Change and development in rural society

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. “India’s economic development is dependent on agricultural development.” Explain.

Ans. India is a country of villages. It has more than 6 lakh villages. The main economic activity of the
people is agriculture. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the villages. More than 100
crore people get their livelihood from agriculture. So we can say that India’s economic development
basically depends on agricultural development.

2. What is meant by land reform?

Ans. Any improvement in the related institutions and agricultural organization in the land system is
called land reform. It is clear from the concept of land reform that land reform should not be limited to
redistribution of land, but should also include measures to improve agriculture.

3. State the objectives of land reforms in India.

Years, (i) Establishment of egalitarian agrarian relations.

(ii) To end exploitation in land relations.

(iii) To make land available to the tenants.

(iv) Promotion of land-holding rights of the poor people of the village.

(v) To increase agricultural production.

(vi) To diversify the agricultural economy.

(vii) Elimination of middlemen from the agriculture sector.

4. What is meant by Zamindari system?

Ans. Lord Cornwallis started the Zamindari system in India. The officers who collected land revenue were
elevated to the status of landowners or zamindars. This landlord government used to collect fixed land
revenue and exploited the farmers. They used to collect more rent, but did not do any work for land
reform.

5. What do you understand by Mahalwadi system?

Ans. In this the village community had joint ownership of the land and all the members of the villageThe
members were jointly liable to pay the rent.

6. What is meant by Ryotwari system?

Ans. Lord William Bentinck introduced the Ryotwari system. In this the ryots were landholders or
cultivators. He had a direct relation with the British Government. The first Ryotwari settlement was
implemented in Madras in 1792. In this, the ryots had to pay fixed rent or rent in proportion to the land
directly to the government.

7. Mention the land reform programs after independence ।

Years.

(i) Abolition of Vidhilis by ending Zamindari system.

(ii) Tenancy reforms which included regular wages, tenancy security, right of tenants to buy land etc.

(iii) To determine the ceiling of agricultural land. (iv) Consolidation of holdings.

(v) Updation and modernization of land records.

8. What is meant by Green Revolution?

Ans. In general, Green Revolution refers to all-around development by revolutionary policies in the
agriculture business and its ultimate goal is the maximum production of agricultural crops. The Green
Revolution is an impact movement in agriculture to produce more and better produce.

9. Mention the elements of Green Revolution.

Years, (i) Use of high yielding seeds. Use of CDE manure.

(iii) Use of modern equipment and plants in agriculture.

(iv) Use of pesticides.

(v) Irrigation system.

(vi) Determination of agricultural price and agricultural credit system.

10. What are the results of Green Revolution?

Ans. Today the Green Revolution is not just a food movement but a revolution of rural, economic and
social upliftment. from green revolution

(i) The economic condition of the farmers has improved.

(ii) Many farmers have risen above the poverty line.

(iii) Employment has increased.

(iv) There has been a difference in the economic condition of Pani and Nirvana farmers.

(v) A new class of capitalist farmers has emerged.

(vi) There has been an increase in the production of wheat and rice.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What are the objectives of land reforms in India?

Ans. Following are the general objectives of land reforms-

1. Social and Economic Equality- There has always been a sense of social justice and economic equality
behind the land reform. It is also necessary to end discrimination and poverty.Therefore, the aim of land
reform is to bring equality and social justice and to remove poverty.

2. End of intermediaries- Most of the countries of the world gained independence after the Second
World War. During the colonial period the ownership of landed property was in the hands of a select
few who were owned by foreigners. The Zamindari system in India was a product of the British rule.

3. The spirit of democracy has also been working behind the land reform program for the establishment
of democracy. The goal of freedom and justice can be achieved only in a democratic society. Poor and
deprived citizens can express their grievances through democracy. In such a situation, an environment is
created for improvement.

4. Increase in the productivity of land- By adopting effective measures of land reform, the development
of agricultural sector can be done by increasing the productivity of the land.

