Module 2: The Game of LENS (Introduction to Diverse Rhetorical Situations a text’s use of imagery, metaphor, or

Literary Criticism) The genre of literary interpretation is more symbolism. Isn’t concerned with matters
specialized than most of the other genres outside the text, such as biographical or
Texts that interpret literary works are usually addressed in this section, as suggested by the contextual information. Online Examples:
persuasive texts. Literary critics may conduct a table below. People may discuss their reactions A Formalist Reading of Sandra Cisneros’s
close reading of a literary work, critique a literary to literary works informally (at coffee houses, “Woman Hollering Creek” , Sound in
work from the stance of a particular literary theory, book clubs, or the gym) but the lion’s share of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest by
or debate the soundness of other critics’ literary criticism takes place more formally: in Skylar Hamilton Burris
interpretations. The work of literary critics is college classrooms, professional journals, • Reader-Respons: Criticism Focuses on
similar to the work of authors writing evaluative academic magazines, and Web sites. each reader’s personal reactions to a text,
texts. For example, the skills required to critique assuming meaning is created by a
films, interpret laws, or evaluate artistic trends Students interpret literary works for English reader’s or interpretive community’s
are similar to those skills required by literary instructors or for students enrolled in English personal interaction with a text.
critics. classes. In their interpretations, students may Assumes no single, correct, universal
argue for a particular interpretation or they may meaning exists because meaning resides
Why Write Literary Criticism? dispute other critics’ interpretations. in the minds of readers. Online
People have been telling stories and sharing Alternatively, students may read a text with a Examples:Theodore Roethke’s “My
responses to stories since the beginning of time. particular literary theory in mind, using the theory Papa’s Waltz”: A Reader’s Response
By reading and discussing literature, we expand to explicate a particular point of view. For • Feminism: Criticism Focuses on
our imagination, our sense of what is possible, example, writers could critique The Story of an understanding ways gender roles are
and our ability to empathize with others. Reading Hour by Kate Chopin from a feminist theoretical reflected or contradicted by texts, how
and discussing literature can enhance our ability perspective. Thanks to the Internet, some English dominance and submission play out in
to write. It can sharpen our critical faculties, classes are now publishing students’ texts, and how gender roles evolve in
enabling us to assess works and better interpretations on Web sites. In turn, some texts. Online Example: “The Yellow Wall-
understand why literature can have such a students and English faculty publish their work in Paper”: A Twist on Conventional
powerful effect on our lives. academic literary criticism journals. Symbols, Subverting the French
Androcentric Influence by Jane Le
“Literary texts” include works of fiction and Over the years, literary critics have argued about Marquand
poetry. In school, English instructors ask the best ways to interpret literature. Accordingly, • New Historicism Focuses on
students to critique literary texts, or works. many “schools” or “theories of criticism” have understanding texts by viewing texts in
Literary criticism refers to a genre of writing emerged. As you can imagine–given that they the context of other texts. Seeks to
whereby an author critiques a literary text, either were developed by sophisticated specialists– understand economic, social, and
a work of fiction, a play, or poetry. Alternatively, some of these theoretical approaches are quite political influences on texts. Tend to
some works of literary criticism address how a sophisticated and abstract. broadly define the term “text,” so, for
particular theory of interpretation informs a example, the Catholic Church could be
reading of a work or refutes some other critics’ Summary of Popular Literary Theories defined as a “text.” May adopt the
reading of a work. • Schools of Literary Criticism perspectives of other interpretive
• New Criticism: Focuses on “objectively” communities–particularly reader-
evaluating the text, identifying its response criticism, feminist criticism,
underlying form. May study, for example, and Marxist approaches–to interpret
 texts. Online Example Monstrous Acts • Post-Structuralism/Deconstruction presenting your argument. Many students fall into
by Jonathan Lethem Focuses, along with Structuralism, on the trap of spending too much time summarizing
• Media Criticism Focuses on writers’ use viewing literature as a system of signs, the literature being analyzed as opposed to
of multimedia and hypertexts. Online yet rejects the Structuralist view that a critiquing it. As a result, it would be wise to check
Examples The Electronic Labyrinth by critic can identify the inherent meaning of with your teacher regarding how much plot
Christopher Keep, Tim McLaughlin, and a text, suggesting, instead that literature summary is expected. As you approach this
Robin Parmar has no center, no single interpretation, project, remember to keep your eye on the ball:
• Psychoanalytical Criticism Focuses on that literary language is inherently What, exactly (in one sentence) is the gist of your
psychological dimensions of the work. ambiguous. interpretation?
