211EEE1301-

Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering
YOU DON'T NEED ANYONE PERMISSION TO MAKE SOMETHING GREAT.-MASSIMO BANZI

UNIT-IV
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Number systems and Logic gates

Dr.M.Karuppasamypandian
AP/EEE

1
 What is Number System ?
• A system for representing number of certain type.
• Example:
–There are several systems for representing the counting
numbers.
– These include the usual base “10” or decimal system : 1,2,3
,…..10,11,12,..99,100,…

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 Common Number System

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 3

 Counting

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa- decimal

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7

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 Counting

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa- decimal

8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

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 Logic Gates
What are logic gates?
✓ Logic gates are the switches that turn ON or OFF depending on what the user is doing!
✓ They are the building blocks for how computers work.
✓ Logic gates turn ON when a certain condition is true, and OFF when the condition is
false
✓ They check whether or not the information they get follows a certain rule
✓ They either spit out the answer true (ON) or false (OFF)
✓ Remember: – True= ON = 1 – False = OFF=0

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 Logic Gates
Let’s do an example
▪ Let’s say a certain logic gate needs to determine if
two numbers are equal
▪ The rule would be “is equal” , If the two input
numbers are equal, it will go into its ON position,
indicating true
▪ If they are not equal, it will go into its OFF position,
indicating false!

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 Logic Gates
▪ But we learned before that computers only
think of things in terms of ON and OFF,
which to them is 1 and 0
▪ So a computer wouldn’t take an input of 5 or 6
– all of the information need to be 0s and 1s
▪ Reminder: Input refers to the information you
give the logic gate, and output refers to what it
spits out!
▪ Let’s try this example again, keeping this rule
in mind!

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 Logic Gates

How do we describe the behavior of gates and circuits?

Boolean expressions
Uses Boolean algebra, a mathematical notation for expressing two-valued logic
Logic diagrams
A graphical representation of a circuit; each gate has its own symbol
Truth tables
A table showing all possible input value and the associated output values

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 9

 Logic Gates
Seven types of gates
◦ NOT
◦ AND
◦ OR
◦ EX-OR
◦ NAND
◦ NOR
◦ EX-NOR
Typically, logic diagrams are black and white with gates distinguished
only by their shape

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 10

 NOT Gate
A NOT gate accepts one input signal (0 or 1) and returns the opposite signal as
output

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 Practical application of NOT Gate

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 AND Gate
▪ An AND gate accepts two input signals.
▪ If both are 1, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 13

 Practical application of AND Gate
➢ An AND gate can be used in a simple seat belt alarm system in a car to detect when the ignition
switch is on and the seat belt is unbuckled.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 14

 OR Gate
▪ An OR gate accepts two input signals
▪ If both are 0, the output is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

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 Practical application of OR gate
➢ An OR gate can be used in a simplified portion of an intrusion detection/burglar alarm system as shown.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 16

 EXOR Gate
▪ An EXOR gate accepts two input signals

▪ If both inputs are the same, then output is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

▪ Note the difference between the XOR gate and the OR gate; they differ only in one input situation.
▪ When both input signals are 1, the OR gate produces a 1 and the XOR produces a 0
▪ XOR is called the exclusive OR

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 17

 Practical application of EX-OR Gate
➢ Fig shows an exclusive –OR gate being used to detect the failure in either one of the identical circuits
operating in parallel.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 18

 NAND Gate
▪ The NAND gate accepts two input signals
▪ If both are 1, the output is 0; otherwise, the output is 1.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 19

 Practical application of NAND Gate
Fig shows the application of a NAND gate in a drug manufacturing plant that uses two tanks to store a liquid
chemical.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 20

 NOR Gate
▪ The NOR gate accepts two input signals
▪ If both are 0, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 21

 Practical application of NOR Gate
Fig. shows a NOR-gate circuit required to indicate the status of the landing gear prior to landing in an
aircraft, as a part of its functional monitoring system.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 22

 EX-NOR Gate
▪ The EX-NOR gate accepts two input signals
▪ If both are same, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 23

 Universal gate

▪ NAND gates and NOR gates are sometimes called universal gates because they can be used to
produce the other basic Boolean functions.

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 Gates with More Inputs
▪ Gates can be designed to accept three or more input values
▪ A three-input AND gate, for example, produces an output of 1 only if all input values are 1

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 25

 Try this….
➢ The logic gate which produces a 0 or low-level output when one or both of the inputs are 1 is called
.............gate.

a) AND b)OR c)NOR d)NAND

➢ Which of the following input combination will produce a HIGH at the output of a two-input AND gate.

a) both inputs are LOW b) one of the input is HIGH and the other one is LOW c) both inputs are HIGH d)
none of these

➢ All logic operations can be obtained by means of ____________

a) OR and NOR operations b) OR and NOT operations c) NAND and NOR operations d) AND and NAND
operations

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 26

 Try this….
➢ Logically, the output of a NAND gate would have the same Boolean expression as a(n):

a) AND gate immediately followed by an inverter b) NOR gate immediately followed by an inverter c) NAND
gate immediately followed by an inverter d) OR gate immediately followed by an inverter

➢ Which logic gate is preferred for the given application:

Circuit operation: If anyone doorbell switch is pressed,
then doorbell alarm rings.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 27

 Try this….
➢ The given electric circuit is an equivalent circuit of----------- logic gate. (Consider
Switch A and B as input and status of bulb as output)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 28

 Try this
➢ To get an output 1 from circuit of Fig. The inputs ABC must be,

a) 010 b) 100 c) 101 d) 110

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education 211EEE1301-BEEE-M.Karuppasamypandiyan 29