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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY · STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

Riadh Al-Mahaidi
Javad Hashemi
Robin Kalfat
Graeme Burnett
John Wilson

Multi-axis
Substructure
Testing System
for Hybrid
Simulation
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
and Technology

Structural Mechanics

Series editor
Emmanuel E. Gdoutos, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,
Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15039
Riadh Al-Mahaidi Javad Hashemi
•

Robin Kalfat Graeme Burnett

•

John Wilson

Multi-axis Substructure
Testing System for Hybrid
Simulation

123
Riadh Al-Mahaidi Graeme Burnett
Smart Structures Laboratory Smart Structures Laboratory
Swinburne University of Technology Swinburne University of Technology
Melbourne, VIC Melbourne, VIC
Australia Australia

Javad Hashemi John Wilson

Smart Structures Laboratory Smart Structures Laboratory
Swinburne University of Technology Swinburne University of Technology
Melbourne, VIC Melbourne, VIC
Australia Australia

Robin Kalfat
Smart Structures Laboratory
Swinburne University of Technology
Melbourne, VIC
Australia

ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
ISSN 2520-8020 ISSN 2520-8039 (electronic)
Structural Mechanics
ISBN 978-981-10-5866-0 ISBN 978-981-10-5867-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5867-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951985

© The Author(s) 2018, corrected publication 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
The original version of the book was revised:
For detailed information please see Erratum.
The erratum to the book is available at
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5867-7_6

v
Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Australian Research

Council (Grants LE110100052, DP140103350 and DP1096753) and 11 Australian
partner universities for their assistance with the establishment of the 6-DOF hybrid
testing facility. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Ph.D.
students Scott Menegon and Yassamin Al-Ogaidi and the personnel of the Smart
Structures Laboratory at Swinburne University of Technology, including Michael
Culton, Kia Rasekhi, Sanjeet Chandra and Kevin Nievaart.

vii
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Importance of Experimental Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Experimental Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Hybrid Simulation Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Advantages and Challenges of Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Objectives and Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Substructuring Techniques in Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Time-Integration Algorithms in Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Continuous Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Real-Time Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 Geographically Distributed Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7 Error Propagation in Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.8 Collapse Simulation Through Hybrid Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 State-of-the-Art System for Hybrid Simulation at Swinburne . . . . . . 19
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 MAST Reaction Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1 Design of the Strong Wall/Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.2 Design of the Steel Crosshead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 MAST Actuator Assembly and 6-DOF Control System . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 Hybrid Simulation Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4 Application of the MAST System for Collapse Experiments . . . . . . . 43
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Switched-Mode Quasi-Static Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

ix
x Contents

4.3 Mixed-Mode Quasi-Static Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 47

4.4 Mixed-Mode Hybrid Simulation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 49
4.5 Comparison of Mixed-Mode Quasi-Static and Hybrid
Simulation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 56
4.5.1 Numerical Model and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 56
4.5.2 Fragility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 58
4.6 Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation of Damaged RC Column
Through CFRP Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.7 Repeating Mixed-Mode Hybrid Simulation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.8 Comparison of Initial and CFRP-Repaired RC Columns . . . . . . . . 67
4.8.1 Numerical Model and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.8.2 Fragility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5 Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Erratum to: Multi-axis Substructure Testing System
for Hybrid Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Riadh Al-Mahaidi, Javad Hashemi, Robin Kalfat, Graeme Burnett
and John Wilson
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Hybrid simulation technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4

Fig. 3.1 Multi-directional loading at NEES facilities: a Multi-Axial
Subassemblage Testing Laboratory at Minnesota, USA.
b Multi-Axial Full-Scale Sub-Structure Testing
and Simulation Laboratory at Illinois, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Fig. 3.2 The Multi-Axis Sub-structure Testing System at Swinburne . . .. 20
Fig. 3.3 Smart Structures Laboratory at Swinburne University
of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Fig. 3.4 Advanced Technology Center at Swinburne University
of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig. 3.5 Final configuration of the strong floor/wall system . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Fig. 3.6 Final FE model configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fig. 3.7 Load-case key (plan view). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Fig. 3.8 Load-case key (south elevation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Fig. 3.9 Load-case key (east elevation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fig. 3.10 Load-case key (isometric view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Fig. 3.11 Strong wall/floor in the Smart Structure Laboratory
at Swinburne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fig. 3.12 MAST sample load case for maximum torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fig. 3.13 MAST sample load case for maximum flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Fig. 3.14 Von Mises stress contour for FEA load case 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Fig. 3.15 Resultant displacement contour for FEA load case 2. . . . . . . . . . 32
Fig. 3.16 Manufacturing the cruciform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fig. 3.17 Initial assembly of the crosshead within the Smart
Structures Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
Fig. 3.18 Actuator assembly and positions: a Actuator assembly:
plan view, b actuator assembly: side view, c actuator
positions and the control point in 3-D space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Fig. 3.19 MAST system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Fig. 3.20 Hydraulic power unit, Model 505.180 (600 lpm) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Fig. 3.21 Actuator kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

xi
xii List of Figures

Fig. 3.22 MAST mixed-mode and force-balance control system. . . . . . . .. 40

Fig. 3.23 High-precision draw-wire absolute encoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
Fig. 3.24 Hybrid simulation systems in the Smart Structures
Laboratory at Swinburne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Fig. 4.1 Implementation of switched-mode strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
Fig. 4.2 Switched-mode quasi-static test of the RC wall: a RC
wall subjected to displacement in tension and force
in compression along the Z axis, b Out-of-plane failure
of the RC wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Fig. 4.3 Comparison of command/measured force/displacement
signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Fig. 4.4 Experimental setup for RC column: a design details
of RC column, b 6-DOF movements of RC column . . . . . . . . .. 48
Fig. 4.5 QS loading protocol: a hexagonal orbital pattern for
bidirectional lateral deformation reversals, b drift time
histories in X and Y axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
Fig. 4.6 Response of RC column specimen in QS cyclic test:
a cyclic response in X axis, b cyclic response in Y axis,
c axial load time history, d biaxial lateral drifts, e biaxial
moment interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
Fig. 4.7 Hybrid simulation substructures: a numerical substructure,
b experimental substructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
Fig. 4.8 Nonlinear analytical model for beam–column elements:
a beam-with-hinges model, b modified Ibarra–Medina–
Krawinkler (IMK) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
Fig. 4.9 Pushover analysis of RC frame building: a pushover
curve of the building, b pushover curve of individual stories,
c maximum floor displacements, d maximum inter-story
drift ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
Fig. 4.10 Response spectra for the two horizontal components
of the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake ground motions
(recorded at El Centro station) used in HS test:
a acceleration response spectra, b displacement response
spectra, c acceleration–displacement response spectra . . . . . . . .. 53
Fig. 4.11 Responses of the RC column and applied axial load
in QS and HS tests: a cyclic response in X axis, b cyclic
response in Y axis, c axial load time history, d biaxial
lateral drifts, e biaxial moment interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fig. 4.12 Comparison of plastic hinges in QS and HS tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fig. 4.13 Numerical substructure selected for collapse risk assessment . . . 56
Fig. 4.14 Close view of the hysteretic responses in QS and HS tests . . . . . 57
Fig. 4.15 Calibration of SDOF numerical models: a QS test,
b HS test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
List of Figures xiii

Fig. 4.16 Maximum in-cycle negative tangent stiffness corresponding

to maximum compressive axial load in HS test: a axial time
history, b hysteretic response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
Fig. 4.17 Response spectra for ground motions used in IDA:
a acceleration response spectra, b displacement response
spectra, c acceleration–displacement response spectra . . . . . . . .. 60
Fig. 4.18 Comparison of IDA results for the RC column: a IDA
results based on numerical model calibrated to QS test,
b IDA results based on numerical model calibrated
to HS test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
Fig. 4.19 Comparison of fragility curves for the RC column based
on results from QS and HS tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
Fig. 4.20 Crack injection application to the upper end of damaged
RC column after roughening the concrete surface
and rounding all corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
Fig. 4.21 Repair mortar application at the lower (left) and upper
(right) ends of damaged RC column after crack injection . . . . .. 63
Fig. 4.22 Preparation of RC column surface using mechanical
abrasion technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
Fig. 4.23 Application of MasterBrace® P 3500 Primer and MBrace
CF130 carbon fiber sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
Fig. 4.24 Comparison of hybrid simulation results between initial
and repaired RC columns: a comparison of lateral force
deformation—X axis, b comparison of lateral
force-deformation—Y axis, c comparison of axial load—Z
axis, d comparison of energy dissipation, e biaxial bending
moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
Fig. 4.25 Comparison of the hysteretic response of the initial
and repaired columns in Y axis: a close view 1,
b close view 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
Fig. 4.26 Calibration of SDOF model to hybrid test results:
a calibration of initial column response, b calibration
of repaired column response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68
Fig. 4.27 Comparison of IDA results for the SDOF models:
a IDA results based on the model calibrated to initial
RC column response, b IDA results based on the model
calibrated to repaired RC column response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
Fig. 4.28 Comparison of fragility curves for the initial
and repaired RC columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Fig. A.1 Cruciform overall details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Fig. A.2 Cruciform leg details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Fig. A.3 Vertical actuator specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Fig. A.4 Horizontal actuator specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
List of Tables

