EXPERIMENT NO.

OBJECT: – To get the students familiarize with the Safety Precautions

Electricity is invisible. Therefore, while working in electrical installations one

should always first take care of ones on safety. A little careless can result in
an accident, therefore electricity needs certain precautions of handling it to
avoid danger. Therefore following precautions should always be observed
before starting work on electrical equipment and apparatus:

 Check proper working of safety devices.

 All alternate & transformer natural are earth.

 All electrical tools handle with carefully

 Never use appliances etc. with damaged.

 Replace immediately broken switches & plug etc.

 All metallic parts are earth.

 Use correct rating of fuses.

Before replacing a broking fuse always remember to main switch “of f”.

 You should not energies any conductor unless, you are sure that
all is clear & there is no working on it.

 You should not disconnect any plug by pulling the flexible cable.

 Safety demands are good earthling, hence always keep all

connections in good conditions

 While handling an electrical appliance like table fan, iron, heater

etc., be sure that they are disconnect from the supply, switching
off is not enough.

 Leakage insulation may give serious chock.

 Live wire always is connected with the switch.

 Do not use pliers as a hummer.

 If you want to hand over any sharp tools like knife, give to some
one from handle side, otherwise it can injure the hand.

 In rainy season apply, grease on tools to avoid dust.

 In case the electrical fires do not through water on any conductor

equipments it so dangerous. The best remedy is disconnecting
the supply immediately & than throw the send or dust on fire.

 When working on pole or tower use safely belts.

 Do not tie wire electrical pole on which cloth are dried or hanged.

 Every fire extinguisher can not be used for electrical fire but
CO2 extinguisher is used for this purpose.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

OBJECT: – Electric Shock & its treatment.

If a person receives a shock, it is the duty of observer to disconnect him

immediately from the live supply mains by either switching off the main switch.
The body should be pushed away with dry stick or rope. If a stick is not
available, than insulate yourself by standing on a dry wooden board, or rubber
(or coconut) matting before trying to get him clear,
 Switching OFF

 Pulling out plugs.

 Insulate your self from the ground by the using a rubber

mat dry wood or dry clothing & than free the victim. A
wooden stick can be used to knock the victim free.
Extinguish any spark (If there is) in cloth of the patient. As certain, whether he
is breathing or not sends for the doctor till the doctor arrives give first aid.

If the victim become unconscious and stop breathing, but his heart still beats,
he should be immediately give artificial respiration should be continued till the
patient regains his natural breathing or as the doctor advises after his arrival.

A slight regaining of natural breathing is not an indication for stopping the

artificial respiration b/c the victim may stop breathing again. therefore the
patient should be carefully watched and if the natural breathing stop again, the
artificial respiration should be followed at once before starting the first aids for
resuscitation, the clothes around the throat, chest & waist should be loosened,
if there are any false teeth or any foreign body in the mouth , they should be
removed. The doctor should be sent for and till the doctor arrives, artificial
respiration should be continued.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
OBJECT: – Describe the working of Megger and conduct the following
tests:-

 Insulation or leakage test.

 Continuity or open test.

 Polarity test.

 Earthing test.

Insulation or leakage test:-

Insulation resistance b/w conductors to earth. In this test the resistance b/w
each conductor and earth is measured for determining the value of leakage
current. This calculated leakage current should not exceed 1/5000 part of full
load current and this can be calculated from resistance measured by megger
as

Leakage current: – supply voltage in volt / insulation resist. Measured by

megger.

PROCEDURE:-

Put the main switch off & remove all fuses from the main switch, insert all
appliances, i.e. lamps, fans & short-circuit the out let points. Distribution
board fuses should not be taken out connect one lead marked “E” of megger
with a good earth & other terminal marked “L” with the main outgoing terminal
combined . Now rotated the handle of megger at 160 r.p.m speed, Note the
reading, it should be not less than 1 Meg ohm for the whole insulation.

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Insulation Resistance b/w Conductors:-

This test is carried out for measuring the insulation resistance b/w the various
circuits sub-circuits & the conductors which terminal at the main switch.

PROCEDURE:-

Remove all lamps from there holders, disconnect all the out lets, fans points,
but keep all the switches in ” on” position, put in all the fuses in the
distribution board. Connected the two megger terminal “E” * “L” wires two
conductors out going to load of the main switch. Rotate the handle at the 160
r.p.m speed & note the reading; it should not less than 3 Meg ohms.

Continuity & Open circuit test:-

This test is for testing the continuity of the circuit / sub-circuit & load points.

