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Endocrine and Exocrine Gland

The document provides an overview of endocrine and exocrine glands, detailing their functions and the hormones they produce. It describes various glands including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, highlighting their roles in regulating bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Additionally, it contrasts exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts, with endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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islamsakibul105
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23 views14 pages

Endocrine and Exocrine Gland

The document provides an overview of endocrine and exocrine glands, detailing their functions and the hormones they produce. It describes various glands including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, highlighting their roles in regulating bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Additionally, it contrasts exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts, with endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Uploaded by

islamsakibul105
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Endocrine and Exocrine

Glands
Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands release


hormones into the
bloodstream. The
endocrine glands
influence reproduction,
metabolism, growth and
many other functions.
Pituitary, Thyroid ,
Parathyroid glands,
adrenal gland, pancreas,
ovary and testis are the
endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary is a small, pea-sized gland. It is found at the base of the
brain, in line with the top of the nose. The pituitary acts as the body's
‘master gland’. It tells other glands in the body what to do.

Pituitary Gland makes:


Growth Hormone — which regulates growth
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) — which tells the thyroid gland
to make hormones
Prolactin — which controls breast milk production
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) — which tells the adrenal
glands to make hormones
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) — which is involved in the
reproductive system
Luteinizing Hormone — which is also involved in the reproductive
system
Oxytocin — which is involved in childbirth and breastfeeding
Vasopressin — which helps control the amount of salt and water in
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid is a small, bow-shaped gland. It sits in
the front of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. thyroid gland
makes 3 hormones:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. calcitonin
Hormones made in the thyroid helps in metabolism, energy levels,
regulating body temperature and maintaining calcium levels.

Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid glands are 4 small glands, that are


each about the size of a grain of rice. These are on each side of
the neck. Parathyroid Glands make parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Parathyroid hormone keeps the calcium level steady by controlling
releasing calcium from Bones, controlling calcium excretion and
also producing Vitamin D, which affects how much calcium is
absorbed from your gut.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Gland: Adrenal glands are 2 triangle-shaped endocrine
glands that sit on top of the kidneys. The Hormones produced by
it are-

1. Adrenaline: Adrenaline is involved in body’s stress (or ‘fight or


flight’) response. It makes your heart beat faster, sends more
blood to the muscles, causes other changes in your body that
prepare it for fight or flight.
2. Noradrenaline: Increases blood pressure and helps in
alertness.

3. Cortisol: Cortisol works by influencing metabolism (how body


uses energy), changing blood sugar levels, lowering
inflammation, helping to control blood pressure and heart
rate.

4. Aldosterone: It plays a part in controlling blood pressure and


helps keep the salt and water levels balanced.
Pancreas
Your pancreas is a long gland found behind the stomach, under
the liver. The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland. The
main endocrine function of the pancreas is to control the blood
sugar levels. Hormones Produce by Pancreas are-
• Insulin: Lowers blood glucose
• Somatostatin: Inhibits insulin, glucagon, and digestive hormone secretion
• Glucagon: Raises blood glucose
• Pancreatic Polypeptide: Regulates digestive function and appetite
• Ghrelin: Stimulates hunger and regulates glucose metabolism
Ovaries and Testes
Ovaries: Your ovaries are 2 glands found on each side of the
womb. The ovaries store and release eggs and make hormones
involved in puberty and reproduction.
1. Oestrogen
2. Progesterone
3. Testosterone
4. Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
5. Inhibin A and Inhibin B

Testes: The testes are 2 glands found in the scrotum. The testes
make sperm and hormones involved in puberty and
reproduction.
1. Testosterone
2. Oestrogen
3. Inhibin B
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands release
(secrete) substances
through openings (ducts)
onto the body surfaces.
Exocrine glands secrete
sweat, tears, saliva, milk
and digestive juices.

Some examples of
Exocrine glands are-
Parotid glands,
sub-mandibular glands,
pancreas etc.
Exocrine Glands contd.
Sweat Glands: The sweat glands create and secrete sweat. A
type of sweat gland called eccrine sweat glands covers almost
the entire body surface. These sweat glands produce clear,
non-oily sweat that helps control body temperature.

Sebaceous Glands: The sebaceous glands are also on the skin.


But they open into the hair follicles. Sebaceous glands secrete
sebum. Sebum is an oily substance that lubricates and protects
the hair and skin.

Salivary Glands: The salivary glands create and secrete saliva.


Salvia helps the chew, swallow and digest food. It also helps
lubricate and protect the inner lining of the tissues.

Mammary Glands: The mammary glands produce milk. The milk


is nutrient-rich and helps protect baby’s developing immune
Exocrine Glands contd.

Lacrimal Glands: The lacrimal glands are the tear glands.


Lacrimal glands are located above the upper eyelids. They create
and secrete a fluid that gets into the eyes every time one blink.
This fluid helps keep eyes moisturized.

Ceruminous Glands: The ceruminous glands are glands in the


ears. They help produce ear wax (cerumen). Ear wax protects
ears from physical damage and infection.

Stomach Glands: Glands in the stomach release enzymes that


help break down food. They also help the body to absorb
important nutrients.
Exocrine Glands contd.

Brunner Glands: The Brunner glands are located in the first part
of the small intestine. This is called duodenum. The Brunner
glands produce mucus that protects the duodenum from
stomach acid. They also help the body to digest food and absorb
nutrients.

The liver and pancreas are exocrine glands too. Liver secretes
bile through ducts into the gastrointestinal tract. Pancreas
secretes pancreatic juices through ducts into the gastrointestinal
tract. But liver and pancreas are also considered endocrine
glands. They have dual roles. They also secrete hormones directly
into the bloodstream.
Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands:
Feature Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands
Glands that release
Glands that release hormones directly
1. Definition
secretions via ducts. into the
bloodstream.
2. Mode of Secrete enzymes, mucus,
Secrete hormones.
Secretion or other substances.

Ductless; release
3. Presence Have ducts to transport
hormones into
of Ducts secretions.
blood or lymph.
Act on distant
4. Target Act on local or specific
target organs or
Action target sites.
tissues.
Pituitary gland,
Salivary glands, sweat
thyroid gland,
5. Examples glands, pancreas
pancreas
Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands:
Feature Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands
Regulated by feedback
Often controlled by
6. Control mechanisms
nervous signals or local
Mechanism (positive/negative
stimuli.
feedback).
7. Speed of Slower but
Generally fast-acting.
Action longer-lasting effects.
8. Role in Helps in digestion, Regulates metabolism,
Homeostasi lubrication, and growth, and
s protection. homeostasis.
The End

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