Intelligent numerical methods Applications to

Fractional Calculus George A. Anastassiou

download

https://textbookfull.com/product/intelligent-numerical-methods-
applications-to-fractional-calculus-george-a-anastassiou/

Download more ebook from https://textbookfull.com

Studies in Computational Intelligence 624

George A. Anastassiou
Ioannis K. Argyros

Intelligent
Numerical
Methods:
Applications to
Fractional Calculus
Studies in Computational Intelligence

Volume 624

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
About this Series

The series “Studies in Computational Intelligence” (SCI) publishes new develop-

ments and advances in the various areas of computational intelligence—quickly and
with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and design
methods of computational intelligence, as embedded in the fields of engineering,
computer science, physics and life sciences, as well as the methodologies behind
them. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in
computational intelligence spanning the areas of neural networks, connectionist
systems, genetic algorithms, evolutionary computation, artificial intelligence,
cellular automata, self-organizing systems, soft computing, fuzzy systems, and
hybrid intelligent systems. Of particular value to both the contributors and the
readership are the short publication timeframe and the worldwide distribution,
which enable both wide and rapid dissemination of research output.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7092

George A. Anastassiou Ioannis K. Argyros
•

Intelligent Numerical
Methods: Applications
to Fractional Calculus

123
George A. Anastassiou Ioannis K. Argyros
Department of Mathematical Sciences Department of Mathematical Sciences
The University of Memphis Cameron University
Memphis, TN Lawton, OK
USA USA

ISSN 1860-949X ISSN 1860-9503 (electronic)

Studies in Computational Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-319-26720-3 ISBN 978-3-319-26721-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26721-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015955857

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media

(www.springer.com)
This monograph is dedicated to: Angela,
Christopher, Gus, Michael, and Peggy
Preface

It is a well-known fact that there exist functions that have nowhere first order
derivative, but possess continuous Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional
derivatives of all orders less than one, e.g., the famous Weierstrass function, see
Chap. 1, [9, 18], p. 50.
This striking phenomenon motivated the authors to study Newton-like and other
similar numerical methods, which involve fractional derivatives and fractional
integral operators, for the first time studied in the literature. All for the purpose
to solve numerically equations whose associated functions can be also non-
differentiable in the ordinary sense.
That is among others extending the classical Newton method theory which
requires usual differentiability of function.
In this monograph we present the complete recent work of the past three years
of the authors on Numerical Analysis and Fractional Calculus. It is the natural
outgrowth of their related publications. Chapters are self-contained and can be read
independently and several advanced courses can be taught out of this book. An
extensive list of references is given per chapter. The topics covered are from A to Z
of this research area, all studied for the first time by the authors.
The list of presented topics of our related studies follows.
Newton-like methods on generalized Banach spaces and applications in fractional
calculus.
Semilocal convergence of Newton-like methods under general conditions with
applications in fractional calculus.
On the convergence of iterative methods with applications in generalized fractional
calculus.
A fixed point technique for some iterative algorithm with applications to general-
ized right fractional calculus.
Approximating fixed points with applications in k-fractional calculus.
Generalized g-fractional calculus and iterative methods.
A unified convergence analysis for a certain family of iterative algorithms with
applications to fractional calculus.