Online Examples: A Freudian Approach
to Erin McGraw’s “A Thief” by Skylar Powerful works of literature invoke multiple Development
Hamilton Burris readings. In other words, we can all read the You can develop your ideas by researching the
• Marxist Criticism Focuses on ways texts same story or poem (or watch the same movie or work of other literary critics. How do other critics
reflect, reinforce, or challenge the effects listen to the same song) and come up with evaluate an author’s work? What literary theories
of class, power relations, and social roles. different, even conflicting, interpretations about do literary critics use to interpret texts or
Online Example: A Reading of Shirley what the work means. Who we are reflects how particular moments in history? Reading sample
Jackson’s “The Lottery” by Peter we read texts. Our experiences inspire us to proposals can help you find and adopt an
Kosenko relate to and sympathize with characters and appropriate voice and persona. By reading
• Archetypal Criticism Focuses on difficult situations. Have we read similar stories? samples, you can learn how others have
identifying the underlying myths in stories Have we actually faced some of the same prioritized particular criteria.
and archetypes, which reflect what the challenges the characters in the story face?
psychologist Carl Jung called the Below are some of the questions invoked by
“collective unconsciousness.” Online In addition, literary theories have unique ways to popular literary theories. Consider these
Example: A Catalogue of Symbols in The develop and substantiate arguments. Some questions as you read a work, perhaps taking
Awakening by Kate Chopin by Skylar theories draw extensively on the work of other notes on your thoughts as you reread. You may
Hamilton Burris critics, while others concentrate on the reader’s focus on using one theory to “read and interpret”
• Postcolonial Criticism Focuses on how thoughts and feelings. Some theories analyze a text or, more commonly, you may compare the
Western culture’s (mis)representation of work from an historical perspective, while others critical concerns of different theories.
third-world countries and peoples in focus solely on a close reading of a text.
stories, myths, and stereotypical images New Criticism/Formalism
encourages repression and domination. Accordingly, as with other genres, the following • Character: How does the character
Online Example: Other Voices key features need to be read as points of evolve during the story? What is unique or
• Structuralism/Semiotics Focuses on departure as opposed to a comprehensive interesting about a character? Is the
literature as a system of signs where blueprint: character a stereotypical action hero, a
meaning is constructed in a context, patriarchal father figure, or Madonna?
where words are inscribed with meaning Focus How does a character interact with other
by being compared to other words and Examine a subject from a rhetorical perspective. characters?
structures. Online Example: Applied Identify the intended audience, purpose, context, • Setting: How does the setting enhance
Semiotics [Online journal with many media, voice, tone, and persona.Distinguish tension within the work? Do any
samples] between summarizing the literary work and
 elements in the setting foreshadow the Media Criticism The passage abounds with lyrical descriptions of
conclusion of the piece? How does the medium alter readers’ interactions the river’s natural beauty. For example, Huck’s
• Plot:What is the conflict? How do scenes with the text? Has the reader employed long description of the sunrise over the river
lead to a suspenseful resolution? What multimedia or hypertext? What traditions from captures the peaceful stillness and the visual
scenes make the plot unusual, print and page design have shaped the structure beauty of the scene:
unexpected, suspenseful? of the text? In what ways has the author deviated
• Point of View: Who is telling the story? Is from traditional, deductively organized linear “The first thing to see, looking away over the water,
the narrator omniscient (all knowing) or texts? was a kind of dull line — that was the woods on
does the narrator have limited t’other side in the sky; then more paleness,
understanding? Cite from the Work spreading around; then the river softened up,
Literary criticism involves close reading of a away off, and warn’t black anymore, but gray; …
Reader-Response Criticism literary work, regardless of whether you are sometimes you could hear a sweep screaking; or
How does the text make you feel? What arguing about a particular interpretation, jumped up voices, it was so still, and sounds
memories or experiences come to mind when comparing stories or poems, or using a theory to come up so far; and by-and-by you could see a
you read? If you were the central protagonist, interpret literature.Do not summarize the story. streak on the water which you know by the look of
would you have behaved differently? Why? What The purpose of the document is not to inform the the streak that there’s snag there in swift current
values or ethics do you believe are suggested by readers, but to argue a particular interpretation. which breaks on it and makes the streek look that
the story? As your reading of a text progresses, You only need to cite parts of the work that way; and you see the mist curl up off the water,
what surprises you, inspires you? support or relate to your argument and follow the and the east reddens up, and the river, and you
citation format required by your instructor (see make out a log cabin in the dge of the woods,
Feminist Criticism Using and Citing Sources). away on the bank on t’other side of the river…
How does the story re-inscribe or contradict then the nice breeze springs up, and comes
traditional gender roles? For example, are the Below is an example from Sample Essays for fanning you from over there, so cool and fresh, a
male characters in “power positions” while the English 103: Introduction to Fiction, Professor nd sweet to smell, on account of the woods and
women are “dominated”? Are the men prone to Matthew Hurt. Note how the writer uses block the flowers; … and next you’ve got the full day,
action, decisiveness, and leadership while the quotes to highlight key elements and paraphrase and everything smiling in the sun, and the song-
female characters are passive, subordinate? Do and summarizes the original works, using birds just going at it! (129-130).”
