P-Bl0CK Isth N AS Sb R

# Tnest þaio ctbect

The tendeny o ng þai to get e
16th Se Te
inert while coming down the gr0up
is caled inest pair ebtect
Te i woct etabie in
Dve to involuement ot d e
fein lowe
ite +2 OS
membesR oo P-block'. #
h0Up 13 (eoron famiy) cne?np)
2) Tn lowey wenbee od b-blocIK nucleUA
i4 heav e sbiolding tdue to de fe)
* Boton -Rae eleent
A þes which tse a
tsacHon on n

e- paY (o, z
kexnite (Naßyo4Hh0
ebd 1,AHaHon t)
-
*
Consequene ob
ines pait Cobect two iAotopeeR.R
(194:) ( &))
• On moving the goup s4abit
douUn
Alominiuy- No4 abOundant Neto.
louwer 0s (H.0S se)se -Thid wost abundont ellwen (0,>Si>A)
• Due to ine palr edect in heavie
)
me
mbe2 group 0:S Jse by two Unit 4in Yei- Al02Ho (Bouxito
due to inextne NagAl F (ego te)
o'2nge. NOTe:-Nihoniuw (Nh)-(2 =1)3)
HO-S
= n +
npe -Radio active, hald ube -Q0eeG
LoS- H.0:S – 2
unit Atouie prope tiee
H-0s
3)
Jse
ngnp! L0.S )1se
Tonico ion enep g>TA >
ha >AL7In
Ba
3 boled on pauling cale)
N
(value
H.0-8 44) se
In TA
ns2 np L0.S ) se
hroup Is th H.0S 45) se Largort aa
þoope tieR
n
np' # Physical
O Den
sit Tnc. top to bottoy
13th B A

In Boiling pont L T toR

+3

he Pb

+2 t4) 42 44 2 44) 42 44)

f Chenical Rea ctivit (4T0up I3+h) Al + Nao NalA(OH)4] +
H,t
) Rea ctivito towarde Ais (0 (Ha0)+ NaoH Nat
t N2)
*Oxide 8
Acidic A!
ha
Aubhstede Ae OHALOH) AL(oH)y í Na

a
blockage brom drainage
pipee.
e
Impootant pointe 13 hro0p
e+NeN (BN,A) Valence heA electonic on big.
Ndtdset Ht
hei
iA ng2np
CstallineBNon-e acive
• The 0: 8
two Unit 1e gg Hhan the go up
Cyctallioe Al- Pootective Oxide oye 0-S be coNee psogseegi vely More 2fable

(veg decQ reacive)

the heavie lewante in each gp.
Amo þhouBeA cán vea ct wth Ar
The non-metale chara cte o elewente

the group. Tn bact

VCe douwn
the
heaviet oleent in each ped
P-ldo gr0up i the woat Netali'c
G) Reaetivtg to ward Halcgenn in natue: Si 22 1.

Trihalides A1T2 etC

NOTe'
• T1Tal Tatg1-) oea
not eist due
d In general,non-wetal have high
ion eaton entha þiee CN high
to inegt þair abbot
4han he meta.Non-wetaleNI]
Nore etabe • The compound e
ii) Reacivit towarde Acide e Bace
reactive non- netala
orwed
si
o high
gny reache
th hi
B+ Aeid Base No eacon wetala Qie generat Tonic becau e
(AJ+ Acid |Base Reacion e oo 0a7ge dibterencee
in hei G.
M NM (aEN se Tonic?
High
3+ natyre bond

The 2nd period eleent o

þ-goube
etarting brom boron Qe reetreted
H, Covalonce a 4
to a
wairmn
NOTE- Al t Possiva tion 28 2P
(AL /8efe| ce) gur hace be cowe a • Boron torma only Bfy alominivm
inert due to torwothon givea CAL F6]5 ion.
coLTK otective laye
3rd perid elenen can
extend
| 8t6xistX
thei Covaleny
begond touy.
 o not • The
Pn-Pn type 7-bonding i relative atobit s
+J oxrdotion
particulory atrong tor the heoue 2tote pogTe gervely se.
p-blode elewents. 3rd period ote In tha tiom tL. oxi datHon etate ie
or
2 Pa- 2pñ >(3Pn-RP)not inant whereae the +30e
psed

eiit ic highay oxidising in chararley.

