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MATLAB Numerical Calculations López Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): López, César
ISBN(s): 9781484203460, 1484203461
Edition: Online-ausg
File Details: PDF, 9.40 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks
and Contents at a Glance links to access them.
Contents at a Glance

About the Author .................................................................................................................xi

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ xv

N Chapter 1: Introduction to MATLAB ...................................................................................1

N Chapter 2: Integers, Divisibility and Number Systems ....................................................11
N Chapter 3: Real and Complex Numbers ...........................................................................43
N Chapter 4: Numerical Variables, Vectors and Matrices ...................................................95
N Chapter 5: Vectors and Matrices ...................................................................................139
N Chapter 6: Functions .....................................................................................................179
N Chapter 7: Programming and Numerical Analysis ........................................................211
N Chapter 8: Numerical Algorithms: Equations, Derivatives, Integrals and
Differential Equations ....................................................................................................279

iii
Introduction

MATLAB is the tool of the modern day mathematician or engineer. The incredible deep functionality of MATLAB
makes what would have taken hours 40 years ago, often less than a minute with MATLAB built in functions. MATLAB
enables you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster often more accurately than with other tools
or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java. More importantly, it has changed the way we learn
and made getting solutions immensely simpler. So, you can now focus on the application, instead of the math. And
with that easily available power, you can explore and find more and more functions, test hypotheses and become a
significantly more powerful worker.
This book is designed for use, in part, as a tool to enable you to use MATLAB as a scientific/business calculator
so that you can get numerical solutions to problems involving a wide array of mathematics using MATLAB. But it
is broader in scope than that. The book can be used as an independent resource for MATLAB. A background in the
necessary mathematics is assumed, so this book shows you how to interpret your problems to get MATLAB to do what
you want it to do. Just look up the function you want in the book and you are ready to use it in MATLAB or use the
book to learn about the enormous range of options that MATLAB offers. The book is topical, picking examples to show
not only general methods in using MATLAB, but specifics to use MATLAB for advanced mathematical computations
while giving a glimpse at their application.
MATLAB Numerical Calculations focuses on MATLAB capabilities to give you numerical solutions to problems
you are likely to encounter in your professional or scholastic life. It introduces you to the MATLAB language with
practical hands-on instructions and results, allowing you to quickly achieve your goals. Starting with a look at basic
MATLAB functionality with integers, rational numbers and real and complex numbers, and MATLAB’s relationship
with Maple, you will learn how to solve equations in MATLAB, and how to simplify the results. You will see how
MATLAB incorporates vector, matrix and character variables, and functions thereof. MATLAB is a powerful tool used
to defined, manipulate and simplify complex algebraic expressions. With MATLAB you can also work with ease in
matrix algebra, making use of commands which allow you to find eigenvalues, eigenvectors, determinants, norms and
various matrix decompositions, among many other features. Lastly, you will see how you can write scripts and use
MATLAB to explore numerical analysis, finding approximations of integrals, derivatives and numerical solutions of
differential equations.

xv
CHAPTER 1

Introduction to MATLAB

1.1 Numerical Calculations with MATLAB

You can use MATLAB as a powerful numerical calculator. While most calculators handle numbers only to a preset
degree of accuracy, MATLAB works to whichever precision is necessary for any given calculation. In addition, unlike
calculators, we can perform operations not only with individual numbers, but also with objects such as matrices.
Most classical numerical analysis topics are treated by MATLAB. It supports matrix algebra, statistics,
interpolation, fit by least squares, numerical integration, minimization of functions, linear programming, numerical
solutions of algebraic equations and differential equations and a long list of further techniques.
Here are some examples of numerical calculations with MATLAB (once the commands have been entered to the
right of the input prompt “>>” simply hit Enter to obtain the result):
1. We can calculate 4 + 3 and get 7 as a result. To do this, just type 4 + 3 and then Enter:

>> 4 + 3

ans =

2. We can also find the value of 3 raised to the power 100, without previously fixing the
precision. For this it is enough to simply type 3 ^ 100:

>> 3 ^ 100

ans =

5. 1538e + 047

3. We can also use the command format long e to obtain results in scientific notation with
16 more exponential digits of precision:

>> format long e;

>> 3 ^ 100

ans =

5.153775207320115e+047

1
CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

4. We can also work with complex numbers. We find the result of the operation
raising (2 + 3i) to the power 10 by typing the expression (2 + 3i) ^ 10:

>> (2 + 3i) ^ 10

ans =

-3 415250000000001e + 005 - 1. 456680000000001e + 005i

The command format long g will optimize the output of future calculations.