gender roles create tension within the story? Do quotation marks where necessary.
characters’ gender roles evolve over the course of Here Huck celebrates the beauty of the natural
the narrative? “Twain offers a long descriptive passage of Huck world coming to life at the beginning of a new day.
and Jim’s life on the raft that seems, at first glance, The “paleness” gradually spreading across the
New Historicism Cristicism to celebrate the idyllic freedom symbolized by the sky makes new objects visible which he
How does the story reflect the aspirations and river and nature… A close reading of this passage, describes in loving detail for the reader. The “nice
conditions of the lower classes or upper classes? however, shows that the river is not a privilege breeze” is “cool and fresh” and “sweet to smell,”
Is tension created by juxtaposing privileged, natural space outside of and uncontaminated by and the world seems to be “smiling in the sun” as
powerful positions to subordinated, dominated society, but is inextricably linked to the social the song-birds welcome the new day.
positions? What information about the historical world on the shore, which itself has positive value
context of the story helps explain the character’s for Huck. Instead of seeking to escape society, However, Huck includes a number of details
motivations? Who benefits from the outcome of Huck wants to escape the dull routines of life. within this passage that would seem to work
the story or from a given character’s motivation? against the language of natural beauty. After
describing the gradually brightening sky, Huck boats pass by and he can watch them chopping the “winner” will be stoned to death by the rest of
notes that “you could see little dark spots drifting wood or listen to them beating pans in the fog. the villagers.”
along, ever so far away — trading scows, and
such things; and long black streaks — rafts.” The Cite Other Critics’ Interpretations of the Work Organization
sun rise reveals not only natural objects (the Criticism written by advanced English majors, The format for literary critiques is fairly standard:
brightening sky, the “snag,” the “mist”), but also graduate students, and literary critics may be • State your claim(s).
brings into view man-made objects (“trading more about what other critics have said than • Forecast your organization.
scows” and “rafts”) that signify human society’s about the actual text. Indeed, many critics spend • Marshal evidence for your claim.
presence in this natural environment. Similarly, more time reading criticism and arguing about • Reiterate argument and elaborate on its
Huck speculates that the picturesque “log cabin” critical approaches than actually reading original significance.
on the distant shore is a “woodyard, likely, and works. However, unless you are enrolled in a
piled by them cheats so you can throw a dog literary theory course, your instructor probably In English classes, you may be able to assume
through it anywheres.” Here the marker of human wants you to focus more on interpreting the work that your readers are familiar with the work you
society takes on a sinister tone of corruption as than discussing other critical interpretations. This are critiquing. Perhaps, for example, the entire
Huck describes how unscrupulous wood sellers does not mean, however, that you should write class is responding to one particular work after
stack wood loosely to cheat their customers. about a literary work “blindly.” Instead, you are some class discussions about it. However, if your
Finally, although the breeze is “sweet to smell,” wise to find out what other students and critics instructor asks you to address a broader
Huck assures the reader that this isn’t always the have said about the work. audience, you may need to provide
case: “but sometimes not that way, because bibliographical information for the work. In other
they’ve left dead fish laying around, gars, and Below is a sample passage that illustrates how words, you may need to cite the title, publisher,
such, and they do get pretty rank.” other critics’ works can inspire an author and date, and pages of the work.