Table 3.1 Material properties of concrete used in FE model. . . . . . . . . . .. 24

Table 3.2 Maximum allowable actuator loads for given load
case and actuator positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 3.3 Summary of actuator specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 4.1 Material properties of the RC column. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 4.2 IMK model parameters for RC frame structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 4.3 Comparison of IMK model parameters calibrated
to QS and HS tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
Table 4.4 List of input ground motions used in incremental
dynamic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
Table 4.5 Summary of CFRP material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
Table 4.6 Summary of epoxy saturant and primer material properties . . .. 64
Table 4.7 Comparison of IMK model parameters calibrated
to experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68

xv
Abstract

Hybrid simulation combines the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of computer

simulation with the realism of experimental testing to provide a powerful tool for
investigating the effects of extreme loads on large-scale structures. The key
advantage is that only the critical components of a structure that are difficult to
model numerically are sub-structured for testing in the laboratory, while the
remainder of the structure with more predictable behavior is computer simulated
using finite-element analysis software. The quality of the hybrid simulation relies to
a great extent on the correct application of the interface boundary conditions
between the numerical and the physical sub-domains. In addition, in order to
evaluate the life-cycle capacity of a prototype structure, the loads must be applied
on the hybrid model in the same manner as in the prototype, namely, gravity load
first, followed by a sequence of service and/or extreme loads. To meet these
objectives, a state-of-the-art loading system, referred to as the Multi-Axis
Substructure Testing (MAST) system, has been designed, assembled and vali-
dated at Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, to expand the
capabilities of hybrid testing to include three-dimensional responses of structures
through mixed load/deformation control of six degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF)
boundary conditions. This cutting-edge facility is unique in Australasia and is
capable of serving the research community and practice, nationally and interna-
tionally. This report presents the design details of the MAST system, including the
strong reaction wall/floor, the cruciform crosshead, servo-hydraulic actuators and
the 6-DOF controller system and hybrid simulation architecture. In addition, to
demonstrate the unique and powerful capabilities of the MAST system, specifically
for collapse assessment of structures, the results of three experiments, including a
quasi-static cyclic and two hybrid simulation test series, are presented.

Keywords Experimental techniques Hybrid simulation Large-scale testing




Multi-directional loading Mixed mode control Collapse assessment

xvii
Chapter 1
Introduction

Abstract This chapter discusses the role of experimental methods in earthquake

engineering with a brief summary of advantages and challenges of the various test
methods used in this field. The objectives and motivations of this research are
discussed with an overview of the contents of this book.

Keywords Experimental techniques
Hybrid simulation
Structural dynamics

Earthquake engineering

1.1 Importance of Experimental Testing

Natural hazards are the largest potential source of casualties in inhabited areas.
Damage to structures causes not only loss of human lives and disruption of lifelines,
but also long-term impact on the local, regional and sometimes national and
international economies.
One of the main goals of structural and earthquake engineering is to improve the
resilience and performance of structures to protect the lives and safety of occupants
and control economic losses under an extremely wide range of operational conditions
and hazards. Accordingly, the priorities lie in gaining an understanding of the
behavior of various classes of structures under different dynamic load types from the
elastic range through to developing collapse mechanisms and failure. However, this
poses a major challenge as it requires the prediction, with sufficient confidence, of a
structure’s response beyond design level, all the way to the state of complete collapse.
Today, dynamic analysis of complex structures can be efficiently computed uti-
lizing readily available software. The cost of computation has been continuously
reduced, and now very complex and detailed numerical simulations are possible on
personal computers. However, for many components or materials, nonlinear
behavior and failure modes are still not well understood. In such cases, numerical

The original version of this chapter was revised: See the “Chapter Note” section at the end of
this chapter for details. The erratum to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
981-10-5867-7_6

© The Author(s) 2018 1

R. Al-Mahaidi et al., Multi-axis Substructure Testing System for Hybrid Simulation,
SpringerBriefs in Structural Mechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5867-7_1
2 1 Introduction

analyses and simulations may not be reliable, since more detailed and complex
properties are needed for the critical components to obtain meaningful results.
Therefore, laboratory testing remains a necessary tool to improve and validate
numerical models over the full range of a structure’s response. With this objective in
mind, experimental simulations of structures have been conducted to investigate the
capacity and failure behavior of various structural systems and critical components
that are difficult to model numerically. Based on these studies, the behavior of
different structural systems such as multi-story buildings, bridges, coastal structures
and others during extreme events is assessed, to enable the design and construction
of safer and more resilient structural systems to mitigate natural hazards.

1.2 Experimental Testing Methods

In order to experimentally evaluate the dynamic response of a structure, several

techniques can be used in conducting laboratory tests (Filiatrault et al. 2013). The
most common method is quasi-static tests that are usually conducted in order to test
the behavior of structural components or full-scale structural systems. In this
method, the structure is subjected to pre-defined displacement or force history using
hydraulic actuators. Typically, these tests are conducted to investigate the hysteretic
behavior and capacity of structural components under a cyclic load. Although these
tests are fairly easy and economical, they are limited by the predetermined loading
protocol. However, in performance-based design, the focus of all decisions is on the
demand requirements, the actual behavior of the structural elements and the level of
damage during different intensities of extreme loads. Therefore, the predetermined
load protocol is generally inadequate for representing the structural behavior, as the
load distribution continuously changes during an actual event.
The most realistic approach is the dynamic testing of the entire structure. For
example, the use of earthquake shake tables in seismic research provides the means to
excite structures in such a way that they reproduce conditions representative of true
earthquake ground motions. However, due to the extremely high cost, complexity
and damage to the equipment, experimental testing of even a full-scale single-story
structure poses significant challenges. The largest shake table in the world, the Hyogo
Earthquake Engineering Research Center of Japan (E-Defense) shake table, is located
north of Kobe in Miki City, Japan, with dimensions of 15 m by 20 m and the capacity
to support building experiments weighing up to 1200 tonnes, which is sufficient to
test a full-scale 6-story building. However, not only are these experiments extremely
costly, both in terms of operation of a large-scale shake table and in terms of con-
structing the entire structure on the shake table, they do not provide the large-scale
testing environment for tall buildings or horizontally extended structures such as
bridges. The George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
(NEES) equipment sites in the USA also provide some shake table facilities, such as
the twin shake tables in the Buffalo NEES facility, multi-shake table testing in the
Nevada NEES facility and a high-performance outdoor shake table in the UC San
Diego NEES facility. However, due to limitations on the size and capacity of shake
1.2 Experimental Testing Methods 3

tables, structures are typically tested on a reduced scale or a highly simplified model is
used. In particular, in collapse simulation of structures, the shake table test method is
expensive, complicated and dangerous, due to the risk associated with the collapse of
a structure on the shake table. In addition, a scaled and simplified model does not
necessarily represent the response of a full- or large-scale prototype experiencing
severe nonlinear deformation and collapse. Scaled specimens can provide a fair
understanding of global behavior, but local behavior may not be simulated accu-
rately. However, this local behavior may play a critical role in determining the
performance of a structure, given that initial damage usually occurs on a local level.
Certain types of behavior, especially local effects such as bond and shear in reinforced
concrete members, crack propagation, welding effects and local buckling in steel
structures, are well known to have size effects, which casts doubt on the validity of the
shake table tests.
The third method is hybrid simulation, also known as pseudo-dynamic testing
(Nakashima et al. 1992). Hybrid simulation is a hybrid procedure that combines
classical experimental techniques with online computer simulation for
cost-effective, large-scale testing of structures under simulated dynamic loads. This
method is often called hybrid (rather than pseudo-dynamic testing) since it com-
bines modeling and experiments and can include real dynamic effects in the
experiment. According to a report by the US earthquake engineering community,
hybrid simulation capabilities are a major emphasis of the next generation of
earthquake engineering research (Dyke et al. 2010). However, this role can be
expanded to other loading conditions, such as hydrodynamic loading conditions
created by waves, traffic and impact loads due to moving vehicles, aerodynamic
loads generated by wind, and blast loads. This wide variety of loading conditions
can be simulated by incorporating them into the analytical portion of the hybrid
model without changing the physical portions of the experiment.