>> format long g

>> (2 + 3i) ^ 10

ans =

-341525 - 145668i

5. The previous result can also be obtained in short format using the command format short:

>> format short;

>> (2 + 3i) ^ 10

ans =

-3.4152e+005- 1.4567e+005i

6. We can calculate the value of the Bessel function at the point 13.5. To do this, we type
Besselj(0,13.5):

>> Besselj(0,13.5)

ans =

0.2150

7. We can also perform numerical integration. To calculate the integral between 0 and S
of sin(x), we type the expression int(sin(x), 0, pi) after having declared the variable x as
symbolic with the command syms:

>> syms x
>> int(sin(x), 0, pi)

ans =

These themes will be treated more thoroughly later.

2
 CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

1.2 Symbolic Calculations with MATLAB

MATLAB handles symbolic mathematical computation perfectly, manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions
easily and efficiently. You can expand, factor and simplify polynomials, rational functions and trigonometric
expressions; you can find algebraic solutions of polynomial equations and systems of equations; you can evaluate
derivatives and integrals symbolically and find solutions of differential equations; you can manipulate power series,
find limits and explore many other facets of algebraic series.
To perform this task, MATLAB requires that all variables (or algebraic expressions) are previously declared as
symbolic using the command syms.
Here are some examples of symbolic computations with MATLAB:
1. We find the cube of the algebraic expression: (x + 1)(x + 2) - (x + 2)^2. This is done by
typing the expression: expand((x + 1)*(x + 2) - (x + 2)^2)^3). The result will be another
algebraic expression:

>> syms x
>> expand (((x + 1)*(x + 2)-(x + 2)^2)^3).

ans =

-x ^ 3-6 * x ^ 2-12 * x-8

2. We can factor the result of the above calculation by typing

factor((x + 1) *(x + 2) - (x + 2)^2)^3):

>> syms x
>> factor(((x + 1)*(x + 2)-(x + 2)^2)^3)

ans =

-(x+2) ^ 3

3. We can find the indefinite integral of the function

(x ^ 2)sin(x)^2 by typing int(x^2 * sin(x)^2, x):

>> syms x
>> int(x^2*sin(x)^2, x)

ans =

x ^ 2 * (-1/2 * cos(x) * sin(x) + 1/2 * x)-1/2 * x * cos(x) ^ 2 + 1/4 *

cos(x) * sin(x) + 1/4 * 1/x-3 * x ^ 3

4. We can simplify the previous result:

>> syms x
>> simplify(int(x^2*sin(x)^2, x))

ans =

-1/2 * x ^ 2 * cos(x) * sin(x) + 1/6 * x ^ 3-1/2 * x * cos(x) ^ 2 + 1/4 *

cos(x) * sin(x) + 1/4 * x

3
CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

5. We can display the previous result in standard mathematical notation:

>> syms x
>> pretty(simplify(int('x^2*sin(x)^2', 'x')))

2 3 2
-1/2 x cos(x) sin(x) + 1/6 x - 1/2 x cos(x) + 1/4 cos(x) sin(x) + 1/4 x

6. We can expand the function x^2 * sin(x)^2 as a power series up to order 12, presenting the
result in standard form:

>> syms x
>> pretty(taylor(x^2*sin(x)^2,12))

4 6 8 10 12
x 1/3 x + 2/45 x - 1/315 x + 0 (x)

7. We can solve the equation 3ax 7x^2 + x^3 = 0 (where a is a parameter):

>> syms x a
>> solve('3*a*x-7*x^2 + x^3 = 0', x)

ans =

[ 0 ]
[7/2 + 1/2 *(49-12*a) ^(1/2) ]
[7/2-1/2 *(49-12*a) ^(1/2) ]

8. We can find the five solutions of the equation x^5 + 2x + 1 = 0 :

>> syms x
>> solve('x^5+2*x+1','x')

ans =

[-.7018735688558619 -.8796971979298240 * i]
[-.7018735688558619 +.8796971979298240 * i]
[-.4863890359345430 ]
[ .9450680868231334 -.8545175144390459 * i]
[ .9450680868231334 +.8545175144390459 * i]

On the other hand, MATLAB can be used together with the Maple program libraries to work with symbolic
mathematics, thus extending its field of action. In this way, MATLAB can be used to work on topics such as differential
forms, Euclidean geometry, projective geometry, statistics, etc.
At the same time, we can extend MATLAB’s numerical calculation cababilities by using the Maple libraries
(combinatorics, optimization, number theory, statistics, etc.)

