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Diffraction 1

The practical work at the University of Ferhat Abbas Sétif1 focuses on interpreting diffraction figures from various diffracting objects to deduce their dimensions. The experiment involves studying finite and infinite diffraction phenomena using setups with lasers and apertures, including single and double slits as well as circular apertures. Measurements of diffraction patterns are taken to calculate slit widths and other parameters using formulas derived from Fraunhofer diffraction theory.

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10 views4 pages

Diffraction 1

The practical work at the University of Ferhat Abbas Sétif1 focuses on interpreting diffraction figures from various diffracting objects to deduce their dimensions. The experiment involves studying finite and infinite diffraction phenomena using setups with lasers and apertures, including single and double slits as well as circular apertures. Measurements of diffraction patterns are taken to calculate slit widths and other parameters using formulas derived from Fraunhofer diffraction theory.

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zinoalioua990
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© © All Rights Reserved
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University of Ferhat Abbas Sétif1

Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics

Practical work
Diffraction 1

I. Goal of the pratical work:


The goal of the experiment is to interpret the diffraction figures observed with different
diffracting objects, and to deduce the dimensions of these objects.

II. Existence of the diffraction phenomenon


A point source S illuminates a screen E2 through an aperture T formed in the screen El (Figure
1). Instead of observing the “shadow” of aperture T on E2, we see that the luminous part spreads out
further than geometric optics would indicate. The aperture T is said to diffract light. The diffraction
phenomenon observed on screen E2 is known as finite distance
diffraction or FRESNEL diffraction.

Figure 1

In our practical work, we will be looking at diffraction phenomena when the source S and the
screen E2 are at infinity. This gives us the experimental set-up shown in figure 2. The source
S is at the focus of an objective O1, the aperture T is illuminated by a plane wave and the
phenomena are observed in the image focal plane E2 of a second objective O2. The diffraction
phenomena studied under these conditions are known as infinite diffraction or
FRAUNHOFER diffraction. Note that O1and O2 can be replaced by a single O objective
(Figure 3).

Figure 2 Figure 3

1
1. FRAUNHOFER diffraction by a simple slit (width a , height h˃˃a)
Under Fraunhofer conditions, the calculation of the diffracted intensity in the θ direction is given by :
𝜋𝑎 sin 𝜃
sin2 ( )
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝜆
𝜋𝑎 sin 𝜃 2
( 𝜆 )
I=I0 for θ=0
I=0 for sinθ=mλ/a with m≠0
with : θ : half diffraction angle expressed in radians
(figure 4) and m is an integer.

Figure 4

2. FRAUNHOFER diffraction by a double slit :


Width a, distance between the centers of the two slits; b, slit height h >> b > a). Calculating the
diffracted intensity in the θ direction gives :
𝜋𝑎 sin 𝜃
sin2 (
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝜆 ) cos 2 (𝜋𝑏 sin 𝜃 )
𝜋𝑎 sin 𝜃 2 𝜆
( 𝜆 )

The interference fringe is modulated by the diffraction phenomenon caused by one or other of the two
slits. There are therefore two characteristic dimensions in this intensity profile: the small-scale
modulation (λ/b) due to the presence of the two slits, and the larger-scale modulation (λ/a) due to each
of the two slits taken separately.

Figure 5

3. Diffraction through a circular aperture


Always under FRAUNHOFER conditions, calculation of the diffracted intensity in the θ
direction gives:
2
𝐽1 (𝑚)
𝐼 = 4𝐼0 ( )
𝑚
2𝜋𝑅
with 𝑚 = sin 𝜃 where 𝐽1 (𝑚) is the 1 st order Bessel function.
𝜆

2
Figure 6

III. Realization of the experiment


The experimental study of diffraction at infinity will be realized with a Ne -Ne laser
emitting monochromatic light of wavelength λ=632,8nm.
To study the diffraction figure, we will use either projection onto a distant screen and ruler
measurement, or a photo detector (intensity measurement).
1. Optical mounting
FRAUNHOFER diffraction corresponds to a plane wave, before
and after the diffracting object. In practice, these conditions
are achieved with the following montage:

Figure 7

2. Diffraction through a thin slit


A slit of unknown width(a), placed in an adjustable support, will be illuminated by the
laser beam.
 The diffraction fringe will be observed and reproduced on the report on the screen
placed at a distance of D=500mm,D=1000mm, D=1500mm.
 Measure the value of the inter -fringe, (i), as accurately as possible. Deduce the width
𝜆𝐷
of the slit (a), given that : 𝑖 =
𝑎
Where D = 1000 mm is the distance between the slit and the screen.
 Uusing a photodetector, measure the intensities in the x direction in 2mm steps. Plot
the intensity distribution i(x)=I(x)/I max of the diffraction figure. Deduce the width (a) of the
slit.
 In the case of diffraction by a single slit, verify that the central fringe has a width of
2i.

3. Diffraction through two slits


One support contains three pairs of slits with different spacings.
 For each slit, observe and reproduce the diffraction fringe on the screen placed at
the end of the D=1000mm optical bench.
 What is the difference between the three figures?

3
 Determine the distance (b) between the axes of these slits from the interfrange ( i)
measured with maximum precision on a screen placed at distance D=1000mm, knowing
that :
𝜆𝐷
𝑖=
𝑏

4. Diffraction through a hole

 We will observe and reproduce on the report the diffraction fringe per hole on the
screen placed at distance D=500 mm, D=1000 mm, D=1500mm.
 Déterminer Determine the diameter of a circular hole from the diffraction figure
observable on the screen placed at distance D=1000mm (Airy disk experiment) If (r) is the
radius of the central spot and (R) that of the hole, then :
1,22𝜆
𝑟= 𝐷
2𝑅
Using a numerical integration method, we can determine and plot the numerical values of the Bessel functions
and the cardinal sine. The following figure shows the successive values of the maxima and minima of the Airy
figure.

Figure 8

Translated by:
Dr.H.MOUNIR

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