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PhysicsInvestigatorymohit

This document is an investigatory project file by Mohit Singh from Rajiv International School, focusing on the factors affecting the internal resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of a cell. The project includes practical analysis, objectives, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, results, precautions, and bibliography. Key findings indicate that internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, surface area, temperature, and concentration of the electrolyte.

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Arjun Sogarwal
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5 views

PhysicsInvestigatorymohit

This document is an investigatory project file by Mohit Singh from Rajiv International School, focusing on the factors affecting the internal resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of a cell. The project includes practical analysis, objectives, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, results, precautions, and bibliography. Key findings indicate that internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, surface area, temperature, and concentration of the electrolyte.

Uploaded by

Arjun Sogarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RAJIV INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,

MATHURA

physics INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT FILE
SESSION - 2023-24

Submitted by:
Submitted to:
Mohit Singh
Mr. Bhupindra
XII-B
Roll no. - 19
Certificate
This is to certify that Mohit Singh of Rajiv
International School, has completed the
investigatory project on the topic “To study
various factors on the internal
resistance/EMF of cell depends” himself
under the supervision and guidance of
physics teacher Mr. Bhupinder during the
session- 2023-24.

Internal Examiner External


Examiner
Acknowledgement
First of all, I am deeply thankful to my Physics
teacher for extending his valuable and scholarly
guidance throughout the preparation of this
project. I am also thankful to the teachers and
staff members of the department of Physics for
extending their humanitarian and scholastic
assistance in finding out the solutions of some
query during my work. Last but not the least I am
indebted to my friends, classmates and parents
for encouraging and never let me down in my
confidence while completing the project.
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use


electronic appliances and the use is increasing every
day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be increased
greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis


for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased,


we can increase the potential difference across it, and
hence make it more reliable.

INTERNAL RESISTANCE

International resistance is defined as the resistance


offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.

 It’s S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)


For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),
connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is
the current flowing through the circuit.

Internal Resistance (r)= [E-V]/I


PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE

To study the various factors on which the internal


resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS

 Potentiometer
 Battery (or battery eliminator)
 Two one-way keys
 Rheostat
 Galvanometer
 Resistance box
 Ammeter
 Cell (Leclanché cell)
 Jockey
 Setsquare
 Connecting wires and sand paper

THEORY

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance


offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The
internal resistance of a cell.

 Is directly proportional to the distance between the


electrodes.

 Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of


the electrodes in electrolyte.
 Decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.

 Is inversely proportional to concentration of


electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r= [E-V]/R

PROCEDURE

 Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand


paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.

 Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

 Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and


make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will
not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with
distance of separation

 Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

 Take maximum current from the battery, making


rheostat resistance small.

 Without inserting a plug-in key , adjust the rheostat


so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of
the potentiometer.

 Determine the position of the null point accurately


using a set square and measure the balancing
length (1) between the null point and the end P.

 Next introduce plugs in both keys and . At the


same time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W)
from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.

 Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and


obtain the null point.

 Measure the balancing length ( L) from end P.


Record these

 Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

 Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for


some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.

 Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain


another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with
area of electrodes

 Keeping all other factors constant, increase the


area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.

 Obtain three such observations by repeating steps


7 to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with


concentration of electrolyte

 Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the


concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.

 Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7


to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of international resistance


with Temperature

 Keeping all other factors constant, increase the


temperature of electrolyte

 Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7


to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATION

RESULTS AND REFERENCES

 The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and


is equal to,
E = 0.98 Volt.

 The internal resistance of a cell is directly


proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.

 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely


proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.

 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely


proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS

 The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

 The plugs should be introduced in the keys only


when the observations are to be taken.

 The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and


E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.

 The jockey key should not be rubbed along the


wire. It should touch the wire gently.

 The ammeter reading should remain constant for a


particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 wikipedia.com
 www.simonsfoundation.org
 Physics NCERT book for class XII

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