The cOmpounde in +1 0,ae
eberted
rom aner Congideotone, aue wore
• Roron Alui nig have noble g0Q (ore
ionic than those in +3 Os,.
galliuy Indi yw have noble gae Clectron debicront moleulee have
plus ae thalliu has oble gak
n
tendeny to accept a þaur ot e
blue d
f"eore&.
plue to achieve etabe elertronic conda.
R
thu loehave ae lewie AcidA
Atowic radiushaA |• RCla easiy accepte a lone paiT od
The obgerved die continuity in the
electong rom arNmonia to bo m

ioni eaon enthaly valwee blw

At 4

Bei3 NH3
ha blw In eTA awe due to
AlClg achievee etabi ity omin b
Pooy d
deF-electone a
dirnet.
• Theve aue two isotopic os e
denerisaion

•
Aluwinio 6e
iA the wuot abundant e- debicient
we
tal the gd wos abUndant Al2 clB
andi) -
ela u
eot in the earthe crut (3.32|&eig>Alch ('ewic
Nore -
sPs, Aetrahedrt
Ridge od(2)
8i(29/). Noie!- Clz Ca n
not 1osy di yes (B2Cl
ve ne Reoron! loge
DUe to
eOng cystali Si2e c
atowe can
, uot it into voidA preQent blw
la Hice boron hae unu Lvaly high
weltin8 þoint '8-atowe
Awos phove oo0n on heatin in ar
Density
• The Aluminium dig golvee in dilute
8i2e
e oson, he
Due to al
H NOR
g
high Thie evente Concentated acid rendere
Qn thotiee i
aluminiUm þagsive b borming a
it to tosm ione eorceg it to
3

pootecve oxide layex on the sudare.

torm on coval nt compoonds, The ti-chloridee.bYODidee R i odideg
+2)iwagino
charge sd al 13th g0up eu wente ae
no Covalent in nature
o3doee eist oe tee jong,
ISize, Te) eovalent eedebicient.
The uonrmeri
Can ewt (' Sne, 1e ) e
tihalidee bei
e- dedicient are etong lewie ac'de
 BorQx Na, Byo lb H,0) Condition
t One atom
:-noe
must belong to 2nd pesos

T- þlan tetahdr ni e
ae t one a
tow wost hoe P Q

Auoter
S-B-O8 linkagevo oo21 ghoold have vacon orbita
5BTidging oxygenbooNote
Tn Rf,B-f bond ordes 16e
Rokax +HaoAIkaline oluion
bo tez beod test ic Used
to*Leui.g Acidic Nature UPacceptos
identiby transition
wetolabnol om othex peeles)
BSNat
donaion etent o1wic @cidue
H0- B
natue ce
Sp
Bclg>Alciz> hac Tnch(lewis accdie
wot based on
4emdan
Due to bacK ondig ieodbond baneay
bthobor)c Acid (Haß0) Lex
te
RlOH) +(H)
s
Relea(ed
rom water NOTe

in B.&
then hgbridi ationgeonep.
Toionol planor Unita
H
Diborane (81H)ot
uesie due to bresence
so.6 H- bonding Dimer td BHz(Borane )
LColouslesg tbic gae
Nax 6 a
tow
-weak acld(leusic Aeid) breceat in fawe
Reason Used ae socket ue
ole (Hono basic) þlane
Alþha Ht
Na i deta h ire
To bridgi H

Back bondin in Boron tihalideg fwo B are þreSent

four terwinal H
in game plane
Two brdge bonda (3-2e)
Lfous temind e- dtbi aent bond
* Back bonding (SPecia cage o) R-H b0 nd
ce Reconan 2c-2e)( Rafna ond)
LA-co0r dinate bond blw two adjaan H

covalen y
bonded a toma.sN
Leack bond
AB
 Reactvitg towarde Halogeng
Bet 80-1 n
Covalent
E+X2 natune
Dihalidek Tetrah ali des
B-H (L'0s) CH:0-)
Bridging Terwinal atabiy se doun
the gou
Lse d
ownhe