1.3 Hybrid Simulation Fundamentals

Hybrid simulation provides the best advantages of both computational simulation

and experimental techniques: the realism of actual testing for the critical compo-
nents, together with the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of computer modeling. This
method is based on domain decomposition, in which the structure of interest can be
divided into multiple parts/substructures. On the one hand are the parts and regions
that can be reliably modeled in one or more computers, either because of their simple
behavior or because they are not considered critical for the analysis conducted. On
the other hand are the parts and regions of most interest that are physically tested in
one or more laboratories, either because of their highly nonlinear behavior or
because they are critical to the safety and performance of the structure. The parts that
are numerically simulated are called the numerical or analytical substructures. The
parts that are physically modeled and subjected to loads in the laboratory are called
the experimental or physical substructures. The combination and interactions of the
all substructures form a hybrid model of the complete structure of interest.
4 1 Introduction

Fig. 1.1 Hybrid simulation

technique

Prototype Structure

Numerical
Elements

Physical MAST System at

Model Element Swinburne

In hybrid testing, the dynamic aspects of the simulation are handled numerically.
Therefore, such tests can be viewed as an advanced form of quasi-static testing,
where the loading history is determined as the simulation progresses for the structure
subjected to a specific dynamic load. The governing equation of the motion is solved
similar to pure numerical simulations using a time-stepping integration. The
displacement/force demands are then applied to the physical specimen(s), and the
resisting forces are measured and fed back to the computation solver to calculate the
displacement/force demands corresponding to the next time step.
To illustrate this process for the various types of substructures in hybrid simu-
lation, an example is presented for a multi-story building. Utilizing the hybrid
simulation technique, the first-story corner-column, considered the critical element,
can be constructed and physically tested in the laboratory, and the remaining parts
of the structure, the inertia and damping forces and gravity, dynamic loads and the
second-order effects can be reliably modeled in the computer (see Fig. 1.1).

1.4 Advantages and Challenges of Hybrid Simulation

Hybrid simulation provides several advantages, including the following:

1. Hybrid simulation mitigates the errors related to the simplification of the the-
oretical modeling of complex nonlinear structures or subassemblies by testing
1.4 Advantages and Challenges of Hybrid Simulation 5

them physically in the laboratory. It is not a trivial task to accurately model

complex nonlinear structures, as it requires a series of assumptions that have to
be made to simplify the modeling procedure, which is performed at the cost of
simulation accuracy and reliability.
2. Hybrid simulation reduces construction/fabrication costs and the overall time for
testing in the laboratory. Dynamic testing of the entire structure requires the
construction/fabrication of a whole structure, which is an expensive and
time-consuming process for a physical test. Since the damage essentially starts
as a local phenomenon, hybrid simulation allows the physical testing of only the
critical portion of the structure, where the damage is expected.
3. Hybrid simulation reduces uncertainties associated with limited scale of shake
table tests by facilitating economical large-scale testing. The size and weight of
the physical subassemblies are restricted only by the available laboratory space
and the strength of the strong reaction wall/floor. The strength of the specimen is
also limited only by the actuator capacities that are available in the laboratory.
4. Hybrid simulation can be conducted on an extended time scale, typically
ranging from 100 to 1000 times slower than actual earthquake duration (Carrion
and Spencer 2008). This time modification allows the researcher to carefully
observe and track the progress of damage throughout the simulation and thus
provides important insights into structural component behavior, especially near
collapse. Structural performance, such as the failure pattern and initiation of
cracks in a special structural region such as beam–column connections, can be
closely investigated.
5. Hybrid simulation can be conducted locally or geographically distributed,
meaning that individual substructures do not need to be within the same facility,
but can be linked by either the Internet or other methods of data transfer.
Therefore, laboratories with much larger capacities can be used for experimental
subassemblies.
Although hybrid simulation has attracted many researchers in the evaluation of the
seismic behavior of structures and offers many advantages, it provides new chal-
lenges, as follows:
1. Although hybrid testing is an alternative to shake table testing, the accuracy of
the hybrid test is often questioned. To guarantee that the results obtained from a
hybrid simulation are valid and reliable, it is important to minimize the con-
tamination of the results by errors. The errors that occur at different stages of a
hybrid simulation are modeling errors due to the discretization process, analysis
assumptions, numerical errors introduced by the integration and equilibrium
solution algorithms, experimental errors generated by the control and transfer
systems, and the noise in instrumentation devices and the data acquisition
system.
2. Actions on structures during extreme events such as earthquakes are generally
multi-directional and continuously varying, due to the time-dependent nature of
the input motion. For instance, variations of the axial loads during a seismic
excitation may influence the response of the vertical structural components (e.g.,
6 1 Introduction

bridge piers and building columns) since the response of such elements when
combined with flexural, shear and torsional actions may differ from the cases
when they are not subjected to the same axial load changes. Simulation of such
highly coupled multi-directional loading conditions using conventional struc-
tural testing methods can be expensive, time-consuming and difficult to achieve.
As a result, advanced and innovative experimental techniques and control
strategies are under development by researchers (Nakata 2007; Wang et al.
2012; Hashemi et al. 2014; Hashemi and Mosqueda 2014).
3. The experiments should be conducted at a large or full scale to accurately
capture the local behavior of the elements. However, the conduct of large-scale
experiments may not be feasible, due to the limited resources available in many
laboratories, including the number and capability of the actuators available, the
dimensions and load capacity of the reaction systems, difficulties in the actuator
assemblies and testing configuration in reliably simulating the boundary con-
ditions. Consequently, the specimen may be tested at a small scale or under
uni/biaxial loading configurations, which do not necessarily represent the actual
action or demand on the structural elements and the corresponding nonlinear
response of the prototype system.
4. Conducting multi-directional loading including gravity load effects requires a
mixed-mode control strategy. The application of gravity loads has been mainly
considered by researchers using a combination of force-control actuators in the
vertical direction that are decoupled from displacement-control actuators in the
lateral direction of the specimen (Lynn et al. 1996; Pan et al. 2005; Del Carpio
Ramos et al. 2015). In these tests, independent of lateral actuators, only the
vertical force-control actuators apply the gravity forces, while under large
deformations, lateral actuators have a force component in the vertical direction
that needs to be accounted for. Therefore, versatile and generally applicable
mixed-mode control algorithms are required to take into account instantaneous
and spatial coupling in the control systems.

1.5 Objectives and Outline

This manuscript presents the design details and unique capabilities of the MAST
system for the hybrid simulation of large-scale structures subjected to extreme
dynamic forces. The testing capabilities advance the current state of technology by
allowing accurate simulation of complex time-varying 6-DOF boundary effects on
large-scale structural components in mixed load/deformation control modes.
Utilizing the MAST system, the developments of new materials and structural
systems and the effectiveness of new repair/retrofitting strategies can be reliably
evaluated using three-dimensional large-scale quasi-static cyclic or local/
geographically distributed hybrid simulation tests. The manuscript is organized as
follows:
1.5 Objectives and Outline 7

Chapter 2 presents the technical background and literature review on the

development of hybrid simulation and summarizes the work by researchers in the
fields of substructuring techniques, integration schemes, continuous and real-time
hybrid testing, local and geographically distributed hybrid testing and experimental
and numerical errors in hybrid testing.
Chapter 3 describes different components of the state-of-the-art system for
hybrid simulation at Swinburne, including the design details of the MAST facility,
the reaction systems including the strong wall/floor and the cruciform crosshead,
servo-hydraulic actuators and the 6-DOF controller system and hybrid simulation
architecture.
Chapter 4 presents the results of a range of experiments, including switched/
mixed load/deformation mode quasi-static cyclic and hybrid simulation tests to
highlight the unique and powerful capabilities of the MAST system, specifically for
the assessment and mitigation of the collapse risk of structures.
Chapter 5 presents a summary of key contributions and concluding remarks.
Research areas for further development and study are also briefly discussed.

References

Carrion, J. E., & Spencer, B. F. (2008). Real-time hybrid testing using model-based delay
compensation. Smart Structures and Systems, 4(6), 809–828.
Del Carpio Ramos, M., Mosqueda, G., & Hashemi, M. J. (2015). Large-scale hybrid simulation of
a steel moment frame building structure through collapse. Journal of Structural Engineering,
142(1), 04015086.
Dyke, S. J., Stojadinovic, B., Arduino, P., Garlock, M., Luco, N., Ramirez, J. A., et al. (2010).
2020 Vision for earthquake engineering research: Report on an openspace technology
workshop on the future of earthquake engineering. St. Louis, U.S.
Filiatrault, A., Tremblay, R., Christopoulos, C., Folz, B., & Pettinga, D. (2013). Elements of
earthquake engineering and structural dynamics (3rd ed.). Québec, Canada: Presses
Internationales Polytechnique.
Hashemi, M. J., & Mosqueda, G. (2014). Innovative substructuring technique for hybrid
simulation of multistory buildings through collapse. Earthquake Engineering & Structural
Dynamics, 43(14), 2059–2074.
Hashemi, M. J., Masroor, A., & Mosqueda, G. (2014). Implementation of online model updating
in hybrid simulation. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(3), 395–412.
Lynn, A. C., Moehle, J. P., Mahin, S. A., & Holmes, W. T. (1996). Seismic evaluation of existing
reinforced concrete building columns. Earthquake Spectra, 12(4), 715–739.
Nakashima, M., Kato, H., & Takaoka, E. (1992). Development of real-time pseudo dynamic
testing. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 21(1), 79–92.
Nakata, N. (2007). Multi-dimensional mixed-mode hybrid simulation, control and applications.
Ph.D. Dissertation. U.S.: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Pan, P., Nakashima, M., & Tomofuji, H. (2005). Online test using displacement-force mixed
control. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(8), 869–888.
Wang, T., Mosqueda, G., Jacobsen, A., & Cortes-Delgado, M. (2012). Performance evaluation of
a distributed hybrid test framework to reproduce the collapse behavior of a structure.
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 41(2), 295–313.
Chapter 2
Background

Abstract This chapter presents the technical background and literature review on the
development of hybrid simulation in the fields of substructuring techniques, inte-
gration schemes, continuous and real-time hybrid testing, local and geographically
distributed hybrid testing, and experimental and numerical errors in hybrid testing.