4
 CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

1.3 MATLAB and Maple

Whenever it is necessary to use a Maple command or function from MATLAB, use the command maple followed
by the corresponding Maple syntax. This functionality is only available if you have installed the symbolic
computation Toolbox “Extended Symbolic Math Toolbox”. This is the tool one uses to work with linear algebra and
mathematical analysis.
To use a Maple command from MATLAB, the syntax is as follows:
maple(‘Maple_command_syntax’)
or alternatively:
maple ‘Maple_command_syntax’
To use a Maple command with N arguments from MATLAB, the syntax is as follows:
maple(‘Maple_command_syntax’, argument1, argument2, . . . , argumentN)
Let’s see some examples:

1. We can calculate the limit of the function (x^3 -1) / (x-1) as x - > 1:

>> maple('limit((x^3-1)/(x-1),x=1)')

ans =

We could also have used the following syntax:

>> maple 'limit((x^3-1)/(x-1),x=1)'

ans =

2. We can calculate the greatest common divisor of 10,000 and 5,000:

>> maple('gcd', 10000, 5000)

ans =

5000

1.4 General Notation. The Command Window

Whenever a program is used, it is necessary to become familiar with the general characteristics of its notation. Like
any program, the best way to learn MATLAB is to use it. Each example consists of the user input prompt “>>” followed
by the command and the MATLAB response on the next line. See Figure 1-1.

5
CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

Figure 1-1.

Sometimes, depending on the type of command (user input) given to MATLAB in the Command Window, the
response will begin with the expression ans =. See Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2.

It is important to pay attention to uppercase and lowercase characters, parentheses and square brackets, and the
use of spaces and punctuation (in particular commas and semicolons).
Like the C programming language, MATLAB is case sensitive; for example, Sin(x) is different to sin(x). The names
of all built-in functions begin with lowercase letters. Each bracket has its own meaning, as we will see later.
To indicate that two variables must be multiplied you put the symbol * between them, and there cannot be spaces
in the names of commands, variables or functions. In other cases, spaces are ignored, but they can be included to
make the input more readable.

6
 CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

Once a MATLAB command has been entered, simply press Enter. If at the end of the input we put a semicolon,
the program runs the calculation and keeps it in memory (Workspace), but does not display the result on screen.
The input prompt “>>” reappears to indicate that you can input a new entry.

>> 2 + 3;
>>

If the entry is too long and doesn’t fit on a single line of the MATLAB Command Window, just put three dots at
the end of the line and press Enter to continue with the rest of the entry on the next line. Once the entry is complete,
press Enter to run the command:

>> 1254 + 3456789 + 14267890 + 345217 +...

78965 + 125347 + 86500

ans =

18361962
>>

You can make multiple entries in the same command line by separating them with commas and pressing Enter at
the end of the last entry. If you use a semicolon at the end of one of the entries of the line, its corresponding output is
ignored. If the number of consecutive entries doesn’t fit on one line, three dots are used to continue on the next line,
as described above:

>> 2+2, 5+3, 8+5

ans =

ans =

ans =

13

>> 2+2; 5+3, 8+5; 3*4

ans =

ans =

12

7
CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

To enter a descriptive comment in a command line, just start it with the “%” symbol. When you run the input,
MATLAB will ignore the comment and process the rest.

>> F = 125 + 2 %F represents units of force

F =

127

To simplify the process of entering a script to be evaluated by the MATLAB interpreter (via the command window
prompt), you can use arrow keys. For example, if you press the up arrow once, you recover the last entry submitted in
MATLAB. If you press the up arrow twice, you recover the penultimate entry submitted, and so on.
If you type a sequence of characters in the input area and then click the up arrow, you recover the last entry that
begins with the specified string.
The commands entered during a MATLAB session are stored temporarily in the buffer (Workspace) until the end
of the session, at which time you can permanently save the session to file or lose it.
Below is a summary of the keys that can be used in the MATLAB command line, and their functions:

Up Arrow (Ctrl-P) Retrieves the entry preceding the current one.

Down Arrow (Ctrl-N) Retrieves the entry following the current one.
Left Arrow (Ctrl-B) Moves the cursor one character to the left.
Right Arrow (Ctrl-F) Moves the cursor one character to the right.
CTRL-Left Arrow Moves the cursor one word to the left.
CTRL-Right Arrow Moves the cursor one word to the right.
Home (Ctrl-A) Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
End (Ctrl-E) Moves the cursor to the end of the current line.
Escape Clears the command line.
Delete (Ctrl-D) Erases the character indicated by the cursor.
Backspace Deletes the character to the left of the cursor.
CTRL-K Clears (kills) the entire current line.

The command clc clears the command window, but does not delete the contents of the work area (the content
currently in memory).

1.5 MATLAB and Programming

By properly combining all the features of MATLAB, one can build useful mathematical research programming code.
Programs usually consist of a sequence of instructions in which various values are calculated. These sequences of
commands are assigned names and can be reused in further calculations.
As in programming languages like C or Fortran, MATLAB supports loops, control flow and conditional
statements. MATLAB can write procedural programs, i.e., it can define a sequence of standard steps to run. As in C or
Pascal, one can repeat calculations using Do, For, or While loops. The language of MATLAB also includes conditional
constructs such as If Then Else. MATLAB also supports different logical operators, such as And, Or, Not and Xor.

