is varied by excursions. We know every
stick and stone for a hundred miles round, and all the pre-
historic remains of the country-side. Our Austrian Governor-
General, Baron Pino de Friedenthal, is a first-rate man, and
often gives us a cruise in the Government yacht. It is, as you
say, an odd place for me to be in; but recollect, it is not every
place that would suit me' (1877).

"The man, who, with his wife, has made this pied à terre in
Trieste is a man unlike anybody else—a very extraordinary man,
who has toiled every hour and minute for forty-four and a half
years, distinguishing himself in every possible way. He has done
more than any other six men in her Majesty's dominions, and is
one of the best, noblest, and truest that breathes.
"While not on active service or on sick leave, he has been
serving his country, humanity, science, and civilization in other
ways, by opening up lands hitherto unknown, and trying to do
good wherever he went. He was the pioneer for all other living
African travellers. He first attempted to open up the Sources of
the Nile. He 'opened the oyster for the rest to take the pearl'—
his Lake Tanganyika is the head basin of the Nile.
"He has made several great expeditions under the Royal
Geographical Society and the Foreign Office, most of them at
the risk of his life. His languages, knowledge, and experience
upon every subject, or any single act of his life, of which he has
concentrated so many into forty-four and a half years, would
have raised any other man to the top of the ladder of honour
and fortune.
"We may sum up his career by their principal heads.
"Nineteen years in the Bombay Army, the first ten in active
service, principally in the Sindh Survey on Sir Charles Napier's
staff. In the Crimea, Chief of the Staff to General Beatson, and
the chief organizer of the Irregular Cavalry.
"Several remarkable and dangerous expeditions in unknown
lands. He is the discoverer and opener of the Lake Regions of
Central Africa, and perhaps the Senior Explorer of England.
"He has been nearly twenty-six years in the Consular service in
the four quarters of the globe (always in bad climates—Africa,
Asia, South America, and Europe), doing good service
everywhere. It would be impossible to enumerate all that
Captain Burton has done in the last forty-four years; but we
cannot pass over his knowledge of twenty-nine languages,
European and Oriental—not counting dialects—and now that
Mezzofante is dead, we may call him the Senior Linguist. Nor
can we omit the fact that he has written about fifty standard
works, a list of which will appear at the end of this Memoir. (See
Appendix A.)
"He is a man incapable of an untruth or of truckling to what
finds favour. His wife tells us in her 'Inner Life of Syria' that
'humbug stands abashed before him,' that he lives sixty years
before his time, and that, 'born of Low Church and bigoted
parents, as soon as he could reason he began to cast off
prejudice and follow a natural law.' Grace aiding the reason of
man—upright, honourable, manly, and gentlemanly, but
professing no direct form of belief, except in one Almighty
Being, God—the belief that says, 'I do that because it is right—
not for hell nor heaven, nor for religion, but because it is right—
a natural law of Divine grace, which such men unconsciously
ignore as Divine intelligence: yet such it is.'
"Perhaps this is the secret of our finding so distinguished a
soldier, Government envoy, Foreign Office commissioner, author,
linguist, benefactor to science, explorer, discoverer, and
organizer of benefits to his country and mankind at large,
standing before the world on a pedestal as a plain unadorned
hero, sitting by his distant fireside in a strange land, bearing
England's neglect, and seeing men who have not done a tithe of
his service reaping the credit and reward of his deeds—nay, of
the very ideas and words that he has spoken and written. For
years he has thought, studied, and written, and in all the four
quarters of the globe has been a credit to his country. For years
he has braved hunger, thirst, heat, and cold, wild beasts, savage
tribes; has fought and suffered, carrying his life in his hand, for
England's honour and credit, and his country's praise and
approbation, and done it nobly and successfully. But, like many
of the greatest heroes that have ever lived, his country will deny
him the meed of success whilst he lives, and erect marble
statues and write odes to his memory when he can no longer
see and hear them—when God, who knows all, will be his
reward."

Articles by "Burton's lamented college friend, Alfred Bates

Alfred Bates Richards, the author of this biography, also wrote
Richards.
two leading articles expressing his opinions in the
following outspoken and manly words, and, if I quote them
here, it is not by way of advertising any claim Burton may have,
or of intoning any grumble against any Government, for to the
best of my belief the Burtons have taken up a line of their own.
I quote them merely to show the estimation in which I believe
him to be held by the whole Press of England, since every
article is more or less written in the same tone, with scarcely a
dissentient pen, and I have selected these as two of the best
specimens:—
"'The best men in this world, in point of those qualities which
are of service to mankind, are seldom gifted with powers of self-
assertion in regard to personal claims, rewards, and
emoluments. Pioneers, originators, and inventors are frequently
shunted and pushed aside by those who manage, by means of
arts and subtleties (utterly unknown to men of true genius and
greatness of character), to reap benefits and honours to which
they are not in the slightest degree entitled. Sometimes a
reaction sets in and the truth is discovered—when it is too late.
There is no country which neglects real merit so frequently and
so absolutely as England—none which so liberally bestows its
bounties upon second and third rate men, and sometimes
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