Keywords Hybrid simulation Substructuring Integration schemes Continuous




testing Geographically distributed testing Experimental and numerical errors

2.1 Introduction

The original idea of obtaining the seismic response of a system through a hybrid
numerical and experimental model dates back to the late 1960s, when it was first
proposed in a Japanese paper by Hakuno et al. (1969). A single-degree-of-freedom
(SDOF) cantilever beam was analyzed under seismic loadings using an analog
computer in order to solve the equation of motion in combination with an elec-
tromagnetic actuator to impose the load on the structure. In order to improve the
accuracy of the simulation, the authors suggested using digital computers.
The first major step in the use of digital computers and discrete systems was first
taken in the mid-1970s. Takanashi et al. (1975) established the hybrid simulation
method in its present form by studying the structural system as a discrete
spring-mass system within the time domain. This allowed hybrid simulation to
work with typical quasi-static loading systems and provided the necessary foun-
dation to apply hybrid simulation to structural engineering.
Advancements in the development of faster and more reliable testing and
computational hardware paved the way for the researchers to expand the capabil-
ities and validation of the hybrid simulation test method. During the late 1970s,
1980s and early 1990s, efforts in Japan and the USA were undertaken in this regard

The original version of this chapter was revised: See the “Chapter Note” section at the end of
this chapter for details. The erratum to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
981-10-5867-7_6

© The Author(s) 2018 9

R. Al-Mahaidi et al., Multi-axis Substructure Testing System for Hybrid Simulation,
SpringerBriefs in Structural Mechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5867-7_2
10 2 Background

that are outlined in Mahin and Shing (1985), Takanashi and Nakashima (1987),
Mahin et al. (1989) and Shing et al. (1996). A comprehensive review of the
developments in the fields of efficiency, accuracy and performance of hybrid
simulation methods can be found in Saouma and Sivaselvan (2008).

2.2 Substructuring Techniques in Hybrid Simulation

Before the mid-1980s, most applications of hybrid simulation required testing of the
complete structural system. Consequently, these tests were expensive and required a
large-scale testing facility. However, the damage in a structure due to seismic loads
could be located within a few critical regions, and as a result, in many cases, it is not
necessary to test the entire structural system.
The concept of substructuring, which is similar to the concept of domain
decomposition employment in finite-element analysis, is based on splitting the
domain of the structure into experimental and numerical substructures and con-
ducting separate analyses on each part, while ensuring the interface constraints are
continuously verified both in terms of compatibility and in terms of equilibrium. By
using substructuring techniques typically applied to conventional dynamic analysis,
the complete structure can be partitioned into several subassemblies. As a result, the
parts of a structure that experience complex behavior, which may be difficult to
model numerically, are tested physically, while those parts of the structure that have
a consistent behavior and are well defined are analyzed numerically.
Dermitzakis and Mahin (1985) suggested utilizing substructuring techniques in
order to divide a structure into experimental and numerical subassemblies and perform
substructure hybrid simulations. A major advantage of the substructuring technique is
that it reduces the space required in order to perform hybrid simulation. Thereby, it
facilitates large-scale testing and increases the ability to consider specific local com-
ponent behavior. Recent advances in substructuring techniques include the imple-
mentation of overlapping techniques (Wang et al. 2012; Hashemi and Mosqueda 2014;
Del Carpio Ramos et al. 2015) and model updating techniques in hybrid simulation
(Hashemi et al. 2014; Elanwar and Elnashai 2015; Shao et al. 2015).

2.3 Time-Integration Algorithms in Hybrid Simulation

One of the most important components of hybrid testing that has a crucial role in
the stability and accuracy of the simulation is the numerical integration algorithm.
Although there have been many advancements in the development of numerical
time-stepping algorithms for pure numerical simulations, most of these methods are
not well suited for hybrid simulation. Therefore, there have been many efforts to
develop stable, efficient and accurate algorithms for time-integration schemes,
specifically for hybrid simulation.
2.3 Time-Integration Algorithms in Hybrid Simulation 11

During hybrid simulation, similar to pure finite-element analysis, the equation of

motion is discretized in space utilizing elements that are connected with the nodes.
This process is carried out to make the system suitable for numerical evaluation and
implementation on digital computers. The spatially discretized differential equation
can further be simplified utilizing element assembly from local to the global
structural DOFs containing all the element contributions:
½Mf€ug + ½Cfu_ g + ½Kfug = fPg ð2:1Þ

where M, C and K are, respectively, the mass, damping and stiffness matrices
assembled from nodal and element properties, € u; u_ and u are, respectively, the
vectors of nodal accelerations, velocities and displacements for the global DOFs of
the structure and P is the vector of system interface and external forces. Note that,
while C and K may change during the analysis, M will be regarded as a constant,
assuming mass conservation even during failures and collapse.
The equation of motion, which is a second-order ordinary differential equation
(ODE), is next discretized in time. This process is performed to advance transient
(time-varying) solutions step by step, assuming idealized properties over small time
steps. These properties, depending on the scheme considered, are obtained through
a set of equations, which can be written in the form of Eqs. 2.2 or 2.3:
ui þ 1 = f ðui ; u_ i ; €ui ; ui1 ; u_ i1 ; €
ui1 ; . . .Þ ð2:2Þ

ui þ 1 ¼ f ðui ; u_ i þ 1 ; €ui þ 1 ; ui1 ; u_ i ; €

ui ; . . .Þ ð2:3Þ

Given that Eq. 2.1 is satisfied with the solution ui , the task of numerical inte-
gration is to advance the solution by finding a displacement increment Du in such
way that Eq. 2.1 is also in equilibrium for ui þ 1 = ui þ Du. The various numerical
integration schemes can be classified into two types: explicit or implicit.
An explicit scheme, as illustrated in Eq. 2.2, computes the response of the
structure at the end of the current time step ði þ 1Þ, exclusively based on the state of
the structure at the beginning of step ðiÞ or earlier. This is an attractive property for
hybrid testing, because the actuators are commanded a target displacement without
the knowledge of the specimen properties at the target.
An implicit scheme, as illustrated in Eq. 2.3, requires the knowledge of the
structural response at the target displacement and is dependent on one or several
values from time step ði þ 1Þ in order to compute the response. Therefore, an
implicit scheme involves a more complex implementation than an explicit one,
often including an iterative process or a predictor-corrector algorithm.
Explicit methods are computationally very efficient, easy to implement and fast
in their execution. However, the fact that an implicit scheme relies on a future term
makes it more stable, regardless of the chosen time step length. In fact, explicit
schemes are typically conditionally stable, while implicit schemes can be uncon-
ditionally stable (Shing et al. 1996). The implicit schemes, however, require a
tangent stiffness matrix, which can be difficult to obtain from physical elements of
the hybrid model. In addition, they are often used in combination with an iteration
12 2 Background

strategy such as the Newton–Raphson algorithm and lead to non-uniform rapidly

decreasing displacement increments, which can introduce spurious loading cycles
on the physical parts of the hybrid model. In order to address these issues, inte-
gration methods have been introduced to apply the implicit iterations only in
numerical substructure, while using the initial-elastic stiffness matrix for the
experimental substructure to approximate its behavior (Dermitzakis and Mahin
1985; Nakashima et al. 1990; Schellenberg et al. 2009).

2.4 Continuous Hybrid Simulation

In conventional pseudo-dynamic testing methods, the load is applied to the spec-

imen using a ramp-hold procedure. In continuous hybrid simulation testing, the
load is applied smoothly, without starts and stops. There are two main reasons for
running the simulation continuously. The first problem associated with ramp-hold
loading is that during the hold period, reductions in the restoring force can occur
due to force relaxation. Force relaxation is caused by stress relaxation, which is the
decay in stress over time while the strain is held constant. Another reason is that the
modern servo-hydraulic controller systems run at the sampling rate of 1024 Hz and
above. As a result, signal generation for actuator commands should be performed at
this sampling rate, which is deterministic. On the other hand, in hybrid testing there
are inevitable time lags and delays that are generally non-deterministic. Therefore,
these two processes should be synchronized to avoid systematic errors and also
enable the achievement of a smooth loading for the test structure and a reduction in
overall testing time. For this purpose, a predictor-corrector command generation
algorithm is placed between computation solver and the controller to generate the
command displacement for the actuator controller, while the computation driver
solves the equation of motion. Once the target displacement is computed, the
algorithm corrects the command displacement path toward the target displacement.
Takanashi and Ohi (1983) first introduced the concept of continuous loading and
fast hybrid testing. Mosqueda et al. (2005) presented a system for continuous
hybrid simulation with distributed experimental sites connected through the
Internet. Since the time required for network communication is random, a solution
using an event-driven controller was proposed. The resulting system was an
event-driven version of the system proposed by Nakashima and Masaoka (1999), in
which the tasks of integration of the equation of motion and signal generation run as
two different processes.