guide him or her in constructing a counter
These signs of society’s presence on the river are argument, support an author’s interpretation, and Literary critiques are arguments. As such, your
largely negative. The woodyard is “piled by cheats” provide he full biographical information. instructors expect you to state a claim in your
and the stacked fish pollute the “sweet” smell of introduction and then provide quotes and
the breeze. At this point, the opposition between “In her critical biography of Shirley Jackson, paraphrased statements from the text to serve as
“good nature” and “bad society” remains intact. Lenemaja Friedman notes that when Shirley evidence for your claim. Ideally, your critique will
The signs of human presence suggest a Jackson’s story “The Lottery” was published in the be insightful and interesting. You’ll want to come
corruption of nature’s beauty. In the paragraphs June 28, 1948 issue of the New Yorker it received up with an interpretation that isn’t immediately
that follow, however, this opposition is subtly a response that “no New Yorker story had ever obvious. Below are some examples of “thesis
reversed. After Huck’s account of the sunrise received”: hundreds of letters poured in that were statements” or “claims” from literary critiques:
over the river, he describes how he and Jim watch characterized by “bewilderment, speculation,
the steamboats “coughing along up stream.” But and old-fashioned abuse.”1 It is not hard to • In “The Yellow Wallpaper,” by Charlotte
when there are no steamboats or rafts to watch, account for this response: Jackson’s story Perkins Gilman, the protagonist is
he describes the scene as “solid lonesomeness” portrays an “average” New England village with oppressed and represents the effect of
(130). No songbirds, no sweet breezes. Without “average” citizens engaged in a deadly rite, the the oppression of women in society. This
human activities to watch, the scene suddenly annual selection of a sacrificial victim by means effect is created by the use of complex
becomes empty and “lonesome,” and nothing of a public lottery, and does so quite deviously: symbols such as the house, the window,
captures Huck’s attention until more rafts and not until well along in the story do we suspect that and the wall-paper which facilitate her
oppression as well as her self expression.
 [“‘The Yellow Wall-Paper’: A Twist on Essays for English 103: Introduction to good encyclopedia for criticism or writing,
Conventional Symbols” by Liselle Sant] Fiction”] including the Writer’s Encyclopedia:
• “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte • In Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s short story,
Gilman is a sad story of the repression “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,”
that women face in the days of the late an unexpected visitor comes down from • Protagonist: The protagonist is the major
1800’s as well as being representative of the sky, and seems to test the faith of a character of the story; typically the
the turmoil that women face today. community. The villagers have a difficult character must overcome significant
[Critique of “The Yellow Wallpaper” by time figuring out just how the very old challenges.
Brandi Mahon] man with enormous wings fits into their • Antagonist: The protagonist’s chief
• “The Yellow Wallpaper,” written by lives. Because this character does not nemesis; in other words, the character
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story of a agree with their conception of what an whom the protagonist must overcome.
woman, her psychological difficulties angel should look like, they try to • Symbols: Metaphoric language; see A
and her husband’s so called therapeutic determine if the aged man could actually Catalogue of Symbols in The Awakening
treatment of her aliments during the late be an angel. In trying to prove the origin of by Kate Chopin
1800s. . . Gilman does well throughout their visitor, the villagers lose faith in the • Viewpoint: Stories are told either in the
the story to show with descriptive possibility of him being an angel because first person or third person point of view.
phrases just how easily and effectively he does not adhere to their ordered world. The first person is limited to a single
the man “seemingly” wields his Marquez keeps the identity of the very old character, although dialog can let you
“maleness” to control the woman. But, man with enormous wings ambiguous to guess at other characters’ intentions. The
with further interpretation and insight I critique the villagers and, more generally, third person allows readers inside the
believe Gilman succeeds in nothing more organized religion for having a lack of faith character’s mind so you know what the
than showing the weakness of women, of to believe in miracles that do not comply character feels and thinks.Viewpoint can
the day, as active persons in their own as with their master narrative. [“Prove It: A be “limited,” where the character knows
well as society’s decision making Critique of the Villagers’ Faith in ‘A Very less than the reader, or “omniscient,”
processes instead of the strength of men Old Man with Enormous Wings'” from where the reader can hear the thoughts
as women dominating machines. “The Sample Essays for English 103: and feelings of all characters.