#
ooup (4 (Car bon tamiy)
LPbTY doegnot eic.
Carb0n
Halb-Arbe Noura
':
ve
charge T, , Cov. eh)

Tlo tepe U
led in casoon
datng in nature. Anion chhota, Cotion
bada
SIlicon 8econd wot olbundont elenn fayan ka ulta,I.C4se
Atomic propartieeecs A Tmportant þoi nts od 4 6roup
Size C<Si <
he <§n <pb Noturaly oceurin caron containe e
tlaio etable ie otopee: 12c i3c.
l4c ie
a
radigactve cotOpe hith
Pb.
radio carbon da ting
&ilicon ie a very irnpotant Comþonent

Density e
cevnica, glace
(qraphite)
SiOz
Ul4ra pure
C
15 aiamond then e>Si bom emanium 8ilicon
aue
8pFrom Si to Pb se uled to rmake trangietoe and
Semiconductor deviceß.
There ie a onsiderable le in Covalent
t O
chenical Reactivit radiue drom c to
3i,4te ter tbrom
Reatvita with Og Si
to b a 2
mall se in radiuA i
+2 +4 oblerved.
.
Eyist in vopouY boy In heavies membeR the tenden to
ghow +20 1se.
Neutra he Xy is more atable than hexz,
Amphoter wheoeal Pb i2 more than Poxy
Reactivitg towarde Ha0( water)
clsilbelSol+ +2
he +4
epected to eact but eNain •Co iA neutral, heO ie dicinctA
unreactie due to pesan o) acidlic whereal Sn0 PLO e

protectie oxide' layey. Arn phoec

Sntteay
(Hz0 (q)
 PbIy doee not eyict because Pb-T Graphite
bond initia owed during the YXn -
doee not release enough enev
to Layered tueture
Ops b
ela crone one
aQes ecte containe herogona hg 0
hern to hiahex osbital to have tovs C-c
Unpai sed electone aound lead otom.- w.vf bresent olw loterk.
• Heavies can be work ae lubricant
elwente donot torn Pn-Yn
Aobtes than dijawond
bonde because hois atomic ovbtala
ale too lagee ditbuse to have electriCal conducto (" Re ae preRent)
ebtective ovorlaping Therwodynawicall uost 4alde
• The o
ordes catenaHon isiTo n

-Taorwat conduction 4
lega tan
Lead doe gno show cotenation an
Voluwe i4 w0re
h
dlauond
•fi fo] ie knoon wherea [Sicl]not
o3) Folleron
e

84eie hindrnee
•Casb0n atowA hane he tendeny- Aroatie
SyntheH alo tro pe.
to tinl< with one another thoughe - purer alotrope ad c (danging bond
Covalert bonde to tosm chaine
singe 1hia þo þest i4 called - Roth Pen tagong 2
Hexagone ae pregent
CatenaHon. (H>lwayk
• Lead compondg jn +2 etate ae Conden 2a on
arophie 8lack
HeA
oxiargin& 9enta Powdey

ob
Allotopee Mainy()
L Three crytalline a lotropeg #Atomic þsopestiee lIS th fo 18 th)
ne
S Diamno nd Gaaphife Ofolere
OAtoic 3ize'

Inreelee 0<S< Se Te
other,
each 'c' ie inked wth four
tetrahedsallyt He CNe
-
NetOTK Solid (1ge networ o)
<
As <k <e Rn

covalent Bond). Toni soa

ion, enesa
- HandeQt in hatue
i-lls
gubtance to boHo
Top y
sea.
CAbnornall Hgh N.P) e
S)€lecon otbinitbub
- eleeti cay Tngulator( delocaliged
|6th gYþ S>Se> Te >
Po >o
-
Thermal condv eto (dve to etong
Bonda)
 #
Physica PTopertieg (is th toiRth) tuse To
le coves Pu dron 8
et
0Densit T)sec Nucleax 0el
OBoiing þoint- (T 8) see

