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UNIT OP-1

The document outlines the course SPCI 2254: Industrial Unit Operations for a Bachelor of Technology in Applied Chemistry, detailing definitions, classifications, and examples of unit operations and processes in the chemical industry. It emphasizes the importance of physical changes in unit operations and chemical changes in unit processes, along with their roles in manufacturing. Assessment criteria for the course include continuous assessments, attendance, and a final examination, totaling 100%.

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16 views

UNIT OP-1

The document outlines the course SPCI 2254: Industrial Unit Operations for a Bachelor of Technology in Applied Chemistry, detailing definitions, classifications, and examples of unit operations and processes in the chemical industry. It emphasizes the importance of physical changes in unit operations and chemical changes in unit processes, along with their roles in manufacturing. Assessment criteria for the course include continuous assessments, attendance, and a final examination, totaling 100%.

Uploaded by

jakes12775
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPCI 2254: INDUSTRIAL UNIT OPERATIONS

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN APPLIED


CHEMISTRY (INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY)
Y2 SI

Dr. Andere Miruka


COURSE OUTLINE

Definitions. Classification of processes

Unit operations in chemical industry: Evaporation,


Crystallization, Mixing and agitation, Separation,
Sedimentation and thickening, Drying, Filtration, Size
reduction of solids.

Reactor types and optimization


Mass balance equations
ASSESSMENT

Continuous Assessment Tests/Assign 20%

Assign 10%

Attendance 20%

Final Examination 50%

Total 100%
What do the chemical industries do?
Introduct
ion
Chemical industries use chemistry
and technology to turn raw
materials into usable products,
such as medicine, petrochemicals,
plastics, paints etc.
Unit Operation
• This process of conversion of raw material
to useful product comprises many steps.

• Some steps are required to make raw


materials ready for processing.

• Some steps are required to bring the final


product to desired form.

• These steps are called UNIT OPERATIONS.


Unit Operation

• These physical steps are called unit operations.


• The chemical step is called unit process or
simply “process”.
Definition of Terms
Unit operation
A unit operation is defined as a process which does not
involve any chemical reaction.

Unit operations only deal with physical changes of the


materials involved in the process.

They are equipment which cause the materials to


undergo physical changes.

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Unit operation …..

The physical changes are carried out for variety of


purposes.

Generally unit operations steps are carried out


before subjecting the materials to chemical
reactions so that chemical reactions happen
smoothly.
Unit operation …..

The physical changes can imply phase changes such


as; evaporation, condensation, crystallization etc.

Thus Distillation is a unit operation step because


condensation and evaporation happens inside the
column
Unit operation …..
Evaporators, and crystallisers are also unit operations
equipment.

Unit operation equipment are also responsible for


mechanical operations which involves size reduction,
physical separations, mixing, and grinding.

The mass transfer, heat transfer process all may


happen together. Chemical reaction doesn’t happen.
Classification of Unit Operations:

Fluid flow operations:

Pumping,

Compression, and

Fluidisation.

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Mechanical operations:

Size reduction,

size enlargement,

mixing, agitation, blending,

filtration, separation, etc.


Mass transfer:

Distillation,

evaporation,

crystallization,

leaching,
absorption, adsorption,

extraction, etc.
Heat transfer:
When handling materials, heat transfer can take
place by any fundamental mechanisms;

Conduction,

Convection, or

Radiation.

Usually two fundamental mechanisms may occur


simultaneously.
Unit Process
Unit process is a process in which chemical changes
take place to the material present in the reaction

The result of the chemical reaction is known as the


Unit process.

This basically consists of a reaction between two or


more chemicals which results in another chemical -

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Unit Process….
Chemical reaction is at the heart of the unit processes.
A chemical reactor is an equipment which falls under
the category of unit processes.

Literal chemical change takes place inside the


equipment wherein the chemical structure of the
material changes and it transforms and forms an
entirely new material.

All kinds of chemical reactions carried out in industrial


equipment comes under this category.
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7
Some examples of such chemical reactions are;
Sulphonation

Nitration,
Halogenation,
Alkylation,
Hydrolysis,
Hydrogenation,
Polymerization,
Oxidation and , reduction, etc.
The examples can be innumerable as there can be
innumerable compounds which can be formed by
reaction of two or more materials

or by decomposition of the material itself.

Thus classification can be similarly endless.


Most of the chemical reactions are irreversible in
nature.

A chemical reaction step in a process forms the heart


of the process, often governing the economics of the
entire process.

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Thus the unit processes are often subject of
optimization.

Often unit operations have to be carried out before


unit processes to give proper shape to the materials
so that they will be able to react optimally.
Also unit operations are often needed even after the
chemical reaction has happened

Are needed for the purpose of separation of the


primary product from the secondary or tertiary
products.
All the unit operation processes wherein chemical
reaction is made to take place to improve the
efficiency of the equipment also falls under unit
processes.

For example, reactive distillation, reactive


extraction, reactive absorption, etc.
TYPICAL Examples of Unit processes

Example 1 – Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution

Explanation – Here electrolysis of Nacl is done and the


concentration of sodium chloride is taken as 305 g/l, fed
into electrolysis cell in which electricity is passed and
sodium hydroxide is produced. In this reaction,
decomposition reaction takes place hence, this is a unit
process.
Example 2 – Production of Hydrogen

Steam-methane reforming reaction

Hydrogen is produced using very popular method


i.e. Steam-methane reforming reaction. In this
method, methane reacts with steam at a pressure
under 3–25 bar pressure in the presence of a Nickel
catalyst at about 750 to produce hydrogen.
In this Steam-methane reforming reaction,
chemical reaction under pressure and temperature
is being conducted to react Methane with steam
and generate Hydrogen. This process comes under
unit process.
Manufacturing process/ chemical Process

Manufacturing process consists of a combination


of various unit operations and unit processes
conducted considering factors like optimization,
design of equipment and selection of equipment,
use of suitable utilities etc
Example – Manufacturing process of cement
Cement is considered as a product which is a result
of unit operation and unit process. There are
various unit operations and unit processes involved
in the manufacturing process of cement.

We will not go in-depth into the manufacturing


process and will consider the relevant things only.
For the manufacturing process of cement.
The main raw material for cement manufacture is
limestone which is present in the hard solid rock
form.

It is crushed into a fine powder using a jaw


crusher. Using Jaw crusher, only physical changes
occur hence it is a unit operation. In the chemical
process, limestone is heated and decomposes
into lime and carbon dioxide is released which is
a unit process.
Difference between unit operation and unit process

Unit Operation Unit Process

Process in which only


Process in which
physical changes and not
chemical changes takes
chemical changes takes
place are considered as
place are known as a unit
unit process.
operation.

Mixing, blending, Bromination,


crushing distillation, etc halogenation,
are considered as unit sulphonation, etc are
operations called unit process

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