PROCEDURE:-

Put the main switch off- remove all the fuses from the D.B all lamps, fans etc.
should be in the circuit, but all the switches should be in off position.

Connect to the two terminals of the megger to one of the circuits in the
distribution board b/w phase and neutral. Rotate the megger handle and one
by one switch of that circuit may be put off and on and each time the reading
on the megger should be infinity in off position in zero in on position. The
same test should be carried out with all other circuits in distribution box.

Short circuit Test:-

For locating short circuit in insulation. The procedure is same as explained

already in continuity & open circuit test. If in off position of the switch in the
continuity and open circuit test. The Megger gives zero reading there is a
short circuit in the circuit. Remove the short circuit and again test till the
megger give infinity reading.

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Polarity Test:-

This test is carried out to check whether live wire is in the switch or not, but it
is a rule that live wire should always be in the switch and neutral in the lamp or
out let. For this test we are to open the cover of the switch and than with test
lamp, we can do test. Test lamp will glow on live conductor (if live wire will be
in switch).

Earthing System Test:-

Earth continuity test in out lets is also carried out with test lamp.

PROCEDURE: – (A)

“On” the main switch put all the fuses “in ” put switch of outlets ” on ” & than
test all out lets be test lamp one by one by putting one terminal of test lamp in
out let terminal and other in earth terminal. The lamp should glow if the earth
is satisfactory.

PROCEDURE: – (B)
The measured insulation resistance of satisfactory wiring must not be less
than 50/no. of out lets (point plus switch) mega ohms or 12.5/no. of outlets
Meg ohms where p.v.c insulated cable is used.

Question:-

Insulation R= 50/20+20= 50/40 = 1.25 Meg ohms. The point may be increased
but for whole wiring (complete installation) it should not be less than 1 Meg
ohm.

EXPERIMENT NO.4

OBJECT: – Parallel and series Combination of resistance.

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@ Parallel Combination.

APPARATUS:

 Ammeter = 3 No

 Lamps = 3No

 Voltmeter = 3 No

 MultiMate = 01 No

PROCEDURE: –
Parallel Circuit is a Circuit in which resistance are connected in such a say
that one ends of all the resistance are connected to one point and the other
ends are connected to another point and these points are connected with
voltage or battery.

In parallel combination current o cross all the resistance in different and

voltage across all is same

PROCEDURE:

Connection must be light and right.

OBJECT:

Parallel and series Combination of resistance.

@ Series combination.

APPARATUS:

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=Ammeter =3No

=voltmeter =3No

= millimeter = 1No

= wire:

PROCEDURE: –
 A series circuit is a Circuit in which the resistances are
arranged in a chain. A series one path for current to flow and current is
sane in au resistance. In series combination voltage a cross all the
resistance. Is different

PRECAUTION:

Connection must be light and right.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

OBJECT: – CONNECTION OF FLOURESCENT TUBE LIGHT.

APPARATUS: –

1. SWITCH

2. CHOKE

3. STARTER
PROCEDURE: –

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When the starter is cold, the electrodes are open, when supply is given. Full
voltage acts on the starter. A glow discharge is set up in the starter .Which
warms the electrodes in causes the bimetal strip to bend and touch the
electrodes. The circuit is completely in series current flows and causes
emission of free electrons from filament. At the same time voltage at the
starter falls to zero and the bimetal strip cold down. The electrodes of the
starter switch then open and interrupt the current in the circuit. Its effect is to
induce high voltage surge of about thousand volts (1000 V) in choke. This
voltage produces the flow of electron between the lamps electrodes and the
lamp lights up immediately then starting switch contacts are left open. A
condenser is connected across the supply to improve the power factor usually
of 4 microfarad.

(a) CHOKES: –

(1) Its gives high voltage impulse for starting the lamp (about 1000 volts while
starter opens).

(2). It gives low voltage (110 volts) while running.

(3). It acts as ballast i.e. smoothens the current when the lamp is running.

(b) STARTER: –

Starters a small cathode glow lamp with metal strips are electrodes. It
completes a series circuit of tube, choke, starter and supply first. Then it
opens and interrupts the current in the circuit and induces high voltages surge
of 1000 volts to start the tube. We can use push button instead of starter but
that will not be automatic. This method is invent and costly.

Diagram:

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EXPERIMEN NO. 6
OBJECT: – CONNECTION OF CEILING FAN OR PERMANENT
CAPACITOR MOTOR.

THEORY: – The starting winding is connected in series with the capacitor.

