Probability Probability Probability

Probability Probability Algebra of Events 7. Mutually exclusive and exhaustive: The events which Conditional Probability Multiplication Theorem On Probability
Types of Events
are not mutually exclusive are known as compatible events
If an experiment results in a total of (m + n) outcomes which are Event A or B or A ∪ B = {w : w ∈ A or w ∈ B} 1. Impossible and Sure Event: The empty set ϕ is called or mutually non exclusive events. Mutually exclusive and If E and F are two events associated with the sample space For two events E & F associated with sample space S,we have
equally likely and if ‘m’ outcomes are favourable to an event ‘A’ while Event A and B or A ∩ B = {w : w ∈ A and w ∈ B} an Impossible event, where as the whole sample space ' S ' exhaustive system of events: Let S be the sample space of a random experiment, the conditional probability of the
‘n’ are unfavorable, then the probability of occurrence of the event ‘A’ Event A but not B or A - B = A ∩ B' is called 'Sure event'. associated with a random experiment. Let A1, A2, …, An be event given that it has occured is given as: (P(E ∩ F) = P(E) P(F / E) = P(F) P(E / F))

󰗊 Click Below to Join Telegram 󰗊 denoted by P(A), is defined by

Probability of AUB, A B and P (notA)

2. Simple Event: If an event has only one sample point of a
subsets of S such that
(i) Ai ∩ Aj = ϕ for i ≠ j and
provided P(E) ≠ 0 & P(F) ≠ 0

The above result is known as Multiplication Rule of Probability.

sample space, it is called a 'simple event'. (ii) A1 ∪ A2 ∪ … ∪ An = S Properties of Conditional Probability
If A and B are any two events, then 3. Compound Event: If an event has more than one sample Then, the collection of events A1, A2, …, An is said to form a
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B) point, it is called a 'compound event'. mutually exclusive and exhaustive system of events. 1. Let E & F be events of sample space of an experiment, Total Probability Theorem
Random Experiment P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∪ B) then we have P(S / F) = P(F / F) =1
4. Complementary Event: Complement event to A = 'not A' 8. Independent Events
(i) If E & F are independent, then If an even A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and
An Experiment is called random experiment if it satisfies the If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A∪B) =P(A) + P(B) 2. If A and B are any two events of a sample space S & F is
Probability of the event 'not A' 5. Exhaustive Events: Many events that together form (P(E ∩ F) = P(F)P(E/F) = P(E), P(F)≠0P(F/E) = P(F),P(E)≠0) an event of such that P(F) ≠ 0,then P((A ∪ B) / F) = P(A / F) exhaustive events B1, B2, …, Bn and the probabilities P(A/B1),
following two conditions:
P(A') = P(not A) = 1 P(A) sample space are called exhaustive events. (ii) Three events A,B&C are said to be mutually independent, + P(B / F) − P((A ∩ B) / F) P(A/B2)… P(A/Bn) are known, then
1. It has more than one possible outcome.
2. It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance. if
6. Mutually Exclusive: Events A & B are called mutually (P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B), P(A∩C) = P(A)P(C), P(B∩C)= In particular if A and B are disjoint events, then
Outcome: A possible result of a random experiment is called its
exclusive events if occurrence of any one of them excludes P(B)P(C) & P((A ∪ B) / F) = P(A / F) + P(B/ F)
outcome.
occurrence of other event, i.e. they cannot occur P(A∩B∩C)=P(A)P(B)P(C))

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Sample Space: Set of all possible outcomes of a random 3. P(E / F) =1− P(E / F)
simultaneously. If at least one of the above is not true for three given events,
experiment is called sample space. It is denoted by symbol 'S'.
we say that the events are not independent.

Probability Probability
Baye's Theorem Random Variable & Its Probability Mean Of A Random Variable Variance Of Random Variable
Partition of a Sample Space
Distributions
The mean (µ)of a random variable X is also called the Let X be a random variable whose possible values x1 , x2
A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is expectation of X denoted by E(X) ,…, xn occur with probabilities p(x1), p(x2), …, p(xn)
A set of events E1, E2 ,…,En is said to represent a partition
the sample space of a random experiment. The probability respectively. Also let µ = E(X) be the mean of X then the
of the sample space S if
distribution of a random variable variance of X is given as:
(a) Ei ∩ Ej = φ, i ≠ j, i, j = 1, 2, 3,…n
X : x1 x2 …. xn Here x1, x2, …, xn are possible values of random variable X,
(b) E1 ∪ E2 ∪ … ∪ En = S
(c) P(Ei) > 0 for all i =1, 2,…n occurring with probabilities p1, p2, …, pn respectively.
P(X) : p1 p2 … pn
= E(X - µ)2 = E(X2) - [E(X)]2
Theorem of Total Probability: Let {E1,E2 ,…..En} be a where
partition of the sample space S and suppose that each of The non-negative number is called the
the events E1,E2 ,…..,En has nonzero probability of The real numbers x1 , x2 ,…, xn are the possible values Standard Deviation of random variable X
occurence. Let A be any event associated with S then
of the random variable X and pi (i = 1, 2,…, n) is the
probability of the random variable i.e.,

Baye's Theorem: If E1, E2,…,En are non-empty events P(X - xi) = pi

which constitute a partition of sample space S & A is any

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event of non-zero probability