vii
viii Preface

A convergence analysis for extended iterative algorithms with applications to

fractional and vector calculus.
A convergence analysis for a certain family of extended iterative methods with
applications to modified fractional calculus.
A convergence analysis for secant-like methods with applications to modified
fractional calculus.
Semilocal convergence of secant-type methods with applications to modified g-
fractional calculus.
On the convergence of secant-like algorithms with applications to generalized
fractional calculus.
Generalized g-fractional calculus of Canavati-type and secant-like methods.
A convergence analysis for some iterative algorithms with applications to fractional
calculus.
Convergence for iterative methods on Banach spaces of a convergence structure
with applications to fractional calculus.
Local convergence analysis of inexact Gauss–Newton method for singular systems
of equations under majorant and center-majorant condition.
The asymptotic mesh independence principle of Newton’s method under weaker
conditions.
Ball convergence of a sixth order iterative method with one parameter for solving
equations under weak conditions.
Improved semilocal convergence of Broyden’s method with regularly continuous
divided differences.
Left general fractional monotone approximation theory.
Right general fractional monotone approximation.
Univariate left general high order fractional monotone approximation.
Univariate right general high order fractional monotone approximation theory.
Advanced fractional Taylor’s formulae.
Generalized Canavati type fractional Taylor’s formulae.
The last two topics were developed to be used in several chapters of this
monograph.
The book’s results are expected to find applications in many areas of applied
mathematics, stochastics, computer science, and engineering. As such this mono-
graph is suitable for researchers, graduate students, and seminars in the above
subjects, also to be in all science and engineering libraries.
The preparation of the book took place during 2014–2015 in Memphis,
Tennessee and Lawton, Oklahoma, USA.
We would like to thank Prof. Alina Lupas of University of Oradea, Romania, for
checking and reading the manuscript.

October 2015 George A. Anastassiou

Ioannis K. Argyros
Contents

1 Newton-Like Methods on Generalized Banach Spaces

and Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Generalized Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Semilocal Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Special Cases and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Applications to Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Semilocal Convegence of Newton-Like Methods
and Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Generalized Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Semilocal Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Special Cases and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5 Applications to Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Convergence of Iterative Methods and Generalized
Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Generalized Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3 Semilocal Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4 Special Cases and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5 Applications to Generalized Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Fixed Point Techniques and Generalized Right Fractional
Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . 57
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . 57
4.2 Generalized Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . 58
4.3 Semilocal Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . 60

ix
x Contents

4.4 Special Cases and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.5 Applications to Generalized Right Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5 Approximating Fixed Points and k-Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Generalized Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Semilocal Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 78
5.4 Special Cases and Applications . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 82
5.5 Applications to k-Fractional Calculus . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 83
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 93
6 Iterative Methods and Generalized g-Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . 95
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2 Generalized Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.3 Applications to g-Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7 Unified Convergence Analysis for Iterative Algorithms
and Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.3 Applications to Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8 Convergence Analysis for Extended Iterative Algorithms
and Fractional and Vector Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
8.3 Applications to Fractional and Vector Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
9 Convergence Analysis for Extended Iterative Algorithms
and Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.3 Applications to Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10 Secant-Like Methods and Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.3 Applications to Right Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Contents xi

11 Secant-Like Methods and Modified g-Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . 177

11.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
11.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
11.3 Applications to Modified g-Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12 Secant-Like Algorithms and Generalized Fractional Calculus . . . . . 197
12.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
12.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
12.3 Applications to g-Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13 Secant-Like Methods and Generalized g-Fractional Calculus
of Canavati-Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
13.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
13.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
13.3 Applications to g-Fractional Calculus of Canavati Type . . . . . . 221
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
14 Iterative Algorithms and Left-Right Caputo Fractional
Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.2 Convergence Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
14.3 Applications to Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
15 Iterative Methods on Banach Spaces with a Convergence
Structure and Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
15.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
15.2 Banach Spaces with Convergence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
15.3 Semilocal Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
15.4 Special Cases and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
15.5 Applications to Fractional Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
16 Inexact Gauss-Newton Method for Singular Equations. . . . . . . . . . 263
16.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
16.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
16.3 Local Convergence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
16.4 Proofs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
16.4.1 Proof of Theorem 16.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
16.4.2 Proof of Theorem 16.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
16.4.3 Proof of Theorem 16.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
16.5 Numerical Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
16.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
xii Contents