2. What was the objective behind land consolidation?

Ans. The problem of land becoming small and scattered is called the problem of land subdivision and
fragmentation. When small pieces of land are divided among the heirs in the battle of population
growth, then the caste of land becomes economic.

A large part of the land goes waste in making bunds and drains etc. Individual farms could not be taken
care of. Crops are spoiled by animals. It is not easy to supply water to every field * There are litigations
among the farmers on small matters. It is difficult to adopt modern methods of agriculture on small
farms. Modern technology of small farmer agriculture should also be used

Division of land into small pieces has been an important obstacle in agricultural development. Most of
the farms are not only small but also spread far and wide. Therefore, consolidation laws have been
made in all the states so that a farmer can collect different pieces of land at one or two places and use
them properly.

In areas where better irrigation facilities are available, production has increased due to consolidation.
The facility of crops has increased and there has been success in making the farm economic.

3. How did politics affect the land reform programs in India?

Ans. Political environment and nationalists behind land reform programs in IndiaIdeology has played a
big role. Due to the development of the feeling of nationalism, such situationsConstruction took place in
which it became imperative for the government to undertake land reform measures.

During the freedom struggle, the poverty of the people and the excessive exploitation of the farmers by
the landlords and usurers attracted the attention of the political leaders. In the Congress session in
1936, Pandit Nehru raised the issue of removal of middlemen between the farmer and the state and
then cooperative or collective farming.

In 1936, the All India Kisan Sabha raised demands for abolition of zamindari, encroachment rights of
ryots, redistribution of fallow land among landless labourers, etc. Kisan Sabha movement under the
leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Bardoli Satyagraha of 1981 and Bengal

The Partition movement gave rise to conflicts between the peasants and the land owners all over the
country.The government was forced to plan for redressal of farmers’ grievances and freedomAfter that
land reform programs were started.

4. What were the initial objectives of land reforms in India after independence?

Ans. Immediately after independence, the government made a strategy to start the land reform
program through land law. In this regard, laws were made by the Legislative Assemblies in different
states of the country. The initial objectives of land reforms in India were based on the following

1. Removal of all the elements of exploitation and social injustice prevalent in the agricultural system so
that all sections of the society can get opportunities for progress.

2. Removal of existing constraints in agricultural structure so as to increase production. Therefore,

modernization of agriculture and reduction of disparities prevailing in the agricultural economyLand
reform programs were started with this in view. To achieve these objectives the followingWork done

1. Eradication of all forms of intermediary conflicts between the state and the land grabbers.

2. To provide ownership rights to the farmers on the land cultivated by them.

3. To determine the maximum holding of the fields.Doing.

4. Consolidation of holdings with a view to facilitate the use of modern techniques in agriculture

5. Rationalization of land records.

5. What is meant by Zamindari System? How was it responsible for the exploitation of the farmers?

Ans. The British rulers introduced three types of land revenue to get the maximumStarted land
settlement

1. Zamindari 2. Rewari 3. Mahalwari

Under the zamindari system, property rights over land were given to local revenue collectors, called
zamindars, who were usually members of the upper castes. This new settlement made the real farmers
ryots. Structural changes in the land system created intermediaries between the state and the tillers of
the land.

These intermediaries had no interest in land management and reforms. The zamindars had to pay a
certain amount of revenue to the government, but there was no limit to the collection from the farmers.
Various taxes were collected from them from time to time. This system was unjust and it involved
economic exploitation.

and social oppression were both present. The abolition of Vichilis became the first goal of land reform in
the early years of independence. The zamindari system was abolished by making laws in all parts of the
country. Now the cultivators were linked directly with the state. Grant permanent rights to the land to
the cultivators

Done.

6. What is meant by tenancy reforms in agriculture?

Ans. The basic objective of fixing the ceiling of agricultural holding is to achieve a certain limit.More land
was to be distributed from existing land owners to the landless. ThisRedistribution is based on the
principle of socio-economic justice. The inequality of land ownership is found to be very high in India.