8
 CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

MATLAB supports procedural programming (with iterative processes, recursive functions, loops...), functional
programming and object-oriented programming. Here are two simple examples of programs. The first generates the
order n Hilbert matrix, and the second calculates the Fibonacci numbers less than 1000.

% Generates the order n Hilbert matrix

t = '1/(i+j-1)';
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:n
a(i,j) = eval(t);
end
end

% Calculates Fibonacci numbers

f = [1 1]; i = 1;
while f(i) + f(i-1) < 1000
f(i+2) = f(i) + f(i+1);
i = i+1
end

1.6 Translating C, FORTRAN and TEX expressions

MATLAB offers the possibility to translate math expressions to code in other programming languages such as Fortran or C.
Additionally, it can also translate expressions to eqn and TeX form. To do this, one can use the following commands:
maple(‘fortran(expression)’) Translates the given Maple expression to Fortran.
maple(‘fortran(expr,optimized)’) Translates the given Maple expression to Fortran in
an optimized way.
maple(‘fortran(expr,precision=double)’) Translates the Maple expression to Fortran
using double-precision.
maple(‘fortran(expr,digits=n)’) Translates the Maple expression to Fortran using n
floating point digits.
maple(‘fortran(procedure)’) Translates the given Maple procedure to a Fortran
procedure. Also translates Maple arrays and lists to Fortran.
maple(‘fortran(exp,filename=name)’) Translates the given Maple expression to
Fortran and saves it in a file named name.
maple(‘C(expression)’) Translates the given Maple expression to C. It is necessary to
first load the C library with the command readlib(C).
maple(‘C(expression,optimized)’) Translates the given Maple expression into C in an
optimized way.
maple(‘C(expr,precision=single)’) Translates the given Maple expression into C using
single-precision (double precision is the default).
maple(‘C(expr,digits=n)’) Translates the given Maple expression into C using n floating
point digits.
maple(‘C(procedure)’) Translates the given Maple procedure to a C procedure. It also
translates Maple arrays and lists to C.

9
CHAPTER 1 N INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

maple(‘C(procedure, ansi)’) Translates the given Maple procedure to C following

standard ANSI C syntax for the declaration of the parameters.
maple(‘C(expr, filename=name)’) Translates the given Maple expression to C and
saves it in a file with the name nom.
maple(‘latex(expression)’) Converts the given Maple expression to TeX.
maple(‘latex(expr, filename=name)’) Converts the given Maple expression to TeX and
saves it in a file named nom.
maple(‘eqn(expression)’) Translates the given Maple expression to eqn. It is necessary
to first load the eqn library with the command readlib(eqn).
maple(‘eqn(expr, filename=name)’) Translates the given Maple expression to eqn and
saves it in a file with the name name.
As examples, we translate the integral of 1 /(x4+1) to TeX, Fortan and C:

>> maple('latex(Int(1/(x^4+1),x))')

ans =

\int \!\left ({x}^{4}+1\right )^{-1}{dx}

>> maple('fortran(Int(1/(x^4+1),x))')

ans =

t0 = Int(1/(x**4+1),x)

>> maple('readlib(C)'); maple('C(Int(1/(x^4+1),x))')

ans =

t0 = Int(1/(pow(x,4.0)+1.0),x);

10
CHAPTER 2

Integers, Divisibility and Number

Systems

2.1 Arithmetic Operations in MATLAB

Arithmetic operations in MATLAB are defined according to the standard mathematical conventions. MATLAB is an
interactive program that allows you to perform a wide variety of mathematical operations. Furthermore, it has other
properties that make it extremely versatile and complex, applicable to a broad range of subjects from more theoretical
mathematics to the more applied.
One of the first applications of MATLAB is its use in realizing arithmetic operations as if it were a conventional
calculator, but with one important difference: the precision of calculation. Operations are performed to the greatest
accuracy required, or the user may specify the degree of precision in advance. This unlimited precision in calculation
sets MATLAB apart from other numerical software, where the accuracy is determined by the word length of the
computer, so it is essentially determined by the hardware and cannot be modified. This feature is one of the most
important in symbolic calculation.
MATLAB assumes the usual arithmetic operations of sum, difference, product, division and power, with the usual
hierarchy between them:

x + y sum
x - y difference
x * y or x y product
x/y division
x ^ y power

To add two numbers, simply enter the first number, type a plus sign (+) and then enter the second number.
Spaces may be included before or after the plus sign to ease readability.

>> 53 + 78

ans =

131

11
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