1

1 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

H C O H

(a) Name carboxylic acid Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write the molecular formula of carboxylic acid Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

2 Proteins are natural polymers. Proteins contain amide linkages.

Synthetic polyamides also contain amide linkages.

(a) Name a synthetic polyamide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Identify the two functional groups present in the monomers used to produce synthetic
polyamides.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 3]

3 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

H C O H

State the general formula of carboxylic acids.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Ester Y has the structure shown.

 2

O H

H C O C H

(a) Ester Y can be made by reacting two organic compounds together.

Name the compounds and draw their structures.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

(i) structure

name ..................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) structure

name ..................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

5 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

(a) Name ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 3

(b) Deduce the empirical formula of ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

6 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

(a) Describe what is meant by the term structural isomer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Name a carboxylic acid which is a structural isomer of ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

7 Ethanoic acid is a member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids.

State the general formula of this homologous series.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

8 Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is a carboxylic acid.

Draw the structure of the carboxylic acid containing three carbon atoms. Show all of the atoms and
all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 2]
 4

9 Part of polymer Y has the structure shown.

O O O

C O C O C O

State the number of different types of monomer needed to make polymer Y.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

10 Part of polymer Z has the structure shown.

CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H

C C C C C C

H CH3 H CH3 H CH3

(a) Draw and name the structure of the monomer which forms polymer Z.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name ............................................................ [3]

(b) Name the chemical process used to make the monomer that forms polymer Z.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

11 Ethane reacts with chlorine at room temperature to form chloroethane, C2H5Cl, and one other
product.

(a) Name the other product formed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the condition needed for this reaction to take place.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 5

[Total: 2]

12 Butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, is a carboxylic acid.

(a) Deduce the empirical formula of butanoic acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of butanoic acid and sodium carbonate,
Na2CO3.

2CH3CH2CH2COOH + Na2CO3 → ......................... + ................ + ................ [2]

(c) Butanoic acid reacts with methanol to form an organic compound and water.

Draw the structure of the organic compound formed.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name the organic compound formed ................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 6]

13 Alkenes and carboxylic acids are both families of similar compounds with similar chemical properties.

Alkenes and carboxylic acids have different reactions.

(a) State the term used for a ‘family’ of similar compounds.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the general formula of alkenes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

14 Ethane-1,2-diol has two alcohol functional groups.

 6

H H

H O C C O H

H H

One molecule of ethane-1,2-diol will react with two molecules of ethanoic acid to form molecule X.

X has two ester functional groups and a molecular formula of C6H10O4.

(a) State the empirical formula of X.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Draw the structure of X.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(c) Name the other substance formed in this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

15 Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene.

Ethene can be made from long chain hydrocarbons such as decane, C10H22.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the conversion of ethene into ethanol.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name the type of reaction occurring when ethene is converted into ethanol.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Give one condition for the reaction in which ethene is converted into ethanol.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
 7

16 The structure of part of a polymer is shown.

O O O

N C N C N C

H H H
This polymer is made from one type of monomer only.

Complete the diagram to show the structure of the monomer used to produce this polymer.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.

[2]

[Total: 2]

17 Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene.

Ethene can be made from long chain hydrocarbons such as decane, C10H22.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(a) Name the process used to obtain ethene from long chain hydrocarbons such as decane,
C10H22.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the chemical equation to show the formation of ethene from decane, C10H22.

C10H22 → C4H8 + .............................. + ..............................

[2]

[Total: 3]

18 Under certain conditions ethene can react with chlorine to produce chloroethene.

The structure of chloroethene is shown.

 8

H H

C C

H Cl

(a) The equation for the chemical reaction is shown.

C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H3Cl + HCl

State the type of chemical reaction between ethene and chlorine that this equation shows.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Chloroethene monomers can be converted into a polymer called poly(chloroethene).

State the type of polymerisation that produces poly(chloroethene) from chloroethene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Draw a section of the poly(chloroethene) molecule made from two monomer molecules.

[2]

[Total: 4]

19 Complete the diagram to show a section of poly(propene).

C C C C

[2]

[Total: 2]

20 Ethanol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) to form water and a product that turns
litmus red.

(a) State the name of the product that turns the litmus red.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 9

(b) State the type of reaction that ethanol undergoes when it reacts with acidified potassium
manganate(VII).

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

21 Molecules A and B can form condensation polymers.

A B

HO OH HOOC COOH

(a) Each molecule has two identical functional groups.

(i) Name the functional group in B.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Draw the part of the structure of the synthetic polymer that would form when two
molecules of A and two molecules of B combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(iii) Name the other product formed when molecules of A and B undergo polymerisation.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Molecule A is a simple sugar unit which can be made by hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates.

(i) Draw part of the complex carbohydrate that could be hydrolysed to make molecules of
A.

Include one linkage and show all of the bonds in the linkage.

[1]

(ii) State two sets of conditions which could be used to hydrolyse the complex carbohydrates
to form A.

1 ............................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................ [2]
 10

(iii) Name the technique used to identify the individual sugar units made by the hydrolysis
of a complex carbohydrate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

22 The structure of ethanoic acid is shown.

H O

H C C

H O H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of ethanoic
acid.

H O

H C C

H O H

[3]

[Total: 3]

23 Polyesters can be manufactured from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

Hexanedioic acid has the structure: HOOC−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−COOH.

This structure can be simplified as shown.

O O

H O C C O H

Ethanediol has the structure: HO−CH2−CH2−OH.

