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1.1 Introduction to Numerical Methods

The document discusses the importance of numerical methods in solving engineering problems that cannot be solved exactly. It provides an example involving a trunnion getting stuck in a hub due to thermal contraction, detailing the steps taken to model and solve the issue using numerical methods. Various mathematical procedures such as differentiation, integration, and regression are highlighted as essential tools in scientific computing.

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wael.wael.wael.1232
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© © All Rights Reserved
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3 views

1.1 Introduction to Numerical Methods

The document discusses the importance of numerical methods in solving engineering problems that cannot be solved exactly. It provides an example involving a trunnion getting stuck in a hub due to thermal contraction, detailing the steps taken to model and solve the issue using numerical methods. Various mathematical procedures such as differentiation, integration, and regression are highlighted as essential tools in scientific computing.

Uploaded by

wael.wael.wael.1232
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Scientific Computing

!1
Why use Numerical Methods?
• To solve problems that cannot be solved exactly

2
x u
1 −
∫ e 2
du
2π −∞
Why use Numerical Methods?
• To solve problems that are intractable!
Steps in Solving an
Engineering Problem
How do we solve an engineering problem?

Problem Description

Mathematical Model

Solution of Mathematical Model

Using the Solution


!4
Example of Solving an Engineering Problem

!5
Bascule Bridge THG

!6
Bascule Bridge THG

Hub

Trunnion

Girder

!7
Trunnion-Hub-Girder
Assembly Procedure

Step1. Trunnion immersed in dry-ice/alcohol


Step2. Trunnion warm-up in hub
Step3. Trunnion-Hub immersed in
dry-ice/alcohol
Step4. Trunnion-Hub warm-up into girder

!8
Problem

After Cooling, the Trunnion Got Stuck


in Hub

!9
Why did it get stuck?

Magnitude of contraction needed in the trunnion was


0.015” or more. Did it contract enough?

!10
Consultant calculations

ΔD = D × α × ΔT
D = 12.363"
−6 o
α = 6.47 × 10 in / in / F
o
ΔT = −108 − 80 = −188 F

−6
ΔD = (12.363)(6.47 × 10 )( −188)
= −0.01504"
!11
Is the formula used correct?
ΔD = D × α × ΔT T(oF) α (µin/in/oF)

-340 2.45
-300 3.07
-220 4.08
-160 4.72
ΔD = D α ΔT
-80 5.43
0 6.00
40 6.24
80 6.47

!12
The Correct Model Would Account for
Varying Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Tc

ΔD = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

!13
Can You Roughly Estimate the
Contraction?
Tc

ΔD = D ∫ α (T )dT Ta=80oF; Tc=-108oF; D=12.363”


Ta

Tc

ΔD = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu !14
Can You Find a Better Estimate for the
Contraction?
Tc

ΔD = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

Ta = 80oF
Tc = -108oF
D = 12.363"

!15
Estimating Contraction Accurately
Change in diameter (ΔD) by
cooling it in dry ice/alcohol is
given by

Tc

ΔD = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

Ta = 80oF
Tc = -108oF
D = 12.363"
α = −1.2278 ×10 −5 T 2 + 6.1946 ×10 −3 T + 6.0150
ΔD = −0.0137"
!16
So what is the solution to the problem?

One solution is to immerse the trunnion in liquid nitrogen


which has a boiling point of -321oF as opposed to the
dry-ice/alcohol temperature of -108oF.

ΔD = −0.0244"

!17
Revisiting steps to solve a problem
1) Problem Statement: Trunnion got stuck in
the hub.
2) Modeling: Developed a new model
Tc

ΔD = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

3) Solution: 1) Used trapezoidal rule OR b)


Used regression and integration.
4) Implementation: Cool the trunnion in liquid
nitrogen.
!18
Introduction to Numerical Methods

Mathematical Procedures

!19
Mathematical Procedures
• Nonlinear Equations
• Differentiation
• Simultaneous Linear Equations
• Curve Fitting
• Interpolation
• Regression
• Integration
• Ordinary Differential Equations

!20
Nonlinear Equations
How much of the floating ball is under water?

Diameter=0.11m
Specific Gravity=0.6

3 2 −4
x − 0.165 x + 3.993 × 10 = 0
3 2 −4
f ( x ) = x − 0.165 x + 3.993 × 10 = 0 !21
Differentiation
What is the acceleration at t=7
seconds?

⎛ 16 × 104 ⎞ dv
v(t) = 2200 ln⎜⎜ 4
⎟⎟ − 9.8t a=
⎝ 16 × 10 − 5000t ⎠ dt
!22
Differentiation
What is the acceleration at t=7 seconds?

Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

dv
a=
dt

!23
Simultaneous Linear Equations
Find the velocity profile, given

Time (s) 5 8 12

Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

v (t ) = at 2 + bt + c, 5 ≤ t ≤ 12
Three simultaneous linear equations

25a + 5b + c = 106
64a + 8b + c = 177
144a + 12b + c = 600

!24
Interpolation
What is the velocity of the rocket at t=7 seconds?

Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

!25
Regression
Thermal expansion coefficient data for cast steel

!26
Integration
Finding the diametric contraction in a steel shaft when dipped in liquid nitrogen.

T fluid

ΔD = D ∫ α dT
Troom

!27
Ordinary Differential Equations
How long does it take a trunnion to cool down?

dθ
mc = −hA(θ − θ a ), θ (0) = θ room
dt
!28

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