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adsa viva

The document provides an overview of various data structures and algorithms, including AVL trees, B-trees, heaps, graph traversals, sorting techniques, minimum spanning trees, shortest path algorithms, and combinatorial optimization problems like the 0/1 Knapsack Problem, Traveling Salesperson Problem, Optimal Binary Search Trees, N-Queens Problem, and Job Sequencing Problem. It explains key concepts, properties, and methods for solving these problems, along with their time complexities. Each section includes questions and answers that summarize the essential information about these topics.

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Praveena
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8 views5 pages

adsa viva

The document provides an overview of various data structures and algorithms, including AVL trees, B-trees, heaps, graph traversals, sorting techniques, minimum spanning trees, shortest path algorithms, and combinatorial optimization problems like the 0/1 Knapsack Problem, Traveling Salesperson Problem, Optimal Binary Search Trees, N-Queens Problem, and Job Sequencing Problem. It explains key concepts, properties, and methods for solving these problems, along with their time complexities. Each section includes questions and answers that summarize the essential information about these topics.

Uploaded by

Praveena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q: What is an AVL tree?

A: An AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree where the difference in heights between the left and
right subtrees (balance factor) for any node is at most 1. This ensures O(log n) time complexity for
search, insertion, and deletion operations.

Q: How do you perform rotations in an AVL tree?


A: Rotations are used to maintain the balance of the tree. There are four types of rotations:

 Right Rotation: Used when a left-heavy subtree needs balancing.

 Left Rotation: Used when a right-heavy subtree needs balancing.

 Left-Right Rotation: A combination of left rotation followed by right rotation.

 Right-Left Rotation: A combination of right rotation followed by left rotation.

2. B-Trees

Q: What is a B-tree?
A: A B-tree is a self-balancing tree data structure that maintains sorted data and allows searches,
sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time. It is commonly used in databases and file
systems.

Q: What are the properties of a B-tree?


A: The properties of a B-tree include:

 All leaf nodes are at the same level.

 Each node can have a variable number of children within a predefined range.

 A non-leaf node with k children contains k-1 keys.

 The keys in each node are sorted.

3. Heap Trees

Q: What is a heap?
A: A heap is a special tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property. In a max heap, for any
given node, the value of the node is greater than or equal to the values of its children. In a min heap, the
value of the node is less than or equal to the values of its children.

Q: How do you insert an element into a heap?


A: To insert an element into a heap:

1. Add the element at the end of the heap (maintaining the complete tree property).

2. Perform "heapify up" (or bubble up) to restore the heap property by comparing the inserted
element with its parent and swapping if necessary.
4. Graph Traversals

Q: What are the two main types of graph traversal?


A: The two main types of graph traversal are:

 Depth-First Search (DFS): Explores as far as possible along each branch before backtracking.

 Breadth-First Search (BFS): Explores all neighbors at the present depth prior to moving on to
nodes at the next depth level.

5. Sorting Techniques

Q: What are some common sorting algorithms?


A: Common sorting algorithms include:

 Quick Sort: A divide-and-conquer algorithm that selects a 'pivot' and partitions the array.

 Merge Sort: A divide-and-conquer algorithm that divides the array into halves, sorts them, and
merges them.

 Heap Sort: Utilizes a heap data structure to sort elements.

 Bubble Sort: A simple comparison-based algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list.

6. Minimum Cost Spanning Trees

Q: What is a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)?


A: A Minimum Spanning Tree of a connected, undirected graph is a spanning tree that has the minimum
possible total edge weight.

Q: What algorithms can be used to find an MST?


A: Two popular algorithms to find an MST are:

 Kruskal's Algorithm: Adds edges in increasing order of weight, ensuring no cycles are formed.

 Prim's Algorithm: Grows the MST by adding the smallest edge from the tree to a vertex not yet
in the tree.

7. Shortest Path Algorithms

Q: What is Dijkstra's algorithm?