At the time of independence, one-fourth of the rural households did not own any land while the
landowners owned thousands of acres of land. In order to remove this imbalance, the agricultural land
was fixed as holdings. All states passed laws governing the size of individual or family-owned farms.

It was forbidden to keep more land than the prescribed limit. The state government acquired the extra
land obtained from demarcation and distributed it to the weaker sections of the society.

There is variation in different states in determining the maximum limit of land. The prescribed limit is
very high in most of the states. The ceiling of land was fixed on the basis of quality of land and on the
basis of irrigated land and rain fed land.

The extra land obtained from the demarcation was distributed among the landless. So far 64.84 lakh
acres of land has been acquired, out of which 52.99 lakh acres have been distributed to 55.10 lakh
people, in which 36 percent are scheduled caste people and 15 percent are scheduled tribe people.

7. What do you understand by consolidation of holdings? How is consolidation beneficial in increasing

the productivity of land?

Ans. The division of land into small pieces is called subdivision of land and when the pieces are scattered
at different places it is called fragmentation of land. Small pieces of land play a role in agricultural
development. A lot of land gets wasted in making farm fences.
The farmer remains unable to use his resources. He is unable to use them properly. They do not even
get the benefit of irrigation projects.

Therefore, by combining small and scattered farms at one place, the farmer is able to use the land
properly and production also increases.

Productivity can be increased by using modern methods of agriculture by using new agricultural
machines.

8. What is meant by demarcation of the holding land? What has been the benefit of this?

Ans. The basic objective of fixing the limit of holding land was to distribute the land beyond a certain
limit from the existing land owners to the landless. This redistribution of land is based on the principle of
socio-economic justice.

At the time of independence, rural families owned land with a chedhai, while big farmers and landlords
owned thousands of acres of land. To remove this imbalance, the agricultural holdings were fixed. Land
ceiling means that “a person or family can

How worthy can be the owner of the land. Land in excess of the ceiling limit will be taken from the
landowners and they will be compensated in return.” The land thus taken can be distributed among
small farmers, tenant farmers or landless agricultural laborers or it will be given to panchayats or co-
operative societies.

The objective of land ceiling is to encourage equitable and fair use of land. In India, these steps were
taken to improve the condition of the cultivators. The rent has been fixed. Security of landholding has
prevented them from being evicted by landowners.

Tenants were secured their rights over 156.30 lakh acres of land. The government has given 52.99 lakh
acres of land, out of which 36 percent are scheduled and 15 percent are members of scheduled tribes.

9. Why is the latest land record required?

Ans. The system of land rights in India is highly flawed and unsatisfactory.Is. Availability of accurate and
latest records is maintained. Hence renewal of certified land records was made a part of the land reform
programme.

The article on the Five Year Plan states that ‘the records of many states do not give any information
regarding ryot-by-ryot and sharecroppers’. Most of the states in the country still do not have the latest
land records. Big landowners oppose it.

In many states, efforts are being made to modernize land records through survey and settlement. Land
records have been computerized.

10. What were the objectives of land reform after independence?

Ans. Immediately after independence, a lot of emphasis was laid on land reforms. A strategy was
adopted to start land reform through land law. The initial objectives of land reform were the following-

1. Removal of all bottlenecks in agricultural structure.

2. Removal of all elements of exploitation and social injustice in the agricultural system so that all
sections of the society can get equality of opportunity.

After independence in India, land reform programs were started with a view to reduce the inequalities
prevailing in the agricultural economy. To achieve these objectives the following works were done-

1. To abolish all kinds of intermediary classes between the state and the tillers of the land.

2. The ownership rights were given to the farmers on the land cultivated by them.

3. Demarcation of land holdings.

4. Consolidation of holdings with a view to facilitate the use of modern techniques in agricultureDoing.

5. To make land related records relevant. long answer type questions

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by Green Revolution? Mention the effects of Green Revolution. Or, State the socio-
economic effects of the Green Revolution in India.

