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AVR microcontroller

AVR Microcontrollers are a family of RISC microcontrollers developed by Atmel, designed for fast execution and simpler processing instructions. They utilize Harvard architecture, allowing simultaneous reading of instructions and data, and feature various peripherals such as ADC, timers, and communication interfaces. The ATmega32 model includes multiple ports and supports both GPIO and additional functionalities through its pin configuration.

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krishna vekariya
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1 views

AVR microcontroller

AVR Microcontrollers are a family of RISC microcontrollers developed by Atmel, designed for fast execution and simpler processing instructions. They utilize Harvard architecture, allowing simultaneous reading of instructions and data, and feature various peripherals such as ADC, timers, and communication interfaces. The ATmega32 model includes multiple ports and supports both GPIO and additional functionalities through its pin configuration.

Uploaded by

krishna vekariya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AVR Microcontroller

AVR stand for?

Advanced Virtual RISC,


the founders are Alf Egil Bogen Vegard Wollan RISC

AVR architecture was conceived by two students at


Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) and further
refined and developed at Atmel Norway, the Atmel
company founded by the two chip architects.
AVR Microcontroller
AVR Micro controllers is Family of
RISC Microcontrollers from Atmel.

There are multiple architectures

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)


CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
RISC Microcontroller
Reduced Introduction Set Computer

Till 1980 Trend was to build increasingly complex


CPUs with complex set of instructions like (CISC)

(RISC)
Instruction execute in single cycle

“Architecture which reduces the chip complexity by simpler


processing instructions”.

RISC architecture CPUs capable of executing only a very limited


RISC Microcontroller
Reduced Instruction Set Computers Advantages

• Fast Execution of Instructions due to simple instructions for


CPU.
• RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them
cheaper to design and produce.
• Emphasis on software
• Single-clock,reduced instruction only
• Register to register: “LOAD" and "STORE“
are independent instructions
• Spends more transistors on memory registers
AVR Microcontroller
The AVR is a Harvard architecture CPU.

Harvard Architecture

• Computer architectures that used physically separate storage


and signal pathways for their instructions and data.

• CPU can read both an instruction and data from memory at the
same time that makes it faster.

von Neumann architecture


CPU can Read an instruction or data from/to the memory.

Read, Write can`t occur at the same time due to same memory and
signal pathway for data and instructions.
AVR internal architecture
Pin configuration of ATmeag32
•ATMEGA32 has four ports, PORTA,
PORTB, PORTC and PORTD, each one
having 8 pins.
•The remaining 8 are mostly consumed by
supply pins (VCC, AVCC), ground (GND),
reset, XTAL pins, and other minor stuffs.
•Every MCU has an internal oscillator
which determines its frequency of
oscillator. But we can connect an external
crystal oscillator to generate higher
frequencies and clock pulses. This
external oscillator is connected across the
XTAL pins (XTAL1 and XTAL2).
Pin configuration of ATmeag32
•Can you see some things written in the
brackets? Like PA0 (ADC0), PB5 (MOSI),
PC2 (TCK), PD1 (TXD), etc. Well, these are
the extra features that the MCU can offer
you apart from GPIO. In other words,
these pins show dual behavior. If nothing
is specified, they act as GPIO pins. The
secondary features of these pins become
active only if you enable certain bits of
some registers. These are called
peripherals
AVR Peripherals
● There are several peripherals that AVR offers in ATMEGA32, some are as follows:
o ADC – Analog to Digital Converter – usually 10-12 bit
o Timers – 8 bit and 16 bit timers
o JTAG – Joint Test Action Group
o TWI – Two Wire Interface (or) I2C – Inter-Integrated Circuit
o USART – Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
o UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
o SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
o WDT– Watchdog Timer …and many more!
AVR Peripherals
● ADC stands for Analog to Digital Conversion. The term is self-explaining. This feature
converts Analog signals into Digital signals. (8-channel ADC for ATmega32)

● Timers are something which are a consequence of clock frequency. We can


manipulate the clock pulses in order to generate timers of required resolution. (three
timers for ATmega32)

● JTAG corresponds to testing of the circuit. When we make a circuit and fix the MCU
onto it, we use JTAG to verify whether our connection, soldering, circuit design, etc is
correct or not.
AVR Peripherals
● TWI/I2C (its actually I-square-C) is a revolutionary technology by Philips, in which two devices
are connected and communicate by using two wires.

● USART/UART is related to serial communication in which the MCU sends and receives signals
from another device based on serial protocol.

● SPI is something which helps to interface I2C, UART, etc

● WDT (Watch Dog Timer) is something interesting it seems. The name is also quite interesting.
Just like a watchdog always keeps an eye on it’s master to protect him from any harm, WDT
keeps an eye on the execution of the code to protect the MCU from any harm. A WDT is a
computer hardware or software timer that triggers a system reset or other corrective action if
the main program, due to some fault condition, such as a hang, neglects to regularly service
the watchdog (writing a “service pulse” to it, also referred to as “kicking the dog”, “petting the
dog”, “feeding the watchdog” or “waking the watchdog”). The intention is to bring the system
back from the unresponsive state into normal operation.

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