A SUBMISSION OF MICRO PROJECT ENTITLED

“PREPARE CHART OFRADIUS OF CURVATURE”

BY

SR.NO ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

1 2211520372 Pranali Vaidya

2 2211520373 Gaurav Varade

3 2211520374 Suraj Wagh

4 2211520375 Pranjal Khandre

DIPLOMA IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. Sakhare M B

TO

DEPARTMENT OF AI& ML ENGINEERING

CSMSS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, CHHATRAPATI SAMBHANAGAR

AND

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

MSBTE, MUMBAI (M.S)

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 CERTIFIACATE OF COMPLETION

Of Micro Project Assessment at the End of the First semester

This is to certify that Following Students of second semester of Diploma in AI &ML

Engineering of Institute CSMSS College of Polytechnic (code:1152) have completed the
Micro Project satisfactorily in subject Applied mathematics (22224) for the academic year
2022-2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Chhatrapati Sambhanagar

Date:

SR.NO ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

1 2211520372 Pranali Vaidya

2 2211520373 Gaurav Varade

3 2211520374 Suraj Wagh

4 2211520375 Pranjal Khandre

Mrs. Sakhare M B Mrs. Borakhade S. R. Dr. Ganesh B. Dongre

(Subject teacher) (H.O.D) (Principal)
(Applied science) (Dept. of AI & ML Engg.) (CSMSS College of Poly,
Chhatrapati Sambhanagar)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us most throughout our
project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principal of CSMSS College of
Polytechnic Dr. Ganesh B. Dongre for being always with us as a motivator. We are thankful to
the H.O.D. of AI &ML engineering Department Mrs Borakhade S. R for his kind support. We
are grateful to our Project Guide Mrs.Sakhare M B for nonstop support and continuous
motivation for the project. Her help made us possible to complete our project with all accurate
information. A special thanks of our goes to our friends who helped us in completing the
project, where they all exchanged their own interesting ideas. We wish to thanks our parents
for their personal support or attention who inspired us to go our own way. Finally, we would
like to thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

Sr. No. Name of Student Sign

1 Pranali Vaidya

2 Gaurav Varade

3 Suraj Wagh

4 Pranjal Khandre

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 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• INDEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

1. RATIONALE & COMPETENCY ………………………… 5

2. AIMS / BENEFITS OF THE MICRO – PROJECT ………… 5

3. COURSE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED …………………………… 5

4. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………… 6

5. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY…………………………………. 7

6. ACTION PLANS………………………………..………………… 8 -9

7. OUTCOMES OF THE MICRO - PROJECT …………………. 10

8. SKILL DEVELOPED / LEARNING OUTCOMES

OF MICRO-PROJECT…………………………………………. 10

9. APPLICATIONS OF MICRO - PROJECT ……………...………. 11

10. REFERENCES .......................................................................... 11

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 TITLE : “PREPARE CHART OF RADIUS OF CURVATURE.”

1.0 RATIONALE :-
The core technological studies can be understood with the help of potential of mathematics
This course is being introduced into diploma course to provide mathematical background.
The course will give them the insight to understand and analyze engineering problems
scientifically using calculus, integration, differential equations and numerical methods This
subject enhances the multidimensional, logical thinking and reasoning capabilities It also
improves the systemic approach in computer programming language
.
2.0 COMPETENCY :-
The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following industry identified
competency through various teaching learning experiences.

“• Solve computer related broad-based engineering problems using principles of applied

mathematics..”

2.0 AIMS /BENEFITS OF THE MICRO PROJECT :–

AIMS : PREPARE CHART OF RADIUS OF CURVATURE

BENEFITS OF THE MICRO-PROJECT

I) it can help to find the radius of curvature of the earth along a course at an azimuth

II) Besides, the radius of curvature also uses three parts equation for bending of beams. angles.

3.0 COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED :-

a Calculate the equation of tangent, maxima, minima, radius of curvature by differentiation.