A: Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest path from a source vertex to all other vertices in a weighted
graph with non-negative weights. It uses a priority queue to repeatedly select the vertex with the
smallest tentative distance.

Q: What is the Bellman-Ford algorithm?


A: The Bellman-Ford algorithm computes shortest paths from a single source vertex to all vertices in a
graph, allowing for negative weight edges. It works by relaxing edges repeatedly.
8. 0/1 Knapsack Problem

Q: What is the 0/1 Knapsack Problem?


A: The 0/1 Knapsack Problem is a combinatorial optimization problem where given a set of items, each
with a weight and a value, the goal is to determine the number of each item to include in a collection so
that the total

You

0/1KnapsackProblem • TravellingSalespersonproblem • OptimalBinarySearchTrees • N-QueensProblem


• JobSequencing give viva question and answers of above topics in advanced data structure

BLACKBOXAI

Certainly! Here are some viva questions and answers related to the 0/1 Knapsack Problem, Traveling
Salesperson Problem, Optimal Binary Search Trees, N-Queens Problem, and Job Sequencing.

1. 0/1 Knapsack Problem

Q: What is the 0/1 Knapsack Problem?


A: The 0/1 Knapsack Problem is a combinatorial optimization problem where you have a set of items,
each with a weight and a value, and you need to determine the maximum value that can be carried in a
knapsack of a fixed capacity. Each item can either be included (1) or excluded (0) from the knapsack.

Q: What is the time complexity of the dynamic programming solution for the 0/1 Knapsack Problem?
A: The time complexity of the dynamic programming solution is O(n * W), where n is the number of
items and W is the maximum weight capacity of the knapsack.

2. Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP)

Q: What is the Traveling Salesperson Problem?


A: The Traveling Salesperson Problem is a classic optimization problem where a salesperson must visit a
set of cities, returning to the origin city, while minimizing the total travel distance or cost. Each city must
be visited exactly once.

Q: What are some common approaches to solve TSP?


A: Common approaches to solve TSP include:

 Brute Force: Generate all permutations of cities and calculate the total distance for each.
 Dynamic Programming: Use memoization to store results of subproblems (Held-Karp
algorithm).

 Approximation Algorithms: Such as the nearest neighbor or minimum spanning tree-based


methods.

3. Optimal Binary Search Trees

Q: What is an Optimal Binary Search Tree (OBST)?


A: An Optimal Binary Search Tree is a binary search tree that minimizes the expected search cost for a
given set of keys, taking into account the frequency of access for each key. The goal is to arrange the
keys in such a way that the average search time is minimized.

Q: How do you construct an OBST?


A: To construct an OBST, you can use dynamic programming. You calculate the cost of all possible trees
for subsets of keys and choose the arrangement that yields the minimum cost. The process involves:

1. Defining a cost matrix.

2. Filling the matrix based on the frequency of access and the structure of the tree.

3. Backtracking to find the optimal structure.

4. N-Queens Problem

Q: What is the N-Queens Problem?


A: The N-Queens Problem is a classic problem in combinatorial optimization where the objective is to
place N queens on an N×N chessboard such that no two queens threaten each other. This means that no
two queens can be in the same row, column, or diagonal.

Q: What is a common approach to solve the N-Queens Problem?


A: A common approach to solve the N-Queens Problem is backtracking. The algorithm places queens
one by one in different columns of the current row and checks for conflicts. If a conflict occurs, it
backtracks and tries the next column.

5. Job Sequencing Problem

Q: What is the Job Sequencing Problem?


A: The Job Sequencing Problem involves scheduling jobs on a single machine to maximize profit. Each
job has a deadline and a profit associated with it. The goal is to find a sequence of jobs that maximizes
total profit while respecting deadlines.

Q: How do you approach solving the Job Sequencing Problem?


A: The Job Sequencing Problem can be solved using a greedy algorithm:

1. Sort the jobs in decreasing order of profit.


2. Iterate through the sorted jobs and assign each job to the latest available time slot before its
deadline.

3. If a time slot is available, schedule the job; otherwise, move to the next job.

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