2.5 Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

Hybrid simulation does not require dynamic loading, since dynamic effects such as
inertia and damping forces are considered in the numerical portion of the equations
of motion. However, the development of velocity-dependent structural components
2.5 Real-Time Hybrid Simulation 13

and devices to control the response of structures caused researchers to seek to

expand the capabilities of hybrid simulation to work in real time.
Real-time hybrid simulation has been proposed to fully capture strain rate,
damping and inertial effects by computing each numerical integration time step of
the experiment in exactly that amount of time. Studies on real-time hybrid simu-
lation began in the early 1990s and have continued to the present as more
velocity-dependent systems are applied to structures. The major difference between
real-time hybrid simulation and quasi-static hybrid simulation is that in addition to
displacements, velocities are controlled for the experimental portion of the test.
Nakashima (2001) presented an overview of the development of real-time hybrid
simulation systems. To conduct real-time testing, it was essential to develop a
procedure that allowed for continuous real-time loading without interruption of the
displacement signals sent to the digital controller. While the initial tests (Horiuchi
et al. 1999; Nakashima and Masaoka 1999) dealt only with SDOF systems, more
difficulties arise as a result of controlling the multiple actuators needed for MDOF
tested structures. As a result, many of the hybrid simulation studies focused on
resolving some of these limitations (Reinhorn et al. 2004; Shing et al. 2004; Bonnet
2006; Shao and Reinhorn 2012). Real-time hybrid simulations have been suc-
cessfully conducted for the investigation of the dynamic behavior of structures with
rate-dependent devices (Wu et al. 2007; Carrion and Spencer 2008; Karavasilis
et al. 2011; Chen and Ricles 2012).

2.6 Geographically Distributed Hybrid Simulation

The popularity of hybrid simulation among structural engineering researchers has

grown to a great extent. Geographically distributed testing is one recent concept that
has been developed from the use of substructuring techniques and benefited from
technological advances in data transfer and computing.
The concept of geographically distributed testing is that individual substructures
do not need to be within the same facility, but can be linked by either the Internet or
another methods of data transfer. By breaking a model into selected subassemblies
and distributing them within a network of laboratories and computational sites, a
researcher is able to take advantage of different capabilities available at the various
facilities.
Campbell and Stojadinovic (1998) first suggested the geographical distribution of
structural subassemblies within a network of laboratories, where the individual sites
are connected through the Internet. Mosqueda et al. (2005) developed a three-loop
architecture that allowed for the first time the execution of continuous, geographi-
cally distributed hybrid simulations with multiple subassemblies. Compared to
previous geographically distributed hybrid simulations that utilized a hold-and-ramp
loading procedure, it was possible to significantly reduce execution times and
eliminate force relaxation problems. Kim et al. (2012) presented a framework used to
successfully conduct geographically distributed real-time hybrid simulation tests.
14 2 Background

2.7 Error Propagation in Hybrid Simulation

While hybrid simulation is an attractive test method, it is prone to both numerical

and experimental errors that must be carefully addressed to achieve reliable results
(Ahmadizadeh and Mosqueda 2009). For example, in substructure hybrid simula-
tions, a significant portion of a structure is typically modeled numerically, with the
simulation result being highly dependent on the performance and stability of the
computation. Experimental errors can also be introduced into the simulation mainly
through two sources of error: (1) errors generated by the difference in the imposed
displacement versus the computed displacement or (2) errors generated by incorrect
force measurements from the experimental substructure, which is then used to solve
the equation of motion. Since hybrid simulation is a closed-loop system and also a
stepwise process, these errors can accumulate, resulting in an overall decrease in the
accuracy of the hybrid simulation and sometimes instability of the simulation
(Hashemi et al. 2016a, b). Implementation of simplified or approximate substruc-
turing techniques may also contribute in the form of modeling errors. Small errors
can accumulate during the experiment and significantly affect the simulation results.
The propagation of random and systematic errors in hybrid simulation has been
thoroughly studied. Shing and Mahin (1983), Nakashima et al. (1985), and Thewalt
and Mahin (1987) provided significant contributions to identifying and determining
the characteristics of experimental errors within hybrid simulation tests. It was
found that systematic overshoot error increases the apparent damping of the system,
while systematic undershoot results in negative damping and can produce an
increase in the response, particularly corresponding to the higher-frequency
response modes. Mosqueda et al. (2005), Ahmadizadeh and Mosqueda (2009) and
Hashemi et al. (2016a, b), provide detailed explanations and summaries on errors in
hybrid simulations, including errors based on modeling, implementation techniques
and the experimental setup.

2.8 Collapse Simulation Through Hybrid Testing

Understanding and modeling structural failure under dynamic loadings remain a

difficult challenge in structural engineering. Specifically, structural behavior through
collapse has become increasingly important for applications in performance-based
design. Although experimental simulations of structures have been conducted to
investigate the seismic capacity of various structural systems and critical compo-
nents, few hybrid tests have examined structures up to collapse with significant
geometric and material nonlinearities (Schellenberg et al. 2008a, b; Shoraka et al.
2008; Wang et al. 2008, 2012; Del Carpio et al. 2014; Hashemi and Mosqueda 2014;
Hashemi et al. 2016a, b, 2017).
Collapse simulation of large-/full-scale structures is not always feasible due to
space requirements and high costs. On the other hand, reduced-scale experiments
are not always reliable due to the difficulties in reproducing local behavior such as
2.8 Collapse Simulation Through Hybrid Testing 15

connection details. Wang et al. (2008) simulated the seismic behavior of a one-bay,
four-story steel moment frame through collapse. The simulation was geographically
distributed with substructuring, considering the column bases as the experimental
portion, while the superstructure was analyzed numerically.
In an effort to show the potential of hybrid testing to simulate structural behavior
through collapse, Wang et al. (2012) conducted a geographically distributed hybrid
test that reproduced the collapse behavior of a four-story, two-bay, steel moment
frame, previously tested at the Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center of
Japan (E-Defence). The hybrid testing was capable of successfully tracing the
response of the structure to collapse.
Hashemi and Mosqueda (2014) proposed a framework for collapse simulation of
complex structures through hybrid testing that facilitates the system-level experimental
testing of the structures with distributed damage through collapse. This framework uses
an advanced substructuring technique that handles the interface between a complex
numerical model and the physical subassembly through the use of additional sensing in
the feedback loop to obtain internal member forces. This framework was later used in
another study to investigate the seismic response of large-scale steel gravity and
moment frames through collapse (Del Carpio Ramos et al. 2015).

References

Ahmadizadeh, M., & Mosqueda, G. (2009). Online energy-based error indicator for the assessment
of numerical and experimental errors in a hybrid simulation. Engineering Structures, 31(9),
1987–1996.
Bonnet, P. A. (2006). The development of multi-axis real-time substructure testing. Ph.D.
Dissertation. London, UK: University of Oxford.
Campbell, S., & Stojadinovic, B. (1998). A system for simultaneous pseudodynamic testing of
multiple substructures. In Sixth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Seattle,
U.S.
Carrion, J. E., & Spencer, B. F. (2008). Real-time hybrid testing using model-based delay
compensation. Smart Structures and Systems, 4(6), 809–828.
Chen, C., & Ricles, J. M. (2012). Large-scale real-time hybrid simulation involving multiple
experimental substructures and adaptive actuator delay compensation. Earthquake Engineering
and Structural Dynamics, 41(3), 549–569.
Del Carpio, M., Mosqueda, G., & Lignos, D. G. (2014). Hybrid simulation of the seismic response
of a steel moment frame building structure through collapse. Multidisciplinary Center for
Earthquake Engineering Research, University at Bufalo, U.S.
Del Carpio Ramos, M., Mosqueda, G., & Hashemi, M. J. (2015). Large-scale hybrid simulation of
a steel moment frame building structure through collapse. Journal of Structural Engineering,
142(1), 04015086.
Dermitzakis, S. N., & Mahin, S. A. (1985) Development of substructuring techniques for on-line
computer controlled seismic performance testing. Berkeley, U.S.: Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, University of California.
Elanwar, H. H., & Elnashai, A. S. (2015). Framework for online model updating in earthquake
hybrid simulations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. doi:10.1080/13632469.2015.1051637.
Hakuno, M., Shidawara, M., & Hara, T. (1969). Dynamic destructive test of a cantilever beam,
controlled by an analog-computer. Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 171, 1–9.
16 2 Background

