Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of

time. The elements of weather are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind

speed, humidity and precipitation.

FOR EXAMPLE: today's weather:-

temp. : max. : 29 °C

min. : 24 °C

atmospheric pressure : 74% wind speed: 10 kmph - 35 kmph humidity : 68% -

75 % precipitation: nill.

Climate is defined in term the average (mean) of weath elements (such as

temperatur and precipitation) over a specified period of time (30 years
according to the World Meteorological Organization).

1.Latitude - Distance north or south of the equator

A. Low - Warm to hot

B. Middle - Seasonal

C. High - Polar (cool to cold)

temp. : max. : 29 °C

min. : 24 °C

atmospheric pressure : 74% wind speed: 10 kmph - 35 kmph humidity : 68% -

75 % precipitation: nill.

The amount of solar radiation received from the sun is determined by two
factors:

(a) the angle at which the sun's rays strike the earth, and

(b) the length of time in which the sun shines during a particular day.

The sun's rays strike directly near the equator, making these areas warmer. In
contrast, places farther from the equator receive sunlight at an angle, resulting
in a colder climate. As latitude increases, the sun's angle decreases, lowering
air temperature.
Temperature decreases from equator to polar region

Tropical region -HOT

olar region -COLD

Temperate region -MODERATE

Q1. How much is the tilt of the Earth's axis?

A1. 23.5°.

Q2. Which part of the Earth receives the most direct sunlight?
A2. The equator.

Q3. Why do places far from the equator receive less sunlight?
A3. Because of the Earth's tilt and shape.

Q4. Why are the coldest places on Earth near the poles?
A4. They receive less heat.

Q5. Why do places near the equator have high temperatures?

A5. They receive more sunlight due to Earth's tilt.

Q6. How does latitude affect climate?

A6. Areas closer to the equator are warmer, while those farther away are
colder.

2. Altitude - Height above sea level A. In mountain areas, there are major
climatic differences from the bottom to the top. B. As air rises, it loses the
ability to hold heat. As you go up, it gets 1ºF colder for every 300-400 ft. * The
air temperature decreases as the altitude increases. *Places with higher
elevations have cold climates. * For every 1000 m, there is a drop of 6.5°C.
The decrease in ai temperature is due to the decrease in air pressure.

Land-Water Relationship

A. A large body of water tends to cause a mild or moderate climate. (Very little
change)

B. A body of water heats up and cools down slower than a land mass.

C. Wind assumes the temp. of the surface it passes over and carries that
temp. with it.
Bodies of water influence climate. Soil heats and cools faster than water,
which absorbs and releases heat slowly. This regulates temperature in
coastal areas, creating a moderate climate. During the day, land heats up
faster, causing warm air to move from land to sea, slowing temperature rise
on land. Areas without nearby water have higher daytime temperatures.

At night, soil cools faster than water, making air above land colder than over
the sea. Warm air moves from sea to land, moderating temperature drops.
Areas far from water have extreme climates since no nearby water regulates
air movement. Water’s high heat capacity allows it to absorb more heat in
summer and release it slowly in winter, keeping coastal areas’ temperatures
moderate.

Three causes of seasons on earth:

a.) the tilt of the earth at 23.50

b.) the earth's revolution around the

Sun

c.) top earth remains tilted in the same direction all year round as we orbit the
Sun

Winter Solstice (Dec. 22) – The North Pole tilts 23.5° away from the Sun,
receiving indirect sunlight. The Sun stays low, creating the shortest day of the
year. Meanwhile, it's Summer Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.

Summer Solstice (June 22) – The North Pole tilts 23.5° toward the Sun,
receiving direct sunlight. The Sun stays high, creating the longest day of the
year. Meanwhile, it's Winter Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.

Spring Vernal Equinox (March 21)

- daytime and nighttime is exactly equal, no tilt of the earth

- Fall equinox for Southern Hemisphere

Autumnal Equinox (Sept. 23)

- daytime and nighttime is exactly equal, no tilt of the earth

• Spring Equinox for Southern Hemisphere

astronomical seasons

- are based on Earth's position as it rotates around the sun

- divide the year into spring, summer, fall, and winter-yet with slightly different
start and end dates for each meteorological seasons

- are based on annual temperature cycles divide the calendar year into four
seasons that each last exactly three months and are based on the annual
temperature cycle

*Polar days and polar nights only occur within

Arctic & Antarctic Circle: the higher the latitude(closer to north/ south pole),
the more polar days/ nights.