This capacitor remains permanently in series even in running condition.

DIAGRAM OF CURVES FOR CAPACITOR START MOTOR.

DIAGRAM OF PERMANENT CAPACITOR MOTOR.

This type of motor is used only in ceiling fans, and where low torque is
needed.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 7

OBJECT: TO DEMONSTRATE THE WORKING OF ENERGY METER

AND IT’S USE IN DOMESTIC WIRING.

ENERGY METER OR HOUSE SERVICE METER:

On AC rotation of disc in the meter is produced by eddy current due to the

combined fluxes of the two electromagnets. The flux of the two magnets is
keep at 90 degrees apart to make rotating field.

WORKING:

Two magnetic fields are produced by the pressure coil and the current coil.
The current coil has a few no. of turns of thick wire and its field is in phase
with current coil. The shunt coil is made of a large no. of turns of thin wire and
is connected across the line. Its field lags 90 degrees behind the supply
voltage. Then the flux due to two coils produces a rotating field.

Now field of current coil is proportional to current and field of shunt coil is
proportional to voltage. Then the torque and so the speed of disc is
proportional to the power and if we consider the time then the no. of
revolutions of the disc is proportional to the product of the current voltage and
time. I.e. In this meter two or more devices are provided.
POWER FACTOR ADJUSTMENT:

For adjustment of power factor and frication loss, shading rings are provided.

GETTING EXACTLY 90 DEGREES LAG OF TWO FIELDS:

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To get the angle of lag exactly at 90 deg, a loop is placed on the case of
electromagnet. This loop may be in the form of short circuited, copper band
which may be adjusted in space in the flux path or a fixed loop with it ends
terminating in an adjustable resistance.

RULES ABOUT ENERGY METER:

Energy meters shall be installed at such a place which is readily accessible to

both the owner of the building and the authorized representative of the
supplier authority. These should be installed at the height where it is
convenient to note the meter reading. It should not preferably to installed
below 1 meter from the ground. The energy meter should either be provided
with protective covering, enclosing it completely except the glass window
through which readings are noted or should be mounted inside a completely
enclosed panel provided with hinged or sliding doors with arrangement for
looking it.

Diagram:

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
OBJECT: – TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TWO BULBS AND ONE BUZZER
ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND TO CONTROL THESE ITEMS BY
MEASURINGNG SWITCHES AND PUSH BUTTONS. ALSO CONNECT A
FUSE FOR SAFETY PURPOSE.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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MATERIAL REQUIRED:-

 Channel Patty 02 meter

 PVC wire 3/ .029 06 meter

 PVC board two hole 02 Nos.

 Pino fuse 5 Amp. 01 No.

 Bulb holder 02 Nos.

 Wooden Screw 10 Nos.

 One way switches 02 Nos.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take two SPST Switches, one push button, two bulb holders, one
buzzer and one fuse.

2. Connect the all above according to circuit diagram.

3. Give the phase at the fuse and then switches and push button.

4. Connect neutral wire to the bulbs, holders and buzzer with same
conductor.

5. Connect a wire from the output of first switch to the second

terminal of bulb.
PRECAUTIONS:-

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Connection must be right & tight.

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

OBJECT: – To demonstrate connection and wiring of stair case wiring.

DIAGRAM:

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MATERIAL REQUIRED:–

 Channel putty 02 meter

 PVC wire 3/ 29 04 meter

 Board one hole. 02 Nos.

 Two way switch 5A 250 V 02 Nos.

 Bull holder 01 No.

 Wooden screw 10 Nos.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take 2 two way switches and one bulb holder.

2. Connect the switches and the bulb holder according to circuit

diagram.

3. Connect neutral wire to the bulb holder and phase to the switch.

PRECAUTIONS:-

Connection must be right & tight.

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EXPERIMENT NO.10

OBJECT: TO DEMONSTRATE A METHOD OF PROVIDING GOOD EARTH

FOR AN ELECTRIC SUB-STATION.

THEORY:-

For good earth in electric sub station, plate earthing is used, effectively with
the earth plate made up of copper size 60cm x 60 cm x 3.18mm (2x2x1/4) &
embedded 3 meter in ground, copper plates are found to be most effective
earth electrodes & are not affected by the soil moisture, i.e. these do not get
rusted, but on account of its high materials cost, galvanized iron plates are
preferred and usually used for normal work.