Hashemi, M. J., Al-Ogaidi, Y., Al-Mahaidi, R., Kalfat, R., Tsang, H., & Wilson, J. (2016a).
Application of hybrid simulation for collapse assessment of post-earthquake CFRP-repaired
RC columns. Journal of Structural Engineering, 143(1).
Hashemi, M. J., Masroor, A., & Mosqueda, G. (2014). Implementation of online model updating
in hybrid simulation. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(3), 395–412.
Hashemi, M. J., & Mosqueda, G. (2014). Innovative substructuring technique for hybrid
simulation of multistory buildings through collapse. Earthquake Engineering and Structural
Dynamics, 43(14), 2059–2074.
Hashemi, M. J., Mosqueda, G., Lignos, D. G., Medina, R. A., & Miranda, E. (2016b). Assessment
of numerical and experimental errors in hybrid simulation of framed structural systems through
collapse. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 20(6), 885–909.
Hashemi, M. J., Tsang, H. H., Al-Ogaidi, Y., Wilson, J. L., & Al-Mahaidi, R. (2017). Collapse
Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Building Columns through Multi-Axis Hybrid Simulation,
Structural Journal, 114(02).
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with actuator delay compensation and its application to a piping system with energy absorber.
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seismic performance of steel MRFs with compressed elastomer dampers using large-scale
real-time hybrid simulation. Engineering Structures, 33(6), 1859–1869.
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real-time hybrid simulation of mr dampers for seismic hazard mitigation. In 20th Analysis &
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pseudodynamic test. In 4th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. California:
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pseudo dynamic (PSD) testing technique (part 3 estimation of response errors caused by PSD
test control errors. Annual Meeting of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
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simulation of structural collapse. In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Beijing, China.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Behold one work of mine, which ne’er shall fade.

An Epitaph on Little Stephen, a noted Fiddler in the County of

Suffolk.

Stephen and Time

Are now both even;
Stephen beat Time,
Now Time beats Stephen.

On Giles and Joan.

Who says that Giles and Joan at discord be?

The observing neighbours no such mood can see;
Indeed, poor Giles repents he married ever,
But that his Joan doth too: and Giles would never,
By his free will, be in Joan’s company;
No more would Joan he should: Giles riseth early,
And having got him out of doors is glad;
The like is Joan: but turning home is sad;
And so is Joan: oft-times when Giles doth find
Harsh sights at home, Giles wishes he were blind;
All this doth Joan; or, that his long-earned life
Were quite out-spun; the like wish hath his wife:
In all affections she concurreth still;
If now with man and wife to will and nill
The self same things, a note of concord be,
I know no couple better can agree.

To a Sempstress.

Oh, what bosom but must yield,

When, like Pallas, you advance,
With a thimble for your shield,
 And a needle for your lance!
Fairest of the stitching train,
Ease my passion by your art;
And in pity to my pain,
Mend the hole that’s in my heart.

On a Certain Poet.

Thy verses are eternal, O my friend!

For he who reads them, reads them to no end.

A Distich, written under the sign of the King’s Head and Bell in
Dublin, at the host’s request.
BY DEAN SWIFT.

May the king live long;

Dong, ding, ding, dong.

On seeing a Miser at Vauxhall Gardens.

Music has charms to sooth a savage breast,

To calm the tyrant, and relieve the opprest:
But Vauxhall’s concert’s more attracting power
Unlocked Sir Richard’s pocket at threescore:
Oh! strange effect of music’s matchless force,
To attract a shilling from a miser’s purse!

To a Lady who had very bad teeth.

Ovid, who bids the ladies laugh,

Spoke only to the young and fair;
For thee his counsel were not safe,
Who of sound teeth have scarce a pair.
If thou the glass or me believe,
Shun mirth, as foplings do the wind;
At Cibber’s face affect to grieve,
And let thy eyes alone be kind.

If thou art wise see dismal plays,

And to sad stories lend thy ear;
With the afflicted spend thy days,
And laugh not above once a year.

On an old Maid’s Marriage.

Celia, a coquet in her prime,

The vainest, ficklest thing alive;
Behold the strange effects of time!
Marries and doats at forty-five.

Thus weathercocks, that for awhile

Have turned about with every blast,
Grown old, and destitute of oil,
Rust to a point, and fix at last.

A Cure for Love.

Of two reliefs to cure a love-sick mind,

Flavia prescribes despair; I urge, be kind;
Flavia, be kind: the remedy’s as sure;
’Tis the most pleasant, and the quickest cure.

Under the Picture of a Beau.

This vain thing set up for a man,

But see what fate attends him;
The powdering barber first began,
 The barber-surgeon ends him.

On a Gentleman drinking the Health of an unkind Mistress.

Why dost thou wish that she may live,

Whose living beauties make thee grieve!
Thou wouldst more wisely wish her kind,
That she may change her cruel mind;
Thy present wish but this can gain,
That she may live, and thou complain.

On a Prize-Fighter.

His thrusts like lightning flew, yet subtle death

Parried them all, and beat him out of breath.

The Penance.

When Phillis confessed, the father was rash,

And so, without further reflection,
Her delicate skin he condemned to the lash,
While himself would bestow the correction.
Her husband, who heard this, opposed it by urging,
That he, in regard to her weakness,
And to save her soft back, would himself bear the scourging
With humble submission and meekness.
She piously cried, when the priest gave accord,
To show what devotion was in her,
He’s able and lusty, pray cheat not the Lord,
For, alas! I’m a very great sinner.

On a Gentleman who died the day after his Lady.

She first departed; he for one day tried

To live without her: liked it not, and died.

On a Welchman.

A Welchman coming late into an inn,

Asked the maid what meat there was within?
Cow-heels, she answered, and a breast of mutton;
But, quoth the Welchman, since I am no glutton,
Either of these shall serve: to-night the breast,
The heels i’ th’ morning, then light meat is best;
At night he took the breast and did not pay,
I’ th’ morning took his heels, and ran away.

The Fate of Poets.

Seven wealthy towns contend for Homer dead,

Through which the living Homer begged his bread.

On an old Woman with false Hair.

The golden hair that Galla wears

Is hers: who would have thought it!
She swears ’tis hers,—and true she swears;
For I know where she bought it.

On another old Woman. BY MR. PRIOR.

From her own native France, as old Alison past,

She reproached English Nell with neglect or with malice;
That the slattern had left, in the hurry and haste,
Her lady’s complexion and eye-brows at Calais.

An Epitaph.
Here lies honest Strephon with Mary his bride,
Who merrily lived and cheerfully died;
They laughed and they loved, and drank while they were able,
But now they are forced to knock under the table.
This marble, which formerly served them to drink on,
Now covers their bodies,—and sad thing to think on!—
That do what one can to moisten our clay,
’Twill one day be ashes, and moulder away.

On an ugly old Woman in the Dark. FROM MARTIAL.

Whilst in the dark on thy soft hand I hung,

And heard the tempting syren in thy tongue;
What flames, what darts, what anguish I endured!
But, when the candle entered, I was cured.

On a beautiful and ingenious young Lady.

Minerva, one day, pray let nobody doubt it,

Rid an airing from Oxford six miles, or about it,
Where she ’spied a young damsel so blooming and fair,
That, ah, Venus! she cried, is your ladyship there?
Pray is not yon Oxford?—and lately you sware,
Neither you, nor aught like you, should ever come there:
Do you thus keep your promise? and am I defied?
The virgin drew near her, and, smiling replied,
—My goddess! what have you your pupil forgot?
—Your pardon, my dear,——Is it you, Molly Scot?

To a Lady who married her Footman. COLONEL P——.

Dear cousin, think it no reproach,

(Thy virtue shines the more,)
To take black John into the coach
 He rode behind before.

On stealing a Pound of Candles.

Light-fingered Catch, to keep his hand in ure,

Stole anything; of this you may be sure,
That he thinks all his own which once he handles,
For practice-sake did steal a pound of candles;
Was taken in the fact: Oh, foolish wight!
To steal such things as needs must come to light.

On a very plain Lady, that patched much.

Your homely face, Flippanta, you disguise,

With patches, numerous as Argus’ eyes;
I own that patching’s requisite to you,
For more we are pleased, if less your face we view;
Yet I advise, if my advice you’d ask,
Wear but one patch; but be that patch a mask.

The Dart.

Whene’er I look, I may descry

A little face peep through that eye;
Sure that’s the boy, who wisely chose
His throne among such beams as those,
Which, if his quiver chance to fall,
May serve for darts to kill withal.

To L——, the Miser.

When thou art asked to sup abroad,

Thou swear’st thou hast but newly dined;
That eating late does over-load
 The stomach and the mind.

Then thou wilt drink ’till every star

Be swallowed by the rising sun;
Such charms hath wine we pay not for,
And mirth at others’ charge begun.