Te >Po +

- &blogive
*Sb>8i +
ONeling Þoint: 3Bomine 0,Bo0, 8s02 8o3
Isth AS
>Sb>Bi >P>N to othes
Sab bina Piye NQchenge
Cowe oxideA,
Halogen
|6th Te Po >
Se
ToA0
S>o
hone Se Signa! ovt in both
|7th.
(B) 02 c o=ce Abi i ty to
18thse od
tom wultipe
tobte
# Chenical Reactirita 8roup iS, l6,14) bonde.
Todine +Og- Tao4, 1a0s,1a0
67oUp Isth
+3 +5
03|0s
o

*oxidee N,P aue idie

o
etation COin
LNO, Ny0 Neutral)
autowobi le
t Reactivit touwarde Halogeng

*&xexslehe covalont chore)

+4
s
vaent d- obital.
sfaste
Thele atA ae acidic innat

fso, Reducing agent Coval et

is
paut Te
ebßect oaie oxidising gent
2)
Te
stasle Unetatle
>6TOUp 1th
2table.
-gauw
Ey Sp Ga-S4,see
These aue essenioly
fluorinaing
Agent [:eNç>ENo] X=ca/Bo
ex+e) Nainly
 Se fy-s quid wolewleg se (
wufse)
Te fy
Ist 164u
Sobd (Hae (He
NH2 Ha0 Hf
Halogen +
PH3 HaS HU
HalogenTnerhalogen
ASH2
HaSed Her
SbH2 H,Te HI
e
ointerhalogens;-CIf, o3 N.p
RP- 6ondin8 DUe to H

þresent in NH3,H0,e Hf,thir

BP aue bighe than exheaon
2

*
Jotes Halogens have Polar bonda
uwhi le norwa halogene have Inon NH2 HoH2
>2>

Þola bonds,lo PH34

* Tn lewoleula Tntey halogon> Hale3 HR3
AHracso Ha Te, HI 2
Drwal e

5halogen Sone
Pola l6.l4 hydnider(ToP to bot0u)
Noleuwlee ol eculea se
*e-H bond length
e-H b0nd etrength Lse
Co dibole dboleLD e-H bn nd diseOdation enory se

No TE f-f bond eno is veg * Tberwal

e4biity Lee
aqwed Tse
|esweane roore re acHe * H
donaton tendeny in
(' p-p R
epulon)h Acidic naturee
* Pka va lve se
Reactvitt:- FTXha !tH Remowu(not H*) tendent
ordex ( H
rewovol
=
Oxidaon) Tse
f2 TeudeuY to nee Reducng
halogena holgen
get oidieot nature se
Repulon
*Reduina poueY se
for Bond Angle Lse
b 0u )S,IG P
direchonod natue dse
Hydride howaHon
Govalent in nato re LLewje lsasie notre Lse

LLe- Rich Hydride

 w

Tnert hae Sel obi ty in Oter le

*enon
e
Radon aue 4he saret eleuonte se
o
he gr0uRadon i2 obtained ae Real ga charactey
chrartey
Tdea g2s Lse.

224 222
+ 2 te
#chewical bropetiee (ex cebt'He'

0gae gso n ha4 be en ynthoticnly due to

u np (buy billed )
acf ato i) n2,
Hiah TE e +ve AHeglA =Zero)
oCat ione. |)
294 Împortant Reactione:
+3n
@IPxe) 1P (01)

) O2 tPtf6 [Ptfe] (Red co)our)