In case the soil resistively is high, the plate should be placed vertically in
ground at a higher depth. A line diagram showed the plate erathing system.
The plate is kept on its face vertical & is so arranged that is embedded in an
alternate layer of coil & salt for a minimum, thickness of about 15 cm. the Cole
and salt decrease the earth resistance. It should be remembered that the nuts
and bolts must be of copper for copper plate & should be of G.I for G.I plates.

The plate is kept on its face vertical and is so arranged that it is embedded in
an alternate layer of coke & salt for a minimum thickness of about the 15cm.
The coke salt decreases the earth resistance. it should be remembered that
the nuts & bolts must be of copper plate, usually the earth wire is drawn
through a G-I pipe fitted with a tunnel on the top through which salty water is
poured in the pit of earth plate from time to time in summer season. When the
moisture of the soil will decrease to a larger extent which will in increase the
earth resistance.
The conductivity, i.e. earthing efficiency, increase with the increase of plate
area and depth of embedding. Its only disadvantages are discontinuity of earth
wire and plate below the earth can’t be observed physically hence is
misleading and some times result is heaving loss incase of any fault.

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DIAGRAM:

EXPERIMENT NO.11

OBJECT: TO FAMILIARIZE THE STUDENTS ABOUT THE RULES

RELATED TO WIRING SYSTEM.

1. A.C & D.C Circuit should separate, 3φ should be indicated with

Red, Yellow & Blue, and neutral should be indicated with Black. In
D.C +ve should be indicated with Red -ve with Blue & Neutral
with Black.

2. If the voltage exceed 250 V, all the D.B & main switches should
be provided with danger board.

3. Total load in the circuit should not exceed more than 800w & no.
of points should not be more than ten.

4. Power devises should have different circuit.

5. For lighting load the fuse wire should not exceed 5 A. Capacity for
power it is “10 A”.
6. The size conductor should be such that the voltage drop should
not increase more than 3% of the connected voltage when full
load current is flowing.

7. The minimum size of the conductor in sub circuit should not be

less than 1/8 inch. Incase of copper wire & 1/1.4mm (1.5mm
square) incase of aluminum wire.

8. All D.B should be marked as power and light as the case may be.

9. All the accessories should be fixed on the round block or board

with brass screws.

10. In domestic wiring 3-pin plug only should be used.

11. No inflammable shades should be used in installation.

12. All the iron clad appliances, switches etc should be earthed
(e.g. ceiling fan, bracket fan, brass holder etc.).

13. Neutral should be linked.

14. All the switches should be connected through live wire.

15. All the board should be fixed at a height of 1.5 meters.

16. All the fans should be fixed at height of 9 feet (2.5 meter) from
the ground.

17. All the board & switches should be fixed on left hand side of
the entrance.

18. Round blocks should be fixed with 2 screws.

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EXPERIMENT NO.12

OBJECT: – TO CALCULATE ELECTRICITY BILL OF A HOUSE ON THE

BASIS OF UNITS CONSUMED.
PROBLEM:-

An electric installation consists of 15 lights point of 60W each, 8 light points of

40 W lamp, 4fans of 60W, capacity & a pump motor of ½ H.P. Assuming that
50% f light and fans are used for 4 hours per day and that the water pump
works for 3 hours daily. Find out the monthly consumption and cost of
electricity bill based on tariff of 3.50 per KWh.

SOLUTION:-

60 W lamps Total 15 Nos.

Total watt of 60 W lamps = 60 x 15 = 900 W

40 W lamps Total 8 Nos.

Total watt of 40 W lamps = 40 x 8 = 320W

60 W fans Total 4 Nos.

Total watt off fans = 60 x 4 = 240 W

Total per lamps and fans = 900 + 320 = 1460 W

50% of light and fans are used in day.

Time = 4 hours

Total watt hours = 730 x 4 = 2920W

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H.P of pump motor ½ 373 W (: 1 H.P = 746W)

Time for the run of meter = 3 hours / day

Time watt hours = 3 x 373 = 1119

Total load = 2920 + 1119 = 4039 W hrs.

Power consumed in 30 days = 4039 x 30 = 121170 W hrs.

Rate per KWh = 121170 x 3.50 / 1000 = 424 rupees. Ans.

EXPERIMENT NO.13

OBJECT: – TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONNECTION OF A DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM.

PROCEDURE: – In this system mains are taken to one or more distribution

boards connected to the distribution board. From those distribution boards
connections to the branch circuit are taken. In this system no joints are
required; each circuit can be readily disconnected from the main with out
interfacing with other circuit. This system is new a days widely for indoor
wiring in buildings.