Who shuns his club, yet flies to every treat,

Does not a supper, but a reck’ning hate.

On Jealousy. BY A LADY.

Oh! shield me from his rage, celestial powers,

This tyrant that embitters all my hours.
Ah, love, you’ve poorly played the monarch’s part,
You conquered, but you can’t defend my heart.
So blessed was I, throughout the happy reign,
I thought this monster banished from thy train;
But you would raise him to support your throne,
And now he claims your empire as his own:
Or tell me, tyrants, have you both agreed,
There where one reigns, the other shall succeed?

On Julia’s throwing a Snow-Ball.

Julia, young wanton, flung the gathered snow,

Nor feared I burning from the watery blow:
’Tis cold, I cried; but, ah! too soon I found,
Sent by that hand, it dealt a scorching wound.
Resistless fair! we fly thy power in vain,
Who turn’st to fiery darts the frozen rain.
Burn, Julia, burn like me, and that desire
With water which thou kindlest quench with fire.
 To Zelinda.

The poet and the painter safely dare

To form an image of the proudest fair:
Your brighter charms, by lavish nature wrought,
Transcend the painter’s skill, the poet’s thought.

Occasioned by seeing some verses on Cælia, written on a pane of

Glass.

Well hast thou drawn, fond youth, in properest place,

The short-lived beauties of false Cælia’s face.
When words’ obscurities thy sense o’er-shade,
The place gives light to what thou wouldst have said.
Bright as this lucid glass her eyes now seem,
Like this, breathed on by fell disease, grown dim.
Like glass is every strongest vow she makes,
Brittle as that, as easily she breaks;
Such is her honour. Short her fame, we find,
Which cracked, must perish by the first high wind.

On a Riding-House turned into a Chapel. BY MR. FARQUHAR.

A chapel of a riding-house is made,

Thus we once more see Christ in manger laid,
Where still we find the jockey trade supplied,
The laymen bridled, and the clergy ride.

On Chloe.

Here Chloe lies,

Whose once bright eyes
Set all the world on fire:
And not to be
 Ungrateful, she
Did all the world admire.

Written extempore, on the Duke of Devonshire’s House at

Chatsworth.

Qualiter in mediis quam non speraverat urbem,

Attonitus, Venetam navita cernit aquis;
Sic improviso emergens et montibus imis,
Attollis sese Devoniana Domus.

And thus translated by COLLEY CIBBER, ESQ.

Not sailors view with more astonished eyes,

In open seas Venetian towers arise,
Than from the mountains strangers, with delight,
See unexpected Chatsworth charm the sight.

George came to the crown without striking a blow:

Ah! quoth the Pretender, would I could do so.

On the Clare-market and other Orators.

To wonder now at Balaam’s ass, is weak:

Is there a day that asses do not speak?

The Numskull.

You beat your pate, and fancy wit will come;

Knock as you please, there’s nobody at home.

Sylvia.
Sylvia makes a sad complaint she has lost her lover;
Why nothing strange I in that news discover.
Nay, then thou’rt dull; for here the wonder lies,
She had a lover once!—Don’t that surprise?

On a Painter, who stabbed a man fastened to a Cross, that he might

draw the picture of the Crucifixion more naturally.

While his Redeemer on his canvas dies,

Stabbed at his feet his brother weltering lies.
The daring artist, cruelly serene.
Views the pale cheek, and the distorted mien;
He drains off life by drops, and deaf to cries,
Examines every spirit as it flies;
He studies torment, dives in mortal woe,
To rouse up every pang repeats his blow;
Each rising agony, each dreadful grace,
Yet warm transplanting to his Saviour’s face.
Oh, glorious theft! O nobly wicked draught!
With its full charge of death each feature fraught!
Such wondrous force the magic colours boast,
From his own skill he starts, in horror lost.

On a handsome Idiot. BY MR. CONGREVE.

When Lesbia first I saw, so heavenly fair,

With eyes so bright, and with that awful air,
I thought my heart, which durst so high aspire,
As bold as his who snatched celestial fire;
But soon as e’er the beauteous idiot spoke,
Forth from her coral lips such folly broke,
Like balm the trickling nonsense healed my wound,
And what her eyes enthralled, her tongue unbound.
 On a dumb Boy, very beautiful, and of great quickness of parts.
WRITTEN BY A LADY.

I sing the boy, who, gagged and bound,

Has been by nature robbed of sound;
Yet has she found a generous way,
One loss by many gifts to pay.
His voice, indeed, she close confined,
But blest him with a speaking mind;
And every muscle of his face
Discourses with peculiar grace:
The ladies tattling o’er their tea,
Might learn to charm by copying thee.
If silence thus can man become,
All women beauties would be dumb.
Then, happy boy, no more complain,
Nor think thy loss of speech a pain:
Nature has used thee like good liquor,
And corked thee but to make thee quicker.

Written on the Chamber Door of King Charles II.

BY THE EARL OF ROCHESTER.

Here lies the mutton-eating king,

Whose word no man relies on;
Who never said a foolish thing,
Nor ever did a wise one.

Mankind Punished.

The crimes of men began to grow so great,

That how to punish justly puzzled Fate;
Heaven sighed at last, that to his sons so dear
A punishment’s decreed, and so severe:
Go, says eternal justice, hell-hounds, go,
And execute my dread commands below;
Fix your rapacious claws on every door,
Despoil the rich, and poorer make the poor;
Pity not age, add to his weight of years,
And fill the wretched widow’s eyes with tears;
Disturb their sleep, and poison every dish,
Nor let them taste, without a doubt, a wish:
The judge supreme, who each effect foresaw,
Cried, Havock, and let loose the dogs of law.

To a young Gentleman who loved to drive hard with a sorry pair of

Horses.
BY MR. PRIOR.

Thy nags, the leanest things alive,

So very hard thou lov’st to drive,
I heard thy anxious coachman say
It cost thee more in whips than hay.

Solid Worth in a Wife.

When Loveless married Lady Jenny,

Whose beauty was the ready penny;
I chose her, said he, like old plate,
Not for the fashion, but the weight.

Epitaph on a Miser.

Reader, beware immoderate love of pelf:

Here lies the worst of thieves, who robbed himself.

On a crooked Woman.
Nature in pity has denied you shape,
Else how should mortals Flavia’s chain escape?
Your radiant aspect, and your rosy bloom,
Without this form would bring a general doom:
At once our ruin and relief we see,
At sight are captives, and at sight are free.

Phillis’s Age.

How old may Phillis be, you ask,

Whose beauty thus all hearts engages?
To answer is no easy task;
For she really has two ages.

Stiff in brocade, and pinched in stays,

Her patches, paint, and jewels on;
All day let Envy view her face,
And Phillis is but twenty-one.

Paint, patches, jewels, laid aside,

At night astronomers agree,
The evening has the day belied.
And Phillis is full forty-three.

On Timothy Mum, a Tapster.

Here Tim the tapster lies, who drew good beer,

But now, drawn to his end, he draws no more;
Yes, still he draws from every friend a tear,
Water he draws, who drew good beer before.

On seeing an engraved Portrait of the late Dr. Cheyne ill done.

Nature and Vandergutch in this agree,

Unfinished she has left him, so has he.

On the death of Mary, Countess of Pembroke.

Underneath this sable hearse

Lies the subject of all verse,
Sidney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother:
Death, ere thou hast killed another,
Fair, and learned, good as she,
Time shall throw his dart at thee.

To a bad Fiddler.

Old Orpheus played so well he moved old Nick,

Whilst thou mov’st nothing but thy fiddle-stick.

Written on a Glass with the Earl of Chesterfield’s diamond pencil.

Accept a miracle instead of wit;

See two dull lines by Stanhope’s pencil writ.

The real Affliction.

Doris, a widow, past her prime,

Her spouse long dead, her wailing doubles;
Her real griefs increase by time,
And what abates, improves her troubles.
Those pangs her prudent hopes suppressed,
Impatient now she cannot smother:
How should the helpless woman rest?
One’s gone—nor can she get another.

To an old Woman who used Paint.

Leave off thy paint, perfumes, and youthful dress,
And nature’s failing honestly confess;
Double we see those faults which art would mend,
Plain downright ugliness would less offend.

To Flirtilla.

In church, the prayer-book and the fan displayed,

And the solemn curtesies, show the wily maid;
At plays, the leering looks, and wanton airs,
And nods, and smiles, are fondly meant for snares.
Alas! vain charmer, you no lovers get;
There you seem hypocrite, and here coquet.

On a picture of Mrs. Arabella Hunt, drawn playing on a lute, after her

death.

Were there on earth another voice like thine,

Another hand so blessed with skill divine,
The late afflicted world some hopes might have,
And harmony retrieve thee from the grave.

On a Bursar of a certain college in Oxford cutting down the Trees

near the said college for his own use.