Oganeß Con occus in the ataobhase. coloux)
Xe +PfG Xe(Pfo)(Red
*
heis atoospheric abundance iin dy
gae
Tst Cowbound
o
Noe
yuther 2ed loy Nel Barat
Phagi cal þropesHea - wajy
o Xe
# LAbe* that cowpuunde
• AU the noble gasQ aue mono atOmo with Higu eN eleet
|het aie coloUleee,odorlege e Ls
fe0 hae been ynthegiled.
eg Xe Ogf2, Xe O2, Xe4,Xe ty,Xet.
in woter.
Down the grou 12,Qoluuta Tse. trve cbwpoun:
lolubit inet gae in wakr He
NenANo
-
can be eplained bt dipole-in duced# XenOn luot ine Cormpounde
dipole oscee LDTD). Xe t fef)
Theg have ve
8P e bez
louw MP 2 (exces)
the on te these
od interatoui
xef) Powertu 0
lvorinatvg
intesaction in eleente i
weak dicþersion torcee. Xe t F
et)
Agent
• Holinw hae an unuual fo pert (20)
dibiacing thovgh most Couwou
vÇed laboatoy woteriala Quch
a
Xe
fy t (o,fXe f6
t02
o
ubbet,ale8 platica. bluorinatig Agont
He
-al Ase
LDfT Ne
-
WeaC terceQ se +2
DID ('.
wv.fd Miw)
Xe
fy t H0 Xe t Hf +O2
+
Xefy Hy0-xeo txe +
Hf +0,
ad 2osption at charcoal Io,pasial hydrolyriß Xeofy +HF
Qurbae 18e.
erea Xefsf 2H0 +
>teo,
(': Size tee Surae 1) fat HF
e - SH2,Conplee hydro Jlsie Xeoz+HF
Aiq9ibicoti on tendeuyoe
1rieJtne Hh0, pyÜdut ei ne
easy to Uquib) o' dohuY
#fechange reacion propertg Ihite P Red p

Molecula
Xef +PEsCxeS]CPJ
Xe Fy+ Sofs [xe
foxuula1
FJsbfJ sruture disere
tetranedra
Poywerc
Xe Fu + Ccf est CxeF Abpearance Tanslvcent

Highy reactive lot

xe kef CRF MP
ft Bifs s

Solubit in
low

( polay)
*
Co)loxnH0
S-bloie donoColoiGtin W2 Poyaenc)
CAIkal i wetal) cs,(hon- po))

* 5XC Reactity HighMode

p-blode faccepto )
1wolo
Chewitu win
Alotopes o P
t White Phocphoe Ren
P(P4) (94ouwin dax
a
4t disarete Uute(weak vond S

foYcea reent blw uese vite). AMotroþe& od

Angle ctrainlso)
Lb
# S2
Lveg Reactne
L
P-P L Parammagnefic( ike O)
inloteG
+
Red P(P4)nn
# S8
bCIoun shaped
P
(Sphgbridised'e)
P

LGaphite uke 2tvCture

yellow Colou

ortho hobic
Red P
Seal ed to be d-Baol
Tnert s +3K
Nediu
white P B-Blac
b
chair born
osxAnHgh P
 t Preparation Luertdue to high sond deoc.
enthatb CNEN)
evaboyeti
ellow coloY prepaxd by racional dstiartton

LU Na ie vsed ae sedrigevant to
,
Make
þreterre bioogi nate
hole in cuc ood itewe.
2
reuOve etra
Hso4 Cconc: Hseo)
-AcIdic
Undes CYuSt ig obserred -de hydrotint X

Propert d- Su|phur B-Sulphuy

Molecw|ax Rearon
S& Sg
fosrmula - 1082VoloHle H-boding blw wol eculea
Aangeent Rhoubic -U Sed al eagen io the tet o aniong
3D Nonoclioic
-bivalo nt ionSo
Densitt High
wga i9°) (4) 03
SouTce o Roll
Prepasation
golobi t in -Can not emain tos lDng o 8 ea
Hao level (ot heigt od
0ku it ie
2olublt in

-Pure zone (s pale blue ga,dane

O

Trangiion blue
4ernpetafie 269I Uquld, vi olet blau eod
fem at bath
AH -ve n
0:2:0 -ve
)Oxidee ot N Powenul O·A
Ls
Nirogen toxne Oxideg in +1 to +so
+2 +4 +4 +S
L NO NOg
(3) (S10) (S)
wevpeod Blve

Aci'e
N

dinit0ge g as,colous lesr ,odouless

tastles, NOn-toc

Bond oraley (3.0)