17 The Asymptotic Mesh Independence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

17.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
17.2 The Mesh Independence Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
17.3 Numerical Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
18 Ball Convergence of a Sixth Order Iterative Method . . . . . . . . . . . 297
18.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
18.2 Local Convergence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
18.3 Numerical Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
19 Broyden’s Method with Regularly Continuous Divided
Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
19.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
19.2 Semilocal Convergence Analysis of Broyden’s Method. . . . . . . 310
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
20 Left General Fractional Monotone Approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
20.1 Introduction and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
20.2 Main Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
20.3 Applications (to Theorem 20.15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
21 Right General Fractional Monotone Approximation Theory. . . . . . 337
21.1 Introduction and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
21.2 Main Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
21.3 Applications (to Theorem 21.14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
22 Left Generalized High Order Fractional Monotone
Approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
22.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
22.2 Main Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
22.3 Applications (to Theorem 22.16) . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
23 Right Generalized High Order Fractional Monotone
Approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 373
23.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 373
23.2 Main Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 380
23.3 Applications (to Theorem 23.15) . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 389
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . 389
24 Advanced Fractional Taylor’s Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
24.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
24.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Contents xiii

25 Generalized Canavati Type Fractional Taylor’s Formulae . . . . . . . 413

25.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
About the Authors

George A. Anastassiou was born in Athens, Greece

in 1952. He received his B.SC. degree in Mathematics
from Athens University, Greece in 1975. He received
his Diploma in Operations Research from
Southampton University, UK in 1976. He also
received his MA in Mathematics from University of
Rochester, USA in 1981. He was awarded his Ph.D. in
Mathematics from University of Rochester, USA in
1984. During 1984–1986 he served as a visiting
assistant professor at the University of Rhode Island,
USA. Since 1986 till now 2015, he is a faculty
member at the University of Memphis, USA. He is
currently a full Professor of Mathematics since 1994.
His research area is “Computational Analysis” in the very broad sense. He has
published over 400 research articles in international mathematical journals and over
27 monographs, proceedings, and textbooks in well-known publishing houses.
Several awards have been awarded to George Anastassiou. In 2007 he received
the Honorary Doctoral Degree from University of Oradea, Romania. He is asso-
ciate editor in over 60 international mathematical journals and editor-in-chief in
3 journals, most notably in the well-known “Journal of Computational Analysis and
Applications.”

xv
xvi About the Authors

Ioannis K. Argyros was born in Athens, Greece in

1956. He received his B.SC. degree in Mathematics
from Athens University, Greece in 1979. He also
received his MA in Mathematics from University of
Georgia, USA in 1983. He was awarded his Ph.D. in
Mathematics from University of Georgia, USA in
1984. During 1984–1986 he served as a visiting
assistant professor at the University of Iowa, USA.
During 1986–1990 he also served as an assistant
professor at the New Mexico State University, USA.
Since 1990 till now 2015, he is a faculty member at
Cameron University, USA. He is currently a full
Professor of Mathematics since 1994. His research area is “Computational
Mathematics” in the very broad sense. He has published over 850 research articles
in national and international mathematical journals and over 25 monographs, pro-
ceedings, and textbooks in well-known reputable publishing houses. Several
recognitions have been awarded to Ioannis K. Argyros. In 2001 he received the
“Distinguished Research Award” from the Southwest Oklahoma Advanced
Technology Association. He is associate editor in over 50 international mathe-
matical journals, most notably in the well-known “Applied Mathematics and
Computation” and editor-in-chief in 1 journal.
Chapter 1
Newton-Like Methods on Generalized
Banach Spaces and Fractional Calculus

We present a semilocal convergence study of Newton-like methods on a generalized

Banach space setting to approximate a locally unique zero of an operator. Earlier
studies such as [6–8, 15] require that the operator involved is Fréchet-differentiable.
In the present study we assume that the operator is only continuous. This way we
extend the applicability of Newton-like methods to include fractional calculus and
problems from other areas. Moreover, we obtain under the same or weaker condi-
tions: weaker sufficient convergence criteria; tighter error bounds on the distances
involved and an at least as precise in formations on the location of the solution. Spe-
cial cases are provided where the old convergence criteria cannot apply but the new
criteria can apply to locate zeros of operators. Some applications include fractional
calculus involving the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and the Caputo frac-
tional derivative. Fractional calculus is very important for its applications in many
applied sciences. It follows [5].