DIAGRAM:-
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ADVANTAGES:-

1. Appearance is good.

2. Fault location is easy.

3. All points are maintained almost at the same voltage.

4. Each circuit is protected by fuse.

5. Replacement of fuse is easy.

6. This system is simple & capable for further extension.

DISADVANTAGE:-
More wire will be required to install this system, so its cost is greater than tree
system. I.E (international electrical) rules re-commanded such system.

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EXPERIMENT NO.14

OBJECT: – TO DEMONSTRATE THE INSTALLATION OF A MOTOR IN

WORKSHOP.
DIAGRAM:-

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT:-

1. T.P.I.C Main switch 30A

500V One No

2. 3-Phase star / Delta starter 400 / 440 V, 8A,

50Hz One No

3. 3-Phase squirrel cage induction motor 5HP 400 / 440 V

50Hz One No

4. Ammeter Range 0-10

A One
No

5. Voltmeter Range 0-
500V
One No
6. PVC Wire 7/-29

7. Bare Copper Wire 8 SWG

8. Fuse Wire 30 Amp Capacity

Important Points:-

1. The motor should be in working condition.

2. The terminal of motor must be identified before connecting with

the starter. This may be done by phase sequence test.

3. The terminals of starter must be identified before connecting the

motor.

4. The starter must be in good working condition and the contact

must be in good condition.

5. The connection must be right and tight.

6. The main switch, starter and the motor must be properly

connected with two earth wires and the earth wires must be in
continuous position i.e. to connect the earth wires use thimbles of
proper current capacity.

7. The fuse wire should be of proper current capacity.

8. The motor should be started in (Star) position and when it attains

75% speed, it may put in Δ (delta) position.

9. There should be minimum time while changing the star to delta

position or the motor should be brought to delta position with out
giving much time. The reverse interchanges any two phases at
main switch or at line terminal.

10. The voltmeter should be connected across the line and

ammeter in series with the line.
EXPERIMENT NO 15

OBJECT: – To demonstrate the procedure of rewinding of machine for the

same condition as were at the time of manufacturing.

1. Dismantle Operation:-

2. Loosen the pulley screw. Remove the key and then pulley, gear of
pinion. The pulley gear or pinion should be held firm into the
shaft. Use a pulley puller. Precautions may be taken to avoid
hammering on the pulley, gear pinion as far as possible.

3. Mark the end cover of the machine with center punch. Put one
dot on the right hand end cover on its extreme top and
corresponding dot near it on the frame of the machine. Similarly
mark the left hand end cover with two dots.

4. Remove the end cover.

5. Remove rotor by slipping it straight out of the yoke. Slip a pipe to

cover the short end of the shaft to aid in handling. Exercise great
care that the rotor does not rub on the starter winding or bend
out of the place of the starter laminations.
1. Cleaning: Clean the old machine by using an air gun or by
fellows to dislodge the dust and wipe all the surplus oil from the
frame and the winding.

2. Obtain all data.

3. Find the Proper connection diagram.

4. Remove the old winding from the machine.

5. Make the required number of new coils.

6. Insulate the starter.

7. Assemble the coils in the slots.

8. Connect the Coils.

9. Check the coil connections.

10. Test the winding for short circuit, open circuit or ground.

11. Re-Assemble the machine.

12. Subject the machine to test run.

13. Pre heat, impregnate and back the machine.

Important Points:-

1. The meter should be in working condition.

1. The terminal of meter must be identified before connecting with

the starter. This may be done by phase sequence test.
2. The terminals of starter must be identified before connecting the
meter.

3. The starter must be in good working condition and the contact

must be in good condition.

4. The connection must be right and tight.

5. The main switch, starter and the meter must be properly

connected with two earth wires and the earth wires must be in
continuous position i.e. to connect the earth wires use thimbles of
proper current capacity.

6. The fuse wire should be of proper current capacity.

7. The meter should be started in (Star) position and when it attains

75% speed, it may put in Δ (delta) position.

8. There should be minimum time while changing the star to delta

position or the meter should be brought to delta position with out
giving much time. The reverse interchanges any two phases at
main switch or at line terminal.

9. The voltmeter should be connected across the line and ammeter

in series with the line.

EXPERIMENT NO 16

OBJECT: – To demonstrate the Winding procedure of a single phase motor.

