Timer
Timer
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
COM1A1 COM1A0 COM1B1 COM1B0 FOC1A FOC1B WGM11 WGM10
Specify Waveform Generation Mode used with
WGM13, WGM12
WGM13 ... WGM10 = 0000 for normal mode.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
ICNC1 ICES1 - WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
OCIE2 TOIE2 TICIE1 OCIE1A OCIE1B TOIE1 OCIE0 TOIE0
For Timer 0
For Timer 2
Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
OCF2 TOV2 ICF1 OCF1A OCF1B TOV1 OCF0 TOV0
For Timer 0
For Timer 2
▪ This register has flags that indicate when a timer interrupt occurs
▪ It is not often used in ATmega16 programs
Example: Creating an accurate delay
Write a C program for ATmega16 to toggle PORTB every 2 seconds. It should use Timer 1
overflow interrupt to create delays of 2 seconds each.
▪ Analysis
❑ Internal system clock: 1MHz
❑ With no pre-scaler, Timer 1 increments every 1 μs
❑ Timer 1 is 16-bit counter, so it will overflow every 216 μs
❑ For a 2s delay, we need Timer 1 to overflow for 2s/216 μs = ~31 times
▪ Implementation
❑ Write code to enable Timer 1 overflow interrupt
❑ Use ISR to count the number of overflows
❑ When the number of overflows is 31, invert port B
Example: Creating an accurate delay
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h> 1
volatile int overflow_count; // declare a global variable
ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect) { // ISR for Timer1 overflow interrupt
overflow_count++; // increment overflow count
if (overflow_count >= 31) { // when 2s has passed
overflow_count = 0; // start new count 2
PORTB = ~PORTB; // invert port B
}
}
int main(void) {
DDRB = 0xFF; // set port B for output
PORTB = 0x00; // initial value of PORTB
overflow_count = 0; // initialize overflow count
TCNT1 = 0x00; // initial value of counter register
TCCR1A = 0b00000000; // normal mode 4
TCCR1B = 0b00000001; // no pre-scaler, internal clock
TIMSK = 0b00000100; // enable Timer 1 overflow interrupt 3
sei(); // enable interrupt subsystem globally 5
while (1){;} // infinite loop
return 0;
}