View from the Inside” by Timothy J. Introduction to Fiction, Professor Occasionally writers will use multiple
Decker Matthew Hurt] character viewpoint, which takes you
• In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Style from one character’s perspective to
Twain creates a strong opposition Literary criticism is a fairly specialized kind of another.
between the freedom of Huck and Jim’s writing. Instead of writing to a general lay • Plot: Plots are a series of scenes,
life on the raft drifting down the Missi audience, you are writing to members of a literary typically moving from a conflict situation
community who have read a work and who to a resolution. To surprise readers,
• ssippi River, which represents “nature,” developed opinions about the work–as well as a authors will foreshadow “false plants,”
and the confining and restrictive life on vocabulary of interpretation. which lead readers to anticipate other
the shore, which represents “society.” resolutions. The term “denouement”
[ “‘All I wanted was a change’: Positive Following are some common words used by refers to the unraveling of the plot in the
Images of Nature and Society in Chapter literary critics. More specialized terms can be conclusion.
19 of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” learned by reading criticism or by referring to a
from Professor Matthew Hurt’s “Sample Literary Criticism and Theories
 • Does the writer • What historical event
Literary Criticism challenge or support or movement might
• It addresses ways of looking at literature the values of her have influenced this
beyond the typical plot-theme- contemporaries? writer?
character-setting studies. • What seems to be the • Does it provide an
author’s major opposing view or the
• It is the study, discussion, evaluation,
concern? Do they period’s prevailing
and interpretation of literature. reflect any of the values?
• It asks what literature is, what it does, writer’s personal • How important is it the
and what it is worth. (Encyclopedia experiences? historical context (the
Britannica) • Do any of the events in work’s and the
the story correspond to reader’s) to
• It is the method used to interpret any
events experienced by interpreting the work?
given work of literature. The different the author?
schools of literary criticism provide us • Do any of the Psychologi Psychology • What forces are
with lenses which ultimately reveal characters in the story cal / Level of motivating the
important aspects of the literary work. correspond to real sensibility characters?
people? & • Which behaviors of the
Consciousn character conflicts
Historical Historical • How does it reflect the ess exist between the
Importance of Literary Criticism Period’s time in which it was characters?
• One of the views likely to affirm your Connection written? • Given their
perspective and speak to what you see in • How accurately does background, how
the literature you are studying. the story depict the plausible is the
time in which it was character’s behavior?
• Studying a view different from yours – not
set? • Are the theories of
to disagree with it, but to understand it – • What literary or Freud or other
helps you understand those who hold historical influences psychologists
that view. helped to shape the applicable to this
• Studying a view from more than one view form and content of the work> to what desire?
gives you deeper understanding of the work? • Do any of the
• How does the story characters correspond
authors’ work and a better appreciation
reflect the attitudes to the parts of the
for the richness of it. and beliefs of the time tripartite self? (ID, ego,
in which it was written superego)
Literary Tags Guide Questions
to set? (Consider • What roles do
beliefs and attitudes psychological
Theories
related to race, disorders and dreams
religion, politics, play in this story?
Biographic Author’s • What aspects of the gender, society, or
al Life author’s personal life • How does the work
philosophy, etc.) reflect the writer’s
Experience are relevant to this
s • What other historical personal psychology?
story?
literary theory works • What do the
• Which of the author’s may have influenced
stated beliefs are character’s emotions
the writer? and behaviors reveal
reflected in the work?
 about their sources of conflict? • What social classes do
psychological states? Are these conflicts the characters
• How does the work resolved? represent?
reflect the • Does the work • How do characters
unconscious challenge or affirm from different classes
dimensions of the traditional views of interact or conflict?
writer’s mind? women?
• How do the images of Archetypal Archetypes; • What aspect of the
Philosophi Author’s • What view of life does women in the story Allusions work create deep
cal Philosophy the story present? reflect patriarchal and Symbol universal responses to
and Ideas Which character best social forces that have it?
articulates this impeded women’s • How does the work
viewpoint? efforts to achieve full reflect the hopes,
• According to this equality with men? fears, and
work’s view of life, • What marital expectations of entire
what is mankind’s expectations are cultures (for example,
relationship tp God? To imposed in the the ancient Greeks)?
the universe? characters? What • How do myths attempt
• What moral statement, effect do these to explain the
if any, does this story expectations have? unexplainable; origin of
make? Is it explicit or • If a female character man? Purpose and
implicit? were male, how would destiny of human
• What is the author’s the story be different beings?
attitude toward his (and vice versa)? • What common human
world? Toward fate? • How does the marital concerns are revealed
Toward God? status of a character in the story?