Procedure:
Winding is the term used for the orderly arrangement of coils in the slots of
armature. They are connected to each other and the shape of their end
connection. There are two types of windings commonly used: Closed (coil
winding or DC armature winding) and Open type winding (or A.C Armature
winding). In both the windings the coils are connected in series. In A.C
armature windings the end of the first coil and the last coil or the beginning of
the first coil and the ending of the last coil is kept open. So this is open coil
winding. In the D.C armature winding, the ending of the last coil is connected
to the beginning of the first coil like close circuit.

Diagram:-
Material Used:-

1. Enameled and super enameled wires

2. Cotton tape

3. Empire Cloth

4. Empire Sleeving

5. Leather paper

6. V.C Sleeving

7. Resin Cored Solder

8. Varnish

9. Binding Thread

10. Fiber

EXPERIMENT NO 17

OBJECT: – To Check Earth with the Help of Earth a tester type 3235 Meter.
APPARATUS: – 1, Earth tester meter type 3235. 2, two electrodes 3, Three
(3) nos. different color leads .i.e. Red, Yellow, Green.

PROCEDURE:-

The resistance of any earth system should be periodically checked to insured

that it is with in limits. This type 3235 Earth tester can be used to check almost
any earthing system.

Its three electrons earth resistance measurement uses on AC potentio- Meter

Bridge. Two earth electrons are used in addition to the system earth under
test. Test electrode resistance is not critical, up to 10 k Ω. For the good earth
test electrode such as a metal water pipe may be used for two electrode
measurements.

MEASURING RANGE:-

Earth resistance 0-10 -100 -1000 Ω. (minimum scale div. 0.1Ω)

Earth voltage 0 – 30 AC (uniform scale on galvanometer)

Measuring frequency =500 Hz

Battery current approximately 450mA (6v) allows 6 hours continuous used.

The simplified two electrode method can be used where an almost perfect test
electrodes such as an all metal water pipe system available.

A good system earth is typically below 10 Ω.

Measurement should be made in following orders.

1. Battery check: – set the mode selector switch to “B” & depress
the push button switch. If the pointer doesn’t reach the blue
marked the batteries must be replaced. The case can be removed
by loosening two screws on the rear and new batteries installed
observing polarity as marked o the battery holder.
Battery: – Qty. 4 size um -1. (Japan), D (U.S) or equivalent.

1. Earth voltage check :- set the function selector to “V” & read the
Earth Voltage EV from the meter
It should be less than 10 V.

1. system Earth resistance measured, set the mode selector switch

to “Ω” depress the push button switch & balance the
galvanometer at the center mark “◊” by turning the dial scale. At
balance, the dial scale reads earth resistance I ohms. If the
galvanometer can not be balanced scarcely moves even through
the dial is turned a great deal, defective leads or electrodes
should be remedied.

Diagram:-
EXPREMENT NO 18

OBJECT: – To study the lathe its main parts and there functions.

APPARATUS: – Engine lathe, model (TSL – 550

Bed, head stock, tail stock, carriage feed / thread cutting mechanism.

THEORY:-

An engine lathe is power driven general purpose machine tool used for
producing cylindrical work pieces. As the pieces of the metal to be machine to
be rotated in the lathe is single points cutting tools, it is advanced radically in
to the work piece, a specific depth & more of chips as shown. Both the inside
& outside surfaces can be machined by a lathe. By using attachment &
accessories, other operations such as drilling reaming, boring, screw thread,
chasing, from turning, knurling, miring, grinding & polishing may be performed.

Five major parts of the lathe machine.

 Head stock.

 Tail stock.


 Feed & thread cutting mechanism.

The headstock is located at the end of bed, to the operator, left. The head
stock of the pulley- driven lathes uses case or step pulleys with three or four
diameters sizes & eight a flat a V type belt drive.

The tail stock has two major parts.

 A bottom casting.

 A top casting.

The carriage the cutting tools & precisely control the moments eight parallel to
the ways, the carriage has three man parts, saddle, compound rest & apron.
The saddle rest & slides on the way and contain the cross feed mechanism for
moving the cutting tools at right angle to the ways. This is done by the turning
the cross feed handle manually or by engaging the automatic power feed.

It is consider good practice to use head feed when facing small diameter word
pieces & automatic power feed when facing lager work piece. It half nut inside
the apron is operated by the level on the out side of this operated. It is used
only when cutting screw threads when closed or mashed with the lead screw,
the half rest provides a positive drives to the carriage.

Power size of engine lathe:-

In USA, the size of lathe machines is designed by the “largest diameter or

work” that can be revolved over the ways of the lathe bed. In Europe the size
is given as the radius of the large job that can be swing over the ways.