Scribd
Upload
8 views

PET405 Chapter #6

The document provides an overview of well logging analysis, focusing on neutron measurement tools and their application in determining formation porosity. It explains how neutron logs measure hydrogen concentration to assess porosity in formations, detailing the effects of hydrocarbons and shale on neutron porosity readings. Additionally, it includes information on the photoelectric factor as a supplementary measurement to bulk density, with specific values for different lithologies.

Uploaded by

metaabmahmoud22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

PET405 Chapter #6

The document provides an overview of well logging analysis, focusing on neutron measurement tools and their application in determining formation porosity. It explains how neutron logs measure hydrogen concentration to assess porosity in formations, detailing the effects of hydrocarbons and shale on neutron porosity readings. Additionally, it includes information on the photoelectric factor as a supplementary measurement to bulk density, with specific values for different lithologies.

Uploaded by

metaabmahmoud22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

PE 406

Well Logging Analysis

Prepared by
Dr. Mohsen ElNoby
Course Contents
Chapter 1: Well Logging Definition
Chapter 2: Grains, Porosity and Pore Sizes
Chapter 3: Clay Types and properties and their effects on porosity
values
Chapter 4: Borehole Environment "Gamma Ray Tool"
Chapter 5: Porosity Measurements
Chapter 6: Neutron Measurement Tool
Chapter 7: Density Measurement Tool
Chapter 8: Photo-Electric Measurements, Resistivity Logs and Water
Saturation
Chapter 9: Cased-Hole Logging tools and Interpretations
(CBL – VDL – PLT – TDT - RST)
Chapter 6
Neutron Measurement Tool
Neutron Measurement Tool
Neutron Log
Neutron logs are porosity
logs that measure the
hydrogen concentration in
a formation.

In clean formations (i.e.,


shale-free) where the
porosity is filled with water
or oil, the neutron log
measures liquid-filled
porosity (φN , PHIN, or
NPHI).
Neutron Measurement Tool

Neutron Log

Neutrons are created from


a chemical source in the
neutron logging tool.

The chemical source is


usually a mixture of
Americium and Beryllium
which continuously emit
neutrons.
Neutron Measurement Tool
Neutron Log

When these neutrons


collide with the nuclei of
the formation; the
neutron loses some of
its energy.

With enough collisions,


the neutron is absorbed
by a nucleus and a
gamma ray is emitted.
Neutron

• Hydrogen is the
most effective element
in the slowing down
(elastic scattering)
process of the Neutron
Neutron Measurement Tool
Neutron Log

Because the hydrogen atom is


almost equal in mass to the
neutron, maximum energy loss
occurs when the neutron collides
with a hydrogen atom.

Therefore, the energy loss is


dominated (controlled) by the
formation’s hydrogen concentration.
Neutron Measurement Tool
Neutron Log

Because hydrogen in a porous formation is


concentrated in the fluid-filled pores, energy loss
can be related to the formation’s porosity.
Neutron Log

The neutron curves are displayed over tracks 2 & 3,


in a specific lithology units (usually either limestone
or sandstone), as illustrated in Fig. 5

Fig. 5
Neutron Log

Fig 5: Example
combination
neutron-density
log with gamma
ray and caliper.

It is shown to
illustrate a
common
presentation
format for a
neutron-density
combination
Neutron Log

Will be used in
applying a lithology
conversion to the
neutron porosity in
Fig 6.

And in determining
lithology and cross-
plot porosity from
the neutron-density
cross-plot in Fig 8.
Neutron Log

Track 1: contains
both gamma ray
(GR) and caliper
(CALI).

Note that GR scale


reads from 0 to 100
API units and the
caliper measures a
borehole size from
6 to 16 inches.
Neutron Log

Track 2: The photoelectric


factor (PEF) is displayed
from 0 to 10 b/e
(barns/electron).

The density correction


(DRHO) is displayed from
(-0.05 to +0.45) g/cm3.
Tracks 2 and 3: Both
neutron porosity (NPHI)
and density porosity
(DPHI) are plotted across
tracks 2 and 3.
Neutron Log Important Notes

Neutron log responses vary, depending on:


• Differences in detector types and what they detect
(gamma rays and/or neutrons of different energies)
• Spacing between source and detector
• Lithology (i.e., sandstone, limestone, and dolomite)

While the variations due to detector types and tool


design are fixed, the variations in response due to
lithology must be accounted by using the
appropriate charts (Fig 6 and 7).
Neutron Log

Fig 8: Example of the


generalized lithologic
response of the
neutron and density
logs, used as a quick-
look lithology
technique.

The gamma ray (GR)


and photoelectric
effect (PEF) are
provided for additional
information.
Neutron Log

Hydrocarbon effects
When pores are filled with gas instead of oil or
water, the reported neutron porosity is less than the
actual formation porosity.

This occurs because there is a lower concentration


of hydrogen in gas than in oil or water.

A decrease in neutron porosity by the presence of


gas is called gas effect.
Neutron Log

Shale Effect

When clays are part of the formation matrix, the


reported neutron porosity is greater than the actual
formation porosity.

This occurs because the hydrogen that is within the


clay’s structure and in the water bound to the clay is
sensed in addition to the hydrogen in the pore
space.

An increase in neutron porosity by the presence of


clays is called shale effect.
Neutron Measurement Tool Photoelectric Factor (Pef)

The Photoelectric Factor (PeF) is a supplementary


measurement to the bulk density measurement.
The PeF curve is commonly scaled on a range
between 0 and 10 barns/electron, and a generalized
interpretation guide is given in the figure above.

A barn (symbol: b) is a metric unit of area equal to 10−28 m2


Neutron Measurement Tool Photoelectric Factor (Pef)
Neutron Measurement Tool Photoelectric Factor (Pef)
Photoelectric Factor (Pef)

Sandstone
Quartz should read 1.7 to 1.8 barns/electron.

Limestone
Clean limestone reads about 5.0 barns/electron.
Dolomite
Dolomite should read about 3.0 barns/electron.

Shale
“Average” shale reads 3–3.5 barns/electron, but
values up to 7 or 8 barns/electron can be obtained
depending on iron content and accessory minerals.
Photoelectric Factor (Pef)
Graphic Lithology Key

You might also like