Indulgent nature to each creature shows

A secret instinct to discern its foes:
The goose, a silly bird, avoids the fox;
Lambs fly from wolves, and sailors steer from rocks;
The thief the gallows, as his fate foresees,
And bears the like antipathy to trees.

On the death of Mrs. B——, who died soon after her marriage.
Hail, happy bride! for thou art truly bless’d,
Three months of rapture crowned with endless rest.
Merit like yours was heaven’s peculiar care,
You loved,—yet tasted happiness sincere.
To you the sweets of love were only shown;
The sure succeeding bitter dregs unknown;
You had not yet the fatal change deplored,
The tender lover for the imperious lord;
Nor felt the pains that jealous fondness brings,
Nor wept the coldness from possession sprung:
Above your sex distinguished in your fate,
You trusted—yet experienced no deceit.
Soft were your hours, and winged with pleasures flew,
No vain repentance gave a sigh to you;
And if superior bliss heaven can bestow,
With fellow angels you enjoy it now.

The Emperor Adrian’s Death-bed Verses to his Soul imitated.

Poor little, pretty, fluttering thing,

Must we no longer live together?
And dost thou prune thy trembling wing
To take thy flight the Lord knows whither?

Thy humorous vein, thy pleasing folly,

Lie all neglected, all forgot;
And pensive, wavering, melancholy,
Thou dread’st and hopest thou know’st not what.

To Celia, with a Snuff-box, having a Looking-Glass in the Lid.

Let others Venus and the Graces place,

Or Cupid, god of love, these toys to grace;
Deign, charmer, but to cast those sparkling eyes
On this fair mirror, lo! with glad surprise,
A fairer form than Venus shall arise.
Smile but my fair, and view ten thousand loves,
Cheerful as light, and soft as cooing doves:
Beauty and love with thee for ever stay,
Soon as thou closest the lid both fly away.

To Oliver Cromwell.

A peaceful sway the great Augustus bore;

O’er what great Julius gained by arms before;
Julius was all with martial trophies crowned;
Augustus for his peaceful arts renowned:
Rome calls them great, and makes them deities;
That, for his valour; this, his policies:
You, mighty prince, than both are greater far,
Who rule in peace that world you gained in war;
You sure from heaven a finished hero fell,
Who thus alone two Pagan Gods excel.

Inscription for a Fountain, adorned with Queen Anne’s and the late
Duke of Marlborough’s Images, and the chief Rivers of the World
round the work.

Ye active streams! where’er your waters flow,

Let distant climes and farthest nations know,
What ye from Thames and Danube have been taught,
How Anne commanded and how Marlborough fought.

On Blood’s stealing the Crown.

When daring Blood, his rent to have regained,

Upon the English diadem distrained;
He chose the cassock, surcingle, and gown,
The fittest mark for one who robs the crown:
But his Lay Pity underneath prevailed,
And while he saved the keeper’s life, he failed.
With the priest’s vestment, had he but put on
The prelate’s cruelty, the crown had gone.

A Declaration of Love.

You I love, nor think I joke,

More than ivy does the oak;
More than fishes do the flood;
More than savage beasts the wood;
More than merchants do their gain;
More than misers to complain;
More than widows do their weeds;
More than friars do their beads;
More than Cynthia to be praised;
More than courtiers to be raised;
More than lawyers do the bar;
More than ’prentice boys a fair;
More than topers t’other bottle;
More than women tittle-tattle;
More than jailors do a fee;
More than all things I love thee.

Written in the ‘Nouveaux Intérêts des Princes de l’Europe.’

Blest be the princes who have fought

For pompous names, or wide dominion;
Since by their error we are taught,
That happiness is but opinion.

On Snuff.

Jove once resolved, the females to degrade,

To propagate their sex without their aid;
His brain conceived, and soon the pangs and throes
He felt, nor could th’ unnatural birth disclose;
At last, when tried, no remedy would do,
The god took snuff, and out the goddess flew.

On a Fan, in which was painted the story of Cephalus and Procris,

with this motto, Aura veni.

Come, gentle air, th’Æolian shepherd said,

While Procris panted in the sacred shade;
Come, gentle air, the fairer Delia cries,
While at her feet her swain expiring lies.
Lo! the glad gales do o’er her beauties stray,
Breathe in her lips, and in her bosom play;
In Delia’s hand this toy is faithful found,
Nor could that fabled dart more surely wound;
Both gifts destructive to the givers prove,
Alike both lovers fall, by those they love:
Yet guiltless too this bright destroyer lives,
At random wounds, nor knows the wounds she gives:
She views the story with attentive eyes,
And pities Procris, while her lover dies.

The advantage of having two Physicians.

One prompt physician like a sculler plies,

And all his art and all his skill applies:
But two physicians, like a pair of oars,
Convey you soonest to the Stygian shores.

The following Lines were found among Mr. Pope’s Papers in his own
Hand-writing.
Argyll, his praise when Southerne wrote,
First struck out this, and then that thought;
Said this was flattery, that a fault.
How shall your bard contrive?
My lord, consider what you do,
He’ll lose his pains and verses too;
For if these praises fit not you,
They’ll fit no man alive.

On an old Miser.

Here lies father Sparges,

Who died to save charges.

On a Grave-stone in Cirencester Church-Yard.

God takes the good, too good on earth to stay,

And leaves the bad, too bad to take away.

Dean Swift being sent for by the Lord Carteret, then Lord Lieutenant
of Ireland, and being made to wait in the Council Chamber alone,
wrote with a Diamond on the Window—

My very good lord, ’tis a very hard task

For a man to wait here who has nothing to ask.

My Lord coming soon after into the room, wrote under it thus:

My very good dean, there are few who come here

But have something to ask, or something to fear.

Epitaph on Mr. Fenton.

This modest stone, what few vain marbles can,
May truly say,—Here lies an honest man!
A poet blessed beyond a poet’s fate,
Whom heaven kept sacred from the proud and great!
Foe to loud praise, and friend to learned ease,
Content with science in the vale of peace;
Calmly he looked on either life, and here
Saw nothing to regret, nor there to fear;
From nature’s temperate feast rose satisfied,
Thanked heaven that he had lived, and that he died.

The Petition of Justice B——ns’s Horse, to his Grace the Duke of N

——.

Quite worn to the stumps, in a piteous condition,

I present to your grace this my humble petition;
Full twenty-eight stone, as all the world says,
(To me it seems more) my plump master weighs.
A load for a team this, yet I alone
To Claremont must draw him, for help I have none;
O’er Esher’s hot sands, in a dry summer’s day,
How I sweat and I chafe, and I pant all the way
But when I return, and the draft is increased
By what he has crammed—a stone at the least—
No single horse can be, in conscience thought able
To draw both the justice, and eke half your table.
This, my case, gracious duke, to your tender compassion
I submit, and O! take it in consideration.
To draw with a pair, put the squire in a way,
Your petitioner then, bound in duty, shall neigh.

Epitaph on Cardinal Richelieu.

Stay, traveller—for all you want is near:

Wisdom and power I seek—they both lie here.
Nay, but I look for more, and raise my aim,
To wit, taste, learning, elegance, and fame.
Here ends your journey, then; for there the store
Of Richelieu lies—Alas! repent no more:
Shame on my pride! what hope is left for me,
When here death treads on all that man can be?

A Caveat to the Fair Sex.

Wife and servant are the same,

But only differ in the name;
For when that fatal knot is tied
Which nothing, nothing can divide;
When she the word “obey” has said,
And man by law supreme is made,
Then all that’s kind is laid aside,
And nothing left but state and pride;
Fierce as an eastern prince he grows,
And all his innate rigour shows:
Then but to look, or laugh, or speak,
Will the nuptial contract break.
Like mutes, she signs alone must make,
And never any freedom take;
But still be governed by a nod,
And fear her husband as her god;
Him still must serve, him still obey,
And nothing act, and nothing say,
But what her haughty lord thinks fit,
Who with the power, has all the wit.
Then shun, Oh! shun that wretched state,
And all the fawning flatterers hate;
Value yourselves, and men despise,
You must be proud, if you’ll be wise.
 Fast and Loose.

Colin was married in all haste,

And now to rack doth run;
So knitting of himself too fast
He hath himself undone.

Marriage.

Were I, who am not of the Romish tribe,

The number of their sacraments to fix,
I speak sincerely, without fee, or bribe,
Instead of seven, there should be but six.
All men of sense tautology disclaim,
Marriage and penance always were the same.

Frank carves very ill, yet will palm all the meats;
He eats more than six, and drinks more than he eats.
Four pipes after dinner he constantly smokes;
And seasons his whiffs with impertinent jokes.
Yet sighing, he says, we must certainly break,
And my cruel unkindness compels him to speak:
For of late I invite him—but four times a week.

Yes, every poet is a fool:

By demonstration Ned can show it:
Happy, could Ned’s inverted rule
Prove every fool to be a poet.

Rhymes given by Miss —— and filled up by the HON. AND REV. MR.
A——N.

Thou bright inspirer of untainted Love,

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