• What is the author’s affect her decisions or • How do stories from
conception of good and happiness? one culture correspond
evil? to those of another?
• What does the work Marxist Social • Who does it benefit if (For example, creation
say about the nature of Status and the work or effort is myths, flood myths,
good or evil? Ideologies accepted/successful/ etc.)
• What does the work believed, etc? • How does the story
say about human • What is the social reflect the experience
nature? class of the author? of death and rebirth?
• Which class does the • What archetypal
Feminist Women • How are women's work claim to events occur in the
Empowerm lives’ portrayed in the represent? story? (Quest?
ent; Equal work? • What values does it Initiation?
Status • Is the form and content reinforce? What values Scapegoating?
of the work influenced does it subvert? Descents into the
by the writer’s gender? • What conflict can be underworld? Ascents
• How do male and seen between the into heaven?)
female characters values the work • What archetypal
relate to one another? champions and those it images occur?(Water,
Are these relationship portrays? rising sun, setting usn,
 symbolic sun, ourselves, others, and relationship to
symbolic colors) the world in which we humans?
• What archetypal live? • How do the roles or
settings appear? • Are there meaningful representations of men
(Garden? Desert?) similarities among the and women towards
• How and why are these literature of different the environment differ
archetypal embodied post-colonial in this play/film/text?
in the work? populations? • Where is the
• How does a literary text environment placed in
Post- Impact of • How does the literary in the Western canon the power hierarchy?
colonialis Colonial text, explicitly or reinforce or undermine • How is the nature
m Domination allegorically, represent colonialist ideology empowered or
various aspects of through its oppressed in this
colonial oppression? representation of work?
• What does the text colonization and/or its • What parallels can be
reveal about the inappropriate silence drawn between the
problems of post- about colonized sufferings and
colonial identity, peoples? oppression of groups of
including the people (women,
relationship between Ecocriticis Green • How is nature minorities, immigrants,
personal and cultural m Analysis represented in this etc) and the treatment
identity and such with text? of the land?
emphasis •
issues as double How was the concept • What rhetorical moves
consciousness and on Natural of nature changed over are used by
hybridity World and time? environmentalists, and
Modern
• What person(s) or • How is the setting of what can we learn from
Environmen
groups does the work the play/film/text them bout our cultural
tal
identity as “other” or related to the attitudes toward
Concerns
stranger? How are environment? nature?
such persons/groups • What are the
described and treated? influences on
• What does the text metaphors and
Literary Theory and Literary Criticism
reveal about the representation of the
politics and/or land and the The Essential Core of Criticism
psychology of anti- environment on how
colonialist resistance? we treat it? Description - Interpretation - Evaluation
• What the text reveal • How do we see issues
about the operation of of environmental
cultural difference - the disaster and crises Imagine Literary Theory is a pair of lenses through
ways in which race, reflected in popular which you view the text you are reading. (The way
religion, class, gender, culture and literary in which you view the text.)
sexual orientation, works?
cultural beliefs, and • How are animals What is literary criticism?
customs combine to represented in this text
form individual identity and what is their • It addresses ways of looking at literature
- in shaping our beyond the typical plot-theme-
perceptions of character-setting studies.
• It is the study, evaluation, and
interpretation of literature.
• It asks what literature is, what it does,
and what it is worth.

1. Biographical - The Yellow Wall-paper by

Charlotte Perkins Gilman
2. Historical - The Last Leaf by O. Henry
3. Psychological or Psychoanalytic - A Rose
for Emily by William Faulkner
4. Philosophical - The Ones Who Walk
Away from Omelas by Ursula K. Le Guin
5. Feminist - A Jury of Her Peers by Susan
Glaspell
6. Marxist - A White Heron by Sarah One
Jewett; Winter Dreams by F. Scott
Fitzgerald
7. Archetypal - The Great Expectations by
Charles Dickens
8. Post Colonialism - Araby by James Joyce
9. Ecocriticism - The Road by Cormac
McCarthy
10. Ethical Criticism - The Catcher in the Rye
by J.D. Salinger