This structure can be simplified as shown.

 11

H O O H

The functional groups are found at the end of each molecule.

(a) State what is meant by the term functional group.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Determine the empirical formula of hexanedioic acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen present in ethanediol.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

...................................... % [2]

[Total: 4]

24 A polyamide is made from the two monomers shown.

H2N NH2 HOOC COOH

Complete the diagram to show a section of the polyamide made from the two monomers.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[2]

[Total: 2]

25 There are three functional groups in compound A.

compound A

COOH CH2OH

C C

H H
 12

(a) Name the homologous series of compounds that contains the following structures.

C=C ..................................................................................................................................

−OH .................................................................................................................................

−COOH ............................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) What would you observe when compound A is added to:

acqueous bromine ............................................................................................................

aqueous sodium carbonate? ............................................................................................ [2]

(c) Compound A can be used as a single monomer to produce two different polymers.

Draw one repeat unit of the addition polymer formed from compound A.

[2]

(d) What type of condensation polymer is formed from compound A?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

26 The structural formula of ethanal is shown.

H O
H C C

H H

The C=O group in aldehydes is at the end of the carbon chain.

This is a reactive part of the molecule.

(a) What is the name given to the reactive part of any organic molecule?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 13

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of a molecule of ethanal.
Inner shells have been drawn.

H O

H C C

H
H

[3]

[Total: 4]

27 A polyamide can be made from two different molecules.

A simplified structure of octanedioic acid is shown.

O O

H O C C O H

A simplified structure of 1,6-diaminohexane is shown.

H H

N N

H H

(a) Complete the diagram to show a section of polyamide manufactured from octanedioic acid
and 1,6-diaminohexane. Include all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(b) State the name of a synthetic polyamide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]
 14

28 Part of the structure of synthetic polymer A is shown.

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

C C C C C C

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

(a) What type of synthetic polymer is A?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Deduce the empirical formula of polymer A.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Draw the structure of the monomer from which polymer A is made.

[2]

[Total: 4]

29 Methanol reacts with propanoic acid to form an ester with a molecular formula C4H8O2.

(a) Name the ester formed when methanol reacts with propanoic acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name one other substance formed when methanol reacts with propanoic acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Draw the structure of an ester which is a structural isomer of the ester named in (a).
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[3]
 15

(d) State the conditions needed to form an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

30 Plants convert glucose into complex carbohydrates.

(a)
A unit of glucose can be represented as HO OH

Complete the diagram to show the complex carbohydrate formed from three units of glucose.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[2]

(b) Complex carbohydrates break down to form simple sugars.

State two ways that complex carbohydrates can be broken down into simple sugars.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Name a suitable technique for separating and identifying the individual sugars formed when
complex carbohydrates are broken down.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

31 Part of the structure of a polyamide is shown.

H H H

C N C N C N

O O O

This polyamide is formed from identical monomers. Complete the diagram to show the structure
of one monomer. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 2]
 16

32 Alkenes react with steam to form alcohols.

Compound C is an alcohol.

compound C
H H H H

H C C C C O H

H H H H

Draw the structure of the alkene which could be reacted with steam to make compound C.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

[Total: 1]

33 Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters. The reaction is reversible.

The equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol is shown.

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(a) What is the name of the ester formed in this reaction?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Draw the structure of the ester formed. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

[Total: 2]

34 Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to produce esters.

 17

(a) The structure of ester X is shown.

O
H C H H

O C C H

H H

Name ester X.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give the name of the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that react together to produce ester X.

carboxylic acid ..................................................................................................................

alcohol .............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Ester Y is different from ester X but also has the formula C3H6O2.

Draw the structure of ester Y. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 5]

35 Alkene C can be converted into a polymer.

C
H CH2CH3

C C

H H

(a) What type of polymerisation occurs?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 18

(b) Suggest the name of the polymer formed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Complete the chemical equation to show this polymerisation.

H CH2CH3

n C C

H H

[3]

(d) State the empirical formula of the polymer formed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

36 Two different alcohols can be produced from alkene B by an addition reaction.

B
H CH3

C C

H H

(a) Draw the structures of the two alcohols. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(b) State the reagent and conditions needed to produce an alcohol from alkene B.

reagent .............................................................................................................................

conditions .........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]
 19

37 The structures of five alkenes, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

A B C
H H H CH3 H CH2CH3

C C C C C C

H H H H H H

D E
H CH2CH2CH3 H CH2CH2CH2CH3

C C C C

H H H H

(a) What is the general formula of alkenes?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What is the molecular formula of alkene D?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Predict which alkene, A, B, C, D or E, has the highest boiling point.

Explain your answer.

alkene ...........................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Which alkene, A, B, C, D or E, diffuses most quickly?

Explain your answer.

alkene ...........................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

38 Alkynes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

All members contain a C≡C triple bond.

 20

(a) Complete the table showing information about the first three alkynes.

formula C2H2 C3H4

structure

name ethyne butyne

[2]

(b) Use the information in the table to deduce the general formula of alkynes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

39 Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid.

(a) Name an oxidising agent which can be used to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Draw the structure of ethanoic acid. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

[Total: 3]

40 Ethane can react with chlorine in a substitution reaction.

(a) State one essential reaction condition.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 21

(b) Draw the structure of the organic product formed by substitution of one of the hydrogen atoms
in ethane with chlorine. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) Name the product of the substitution reaction between ethane and chlorine that does not
contain carbon.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]