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4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW:-
• INTRODUCTION

▪ Radius of curvature

The curvature is something that relates to the geometry Also, it is a scalar quantity. That one may
also define as curvature vector. Besides, in this topic, we will discuss what is curvature and radius
of curvature?

According to mathematics curvature is any of the number loosely related concepts in different
areas of geometry. Naturally, it is the amount by which geometric surfaces derivate themselves
from being flat plane and also from a curve being straight like a line. However, it is defined
differently for a different context.

Furthermore, the curvature is a scalar quantity that one can also define as a curvature vector that
takes into explanation the direction of the curve and its magnitude. Moreover, the curvature of the
complex object is distinct by complex objects from linear algebra.

• FORMULA OF RADIUS OF CURVATURE

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n 2D

Further information: Curvature § Plane curves

If the curve is given in Cartesian coordinates as y(x), i.e., as the graph of a function,
then the radius of curvature is (assuming the curve is differentiable up to order
2):and |z| denotes the absolute value of z. Also in Classical mechanics branch of Physics
Radius of curvature is given by (Net Velocity)²/Acceleration Perpendicular If the curve is
given parametrically by functions x(t) and y(t), then the radius of curvature is Heuristically,
this result can be interpreted as

In n dimensions
If γ : ℝ → ℝn is a parametrized curve in ℝn then the radius of curvature at each point of the
curve, ρ : ℝ → ℝ, is given by As a special case, if f(t) is a function from ℝ to ℝ, then the
radius of curvature of its graph, γ(t) = (t, f(t)), is

Derivation
Let γ be as above, and fix t. We want to find the radius ρ of a parametrized circle which matches γ in its
zeroth, first, and second derivatives at t. Clearly the radius will not depend on the position γ(t), only on the
velocity γ′(t) and acceleration γ″(t). There are only three independent scalars that can be obtained from
two vectors v and w, namely v · v, v · w, and w · w. Thus the radius of curvature must be a function of
the three scalars |γ′(t)|2, |γ″(t)|2 and γ′(t) · γ″(t).[3]
The general equation for a parametrized circle in ℝn is
where c ∈ ℝn is the center of the circle (irrelevant since it disappears in the derivatives), a,b ∈
ℝn are perpendicular vectors of length ρ (that is, a · a = b · b = ρ2 and a · b = 0), and h : ℝ →
ℝ is an arbitrary function which is twice differentiable at t.
The relevant derivatives of g work out to be
If we now equate these derivatives of g to the corresponding derivatives of γ at t we obtain
These three equations in three unknowns (ρ, h′(t) and h″(t)) can be solved for ρ, giving the
formula for the radius of curvature:
or, omitting the parameter t for readability,

Semicircles and circles

For a semi-circle of radius a in the upper half-plane

An ellipse (red) and its evolute (blue). The dots are the vertices of the ellipse, at the points
greatest and least curvature .For a semi-circle of radius a in the lower
half-plane The circle of radius a has a radius of curvature equal to a.

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Ellipses
In an ellipse with major axis 2a and minor axis 2b, the vertices on the major axis have the smallest radius
of curvature of any points, R = b2/a; and the vertices on the minor axis have the largest radius of curvature
of any points, R = a2/b.The ellipse's radius of curvature, as a function of parameter t
And as a function of θ
Where e is the eccentricity of the ellipse and is given by:

Stress in semiconductor structures[

Stress in the semiconductor structure involving evaporated thin films usually results from the thermal
expansion (thermal stress) during the manufacturing process. Thermal stress occurs because film
depositions are usually made above room temperature. Upon cooling from the deposition temperature to
room temperature, the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate and the film cause
thermal stress.[5]
Intrinsic stress results from the microstructure created in the film as atoms are deposited on the substrate.
Tensile stress results from microvoids (small holes, considered to be defects) in the thin film, because of
the attractive interaction of atoms across the voids.
The stress in thin film semiconductor structures results in the buckling of the wafers. The radius of the
curvature of the stressed structure is related to stress tensor in the structure, and can be described by
modified Stoney formula.[6] The topography of the stressed structure including radii of curvature can be
measured using optical scanner methods. The modern scanner tools have capability to measure full
topography of the substrate and to measure both principal radii of curvature, while providing the accuracy
of the order of 0.1% for radii of curvature of 90 meters and more.[7]