Ans. As a result of the agricultural reforms adopted during the period of plans in India, 1967-

In 1968, there was an increase of about 25 per cent in the production of food grains as compared to
1966-67. Such a huge increase in the production of food grains in any one year was like a revolution.
That’s why economists named this increase in today’s production as Green Revolution. Green Revolution
refers to the huge increase in agricultural production, which has happened due to the adoption of a new
policy of agriculture.

Therefore, the term Green Revolution is used for the amazing change that happened in the year 1968 in
the production of food grains in India and is still going on. Green Revolution refers to the huge increase
in agricultural production, which has happened due to the adoption of a new policy of agriculture.

Therefore, the term Green Revolution is used for the amazing change that happened in the year 1968 in
the production of food grains in India and is still going on. The Green Revolution resulted in a substantial
increase in agricultural production and its impact can be seen in maintaining high levels of agricultural
production in the long run.

Effect of Green Revolution Very surprising results of Green Revolution have been seen on the Indian
economy. As a result, the Indian economy has got a new base. Following are the main effects of Green
Revolution-
1. Increase in production (Effect of Green Revolution): As a result of Green Revolution, there was a rapid
increase in the production of crops. The year 1967-68 which is known as the year of Green RevolutionIt
is said that the production of food grains increased to 950 lakh tonnes.

2. Prosperity of Farmers: As a result of the Green Revolution, the condition of the farmers improved a
lot. Their standard of living became higher than before. Agriculture came to be considered a profitable
business. With the prosperity of farmers, the demand for industrial products has also increased rapidly.

3. Promotion of Capitalistic Farming: Those farmers who have

4. Reduction in Imports of Foodgrains: As a result of the revolution, self-reliance in the matter of food
grains increased in India and the import of food grains from abroad decreased. 5. Developments of
Industries: Due to the Green Revolution, there has been a fair impact on the development of industries.
Agricultural machinery? Industries developed rapidly. Factories for making cyanic fertilizers and tractors
etc. were opened, diesel engines, pumpsets etc.O new factories were established.

6. Base for economic growth and stability In a country like India where 29% of national income is derived
from agriculture, agriculture has a huge impact on government budget and traffic. The increase in
agricultural production helps in fulfilling the objective of economic development, stability and self-
reliance in the country.

7. Change in Thinking: In an underdeveloped country like India where most of the farmers are illiterate,
orthodox and superstitious, Green Revolution has made a huge impact. People have now started
understanding the importance of science. Indian farmers have quickly adopted new techniques of
agriculture. They are embracing new ideas and techniques.

2. Give arguments against Green Revolution.

Ans. Many types of problems arose due to the following effects of the Green Revolution.Is. Inequality
has increased in rural areas and the impact of the Green Revolution is similar in all parts of the
country.Not properly laid.

1. Limited Crops The increase in agricultural production is limited to only a few limited to crops. It has
mainly affected wheat, jowar, maize and bajra.It did not affect 60 per cent of the country’s land. Its
greater impact on rice production not lying

2. Limited Area: The effect of Green Revolution has not been uniform in all the states of India. It had a
good impact on some states like Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. In these states, there
was a huge increase in agricultural production but in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and the dry
regions, the Green Revolution could not leave its impact.

3. Benefit to big farmers: Those farmers who had more than 10 hectares of land and who had the ability
to buy seeds, fertilisers, tubewells, tractors etc. got more benefits. Small farmers did not adopt this
technique.
4. Increase in Economic Inequality: HarilThe revolution widened the gap between the rich and the poor.