*Polar nights= 24 hours of consecutive darkness

*Polar days= 24 hours of consecutive daylight

*Exactly at the North/ South pole, there would be 6 straight months of 24 hour
darkness followed by 6 straight months of 24 hour daylight.

North Pole

Polar Night occurs around December 21, with no sunlight. Northern Lights
are common.South Pole

 Polar Day occurs around December 21, with the Midnight Sun shining all night.
 Polar Night occurs around June 21, with no sunlight and Southern Lights visible.
 Daylight hours vary greatly, becoming more extreme closer to the poles.

 Polar Day occurs around June 21, with the Midnight Sun shining all night.
 Daylight hours vary greatly, becoming more extreme closer to the poles.

The closer to the pole, the longer the period of 24-hour daylight, lasting
weeks or months. At the pole itself, the Sun stays above the horizon for 6
months straight.

The Earth orbits the Sun on a tilted axis, shifting about 24 degrees several
times a year. When the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, the South Pole
experiences Polar Night, and vice versa.

Polar night occurs in the polar circles, where night lasts over 24 hours. The
opposite, polar day or midnight sun, happens when the Sun stays above the
horizon for more than 24 hours. Due to atmospheric refraction, polar day
lasts longer than polar night. The polar circles are at 66.5° latitude, with
opposite daylight conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic Circles.

Polar Twilight occurs near the inner border of the polar circles during the
winter solstice, when the Sun stays at or below the horizon all day. Instead
of full daylight, only civil twilight is visible at solar culmination.

Civil Polar Night occurs when the Sun stays more than 6° below the
horizon for at least 24 hours, meaning no civil twilight during the winter
solstice. Around noon, only nautical twilight is visible. This happens at
latitudes north of 72.56°N and south of 72.56°S.

Nautical Polar Night occurs when the Sun stays more than 12° below the
horizon for at least 24 hours, meaning no nautical twilight during the
winter solstice. Around noon, only astronomical twilight is visible. This
happens at latitudes north of 78.56°N and south of 78.56°S.

Astronomical Polar Night is a period of continuous darkness with no

astronomical twilight. This occurs when the Sun stays more than 18°
below the horizon. It is limited to latitudes above 84°34', about 5.5° from
the pole.

Here’s the information in a chart format:

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Inclusive
December – February December – February
Months
Season Winter Summer
Solstice (Dec.
Winter Solstice Summer Solstice
21)
Day/Night
Longer nights, shorter days Longer days, shorter nights
Length
Earth’s 23.5° S latitude, perpendicular 23.5° S latitude, perpendicular
Orientation to the Tropic of Capricorn to the Tropic of Capricorn

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Sun at Noon Low during winter solstice High during summer solstice
Sunrise & Rises southeast, sets Rises southeast, sets
Sunset southwest southwest

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Seasonal Effect Leans away from the Sun Leans toward the Sun
Daylight gradually Daylight gradually
Daylight Change
increases during winter decreases during summer
Light/Darkness Less sunlight the farther Less darkness the farther
 Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
Variation north south

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Inclusive
March – June March – June
Months
Season Spring Autumn/Fall
Earth’s Not tilted toward or away Not tilted toward or away from
Orientation from the Sun the Sun
Sunrise & Rises in the east, sets in the Rises in the east, sets in the
Sunset west west

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Equinox (March Spring Equinox – Day and Autumnal Equinox – Day and
21) night are equal. night are equal.
Spring begins after the Autumn begins after the
Season Start
equinox. equinox.
Daylight Daylight increases until
Daylight decreases until winter.
Change summer.
Spring and autumn occur in Spring and autumn occur in
Location
mid-latitudes. mid-latitudes.

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Inclusive
Late June – September Late June – September
Months
Season Summer Winter
Earth’s 23.5° N latitude, perpendicular 23.5° N latitude, perpendicular
Orientation to the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Cancer
Sun’s Direct Reach their northernmost
Sun angle is lowest
Rays position

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

Sunrise & Rises in the northeast, sets in Rises in the northeast, sets in
Sunset the northwest the northwest
More direct path of the Sun’s Less direct path of the Sun’s
Seasonal Effect
energy energy
Solstice (June
Summer Solstice Winter Solstice
21)

Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

North Pole tilts toward the Sun South Pole tilts away from the
Seasonal Tilt
→ Summer Sun → Winter
Summer Solstice → Longer Winter Solstice → Longer
Solstice Effect
days, shorter nights nights, shorter days
Daylight
Daylight gradually decreases Daylight gradually increases
Change
 Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
Inclusive Months Late September – December Late September – December
Season Autumn/Fall Spring
Earth’s Earth is not tilted toward or Earth is not tilted toward or
Orientation away from the Sun away from the Sun
Sunrise & Rises in the east, sets in the Rises in the east, sets in the
Sunset west west
Equinox (Sept. Autumnal Equinox – Day Spring Equinox – Day and
22/23) and night are equal night are equal
Seasonal Days get shorter, leading to Days get longer, leading to
Change winter summer
Temperature Cooler temperatures, harvest Warmer temperatures, nature
Effect season revives

Q12: Which heats up faster, water or soil?

Soil heats up faster than water.

Q15: How does a body of water regulate the temperature of a certain

region/country?
A body of water absorbs heat, slowly releases it, and circulates warm and
cold air, moderating temperature changes.

Q16: Why do some areas that are far from bodies of water have extreme
climates?
Without nearby water, there is no temperature moderation, leading to extreme
climate changes.

4. Mountain

Barriers/Topography

- Cause different climates on opposite sides of mountain.

A. Areas away from sea have drier air

B. Less moisture results in higher temperatures

A mountain is a topographical feature that affects climate. The side facing the
wind has low temperatures, cloud formation, and rainfall due to condensation.
The other side is warmer, dry, and lacks precipitation.

Topography affects climate, especially in mountainous areas. The windward

side receives precipitation as air rises, cools, and condenses into clouds. The
leeward side, or rain shadow, is dry and warm, with little precipitation,
supporting desert plants and grasslands.
*Windward side receives more rainfall where as

LEEWARD side remains as a

rainshadow region

Q17. What happens to water vapor as it rises over the mountain?

It condenses to form clouds.

Q18. Which side of the mountain experiences low temperature?

The windward side.

Q19. Which side of the mountain experiences high temperature?

The leeward side.

Q20. What happens when air becomes warmer and drier as it moves down
the leeward side?
It rises up the atmosphere.

Q21. What dry region forms at the back of the mountain?

Rain shadow.

Q22. How does topography affect climate?

Moist wind from the sea flows up the mountain. As temperature drops with
altitude, water vapor condenses, causing precipitation.

A warm front is the boundary where a warm air mass overtakes a cold air
mass. Since warm air is less dense, it rises slowly over the colder, drier air.

A cold front forms when a cold, dense air mass pushes under a warm air
mass, forcing it to rise. If there is enough moisture, clouds and thunderstorms
may develop. Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts.

5. Ocean Currents - Rivers of water that move through the ocean.

A. They assume the temperature of the water that they pass over and carry
that temperature.

B. Wind passing over the current must pass near the land mass to have an
impact.
Q23. Which city had the highest temperature?
Manila

Q24. What factor causes the high temperature in that city?

Its low altitude and proximity to the equator.

Q25. Which city had the lowest temperature?

Vienna

Q26. What factor causes the low temperature in that city?

Its distance from the equator; the farther a place is, the lower the air
temperature.

Q27. What factor greatly affects the climate of Tokyo?

Its proximity to a body of water moderates its climate.

Q28. How does Paris' elevation affect its climate?

Paris has a low elevation, leading to higher air temperature.

Ocean currents move in loops: clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and

counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis Effect.
Currents flowing from the equator carry warm water, raising air temperature
and warming coastal regions. Cold currents lower temperatures by cooling the
air as warm land air moves toward the sea.

Q29. What are the different ocean currents that carry warm water?

 Kurushio Current
 Gulf Stream
 Agulhas Current
 North Equatorial Current

Q30. What are the different ocean currents that carry cold water?

 Labrador Current
 Kamchatka Current
 East Australian Current
 Greenland Current

Q31. What kind of air does the Greenland Current take along?

 Cold air because it carries cold water from the pole towards the equator.

Q32. How do the Kamchatka Current and Kuroshio Current affect

Japan?

 The Kamchatka Current brings cold water to northeastern Japan, lowering the
temperature.
 The Kuroshio Current brings warm water to southern Japan, making the temperature
higher.

Q33. How do ocean currents affect climate?

  Ocean currents warm or cool the air above them.
 Cold currents lower temperatures in coastal regions.
 Warm currents raise temperatures in coastal regions.

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