Application of Radius of Curvature

In differential geometry, it is used in Cesàro equation which tells that a plain curve is an
equation that relates the curvature (K) at a point of the curve to the arc length (s) from the
start of the curveto a given point.

5.0 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:

• The radius of curvature is represented as R and is defined as the radius of the
mirrorthat forms a complete sphere.
• A ray of light AB, which is incident on a spherical mirror at point B and is parallel to the
principalaxis. CB is normal to the surface at point B. CP = CB = R is the radius of
curvature.

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5.0 ACTION PLANS :

Sr. No. Details of Activities Planned Planned Name of

Start Date Finish Date Responsible
Team Member

1 Study Introduction of All

trigonometry

2 Study trigonometric angles All

3 Difference between m u l t i p l e All

angels.

4 Solve different problems on All

understanding about sub
multiple angle

5 Study Concept of understanding All

aboutsub multiple angle

6 Make Project Report All

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6.0 RESOURCES REQUIRED :

Sr. Name of Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Resource /
Material

1 Computer RAM minimum 2GB, 1

i3 -i5 preferable

2 Reference Book BASIC MATHEMATICS 1

3 Google WEB links https/www.vedantu.com/mat 1

hs/grouping.ofdata

Names of Team Members with Roll No.

ENROLLMENT NO.
Roll. NO NAME OF STUDENT

1 2211520372 Pranali Vaidya

2 2211520373 Gaurav Varade

3 2211520374 Suraj Wagh

4 2211520375 Pranjal Kh

Prof. Sakhare M B

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7.0 OUTPUTS OF THE
• MICROPROJECT: (COLLECTED DATA)

1. Find the radius of the curvature for y = 5x3– x + 14 at x=2.

Solution:
y = 5x3 – x + 14
dy/dx = 15x2 – 1
d2y/dx2 = 30x
𝑑𝑦
(1+(𝑑𝑥)2 )3/2
𝑅= 𝑑2𝑦
| 𝑑𝑥 |
3
[1+(15𝑥2−1)2]2
=
30𝑥
3
[1+225𝑥4−30𝑥2+1]2
= 30𝑥
3
[225𝑥4−30𝑥2+2]2
=
30𝑥

Substituting x = 2
3
[3600−120+2]2
=
60
3
(3482)2
=
60
15.156
= 60
= 0.2526
8.0 SKILL DEVELOPED/ LEARNING OUTCOME OF THIS MICROPROJECT

1) Communication.
2) Leadership. ...
3) Team management. ...
4) Negotiation. ...
5) Personal organization. ...
6) Risk management.
7) Critical Thinking.
8) Task Management

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9.0 APPLICATIONS OF THIS MICROPROJECT:
In differential geometry, it is used in Cesàro equation which tells that a plain curve is an equation
that relates the curvature (K) at a point of the curve to the arc length (s) from the start of the curve
to a given point. Also, it is an equation relating to the radius of curvature (R) to the arc length.

Also, it can help to find the radius of curvature of the earth along a course at an azimuth.

Besides, the radius of curvature also uses three parts equation for bending of beams.

Moreover, it has a specific meaning and a sign convention in optical design. Also, spherical lenses
have a center of curvature.

10.0 REFERENCES

From www.google.com
www.youtube.com
www.chrome.com

❖ To be Approved by the Concerned Teacher :

Mrs. Sakhare M B
DEPARTMENT OF AI & ML ENGINEERING

****************************************************************

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