3. Explain the socio-economic consequences of the Green Revolution in India.

Ans. The term Green Revolution is used to refer to the dramatic changes that took place in India’s food
production in 1968 and are still continuing. Green revolution is meant to increase agricultural
production significantly and maintain a high level of agricultural production in the long run. The Green
Revolution has affected the Indian economy in many ways.Effects of Green Revolution:

(i) Increase in production: As a result of the Green Revolution, there was a rapid increase in agricultural
production in 1967-68 and the subsequent years.

(ii) Prosperity of the farmers: As a result of the Green Revolution, the economic condition of the farmers
has improved a lot. Their standard of living has also increased. Agriculture is a profitable
businessBusiness is being considered.

(iii) Decrease in the import of food grains: As a result of the Green Revolution, there was a decrease in
the import of food grains. India became an exporting country of food grains.

(iv) Development of Industry Due to the Green Revolution, industries also developed. Agriculture 8 In
manufacturing machinery and equipment, production of chemical fertilizers and production of
consumer goodsincreased steadily.

(v) Economic Development Agricultural development increased the income of the government. this in
the countrySucceeded in fulfilling the objective of economic stability and self-reliance. Social Effects of
Green Revolution: The impact of Green Revolution was not uniform in all the states. It had more impact
on Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Agricultural production increased rapidly in these
states, but in other states where there was a lack of irrigation system, it had no effect on the Green
Revolution.

4. What is meant by package program in agriculture?

Ans. The new agricultural strategy was based on the idea that advertising and technology in
agricultureThe widespread use of fertilizers can be fruitful in the form of a substantial increase in the
production of food grains. In the year 1961, Intensive Agriculture District Program was started. Its aim
was to increase the productivity of agriculture by combining improved tools, credit, high yielding seeds,
assured irrigation etc.

The program yielded good results. The production of food grains increased rapidly. Then it was
expanded to larger areas. It was named the Intensive Agriculture Program. In the second half of the
sixties, heavy harvests and marginal farmers and agricultural laborers were the main drivers of growth.
These works were linked with fertilizers, pesticides, credit facilities and irrigation facilities.

With the use of high-yielding seeds, the production of food grains increased considerably from there.
Wheat production doubled in 1977-78. The production of rice also started increasing, gradually the
production of pulses, jowar, maize and bajra also increased rapidly. In the year 2007-08, the total
production of food grains was 70 crore 34 lakh tonnes.

5. Why was the aim of land reform in India to remove middlemen?

Ans. The British rulers introduced three types of land systems – Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari to
get maximum revenue from the land. Under the Zamindari system, the property rights of the land were
given to the local tax collectors. They were called zamindars. They were generally members of the upper
castes. This new settlement made the real farmers ryots.

This structural change in the land system made the state and the GermanMiddlemen were made to
stand between the tillers. Middlemen were not recognized under the Ryotwari system. The tillers of the
land were given the right to transfer their land. Even under this system, influential ryots emerged as
powerful landowners.

A class of middlemen also emerged under the Mahalwadi system. These intermediaries had no interest
in land management and reforms. The zamindars had to pay a certain amount of revenue to the
government, but there was no limit on the collection from the farmers. This system worked to increase
economic exploitation and social oppression.

The elimination of middlemen was the first goal of land reform after independence. Through this
programme, an attempt was made to eliminate landlords like Vitholis in all areas of the country.

Peasants were directly linked with the state. Peasants were given permanent rights to the land. Till
1954-55, all the states removed the middlemen under the land reform programme. Taking land from
landlords and handing it over to tillers was given.

1. Whose contribution is in bringing the green revolution in India?

Ans. Dr. M.S. Discovery of new seeds in the 1960s through Swaminath’s efforts as a result of which there
was self-sufficiency in food grains. Wheat production increased 2.5 times and paddy production
increased 3 times.

2. What is meant by land consolidation?

Ans. It is difficult to arrange irrigation on small and scattered farms of land. Therefore, giving small
pieces of land to farmers in one place is called consolidation of land. Due to this, machines can be used
on the farm. Along with this, arrangements for irrigation and maintenance of the land can be taken care
of.