1.1 Introduction

We present a semilocal convergence analysis for Newton-like methods on a gen-

eralized Banach space setting to approximate a zero of an operator. A generalized
norm is defined to be an operator from a linear space into a partially order Banach
space (to be precised in Sect. 1.2). Earlier studies such as [6–8, 15] for Newton’s
method have shown that a more precise convergence analysis is obtained when com-
pared to the real norm theory. However, the main assumption is that the operator
involved is Fréchet-differentiable. This hypothesis limits the applicability of New-
ton’s method. In the present study we only assume the continuity of the operator. This
may be expand the applicability of these methods. Our approach allows the exten-
sion of Newton-like methods in fractional calculus and other areas (see Sect. 1.4) not
possible before (since the operator must be Fréchet-differentiable). Moreover, we

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1

G.A. Anastassiou and I.K. Argyros, Intelligent Numerical Methods:
Applications to Fractional Calculus, Studies in Computational Intelligence 624,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26721-0_1
2 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

obtain the following advantages over the earlier mentioned studies using Newton’s
method:
(i) Weaker sufficient semilocal convergence criteria.
(ii) Tighter error bounds on the distances involved.
(iii) An at least as precise information on the location of the zero.
Moreover, we show that the advantages (ii) are possible even if our Newton-like
methods are reduced to Newton’s method.
Furthermore, the advantages (i–iii) are obtained under the same or less computa-
tional cost.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: Sect. 1.2 contains the basic concepts
on generalized Banach spaces and auxiliary results on inequalities and fixed points.
In Sect. 1.3 we present the semilocal convergence analysis of Newton-like methods.
Finally, in the concluding Sects. 1.4 and 1.5, we present special cases, favorable
comparisons to earlier results and applications in some areas including fractional
calculus.

1.2 Generalized Banach Spaces

We present some standard concepts that are needed in what follows to make the
paper as self contained as possible. More details on generalized Banach spaces can
be found in [6–8, 15], and the references there in.

Definition 1.1 A generalized Banach space is a triplet (x, E, /·/) such that

(i) X is a linear space over R (C) . (ii) E = (E, K , ·) is a partially ordered
Banach space, i.e.
(ii1 ) (E, ·) is a real Banach space,
(ii2 ) E is partially ordered by a closed convex cone K ,
(iii3 ) The norm · is monotone on K . (iii) The operator /·/ : X → K satisfies
/x/ = 0 ⇔ x = 0, /θx/ = |θ| /x/,
/x + y/ ≤ /x/ + /y/ for each x, y ∈ X , θ ∈ R(C).
(iv) X is a Banach space with respect to the induced norm ·i := · · /·/.

Remark 1.2 The operator /·/ is called a generalized norm. In view of (iii) and (ii3 )
·i , is a real norm. In the rest of this paper all topological concepts will be understood
with respect to this norm.
 
Let L X j , Y stand for the space of j-linear symmetric and bounded opera-
torsfrom X j to Y , where X and Y are Banach spaces. For X, Y partially ordered
L + X j , Y stands for the subset of monotone operators P such that
   
0 ≤ ai ≤ bi ⇒ P a1 , . . . , a j ≤ P b1 , . . . , b j . (1.2.1)
1.2 Generalized Banach Spaces 3

Definition 1.3 The set of bounds for an operator Q ∈ L (X, X ) on a generalized

Banach space (X, E, /·/) the set of bounds is defined to be:

B (Q) := {P ∈ L + (E, E) , /Qx/ ≤ P/x/ for each x ∈ X } . (1.2.2)

Let D ⊂ X and T : D → D be an operator. If x0 ∈ D the sequence {xn } given by

xn+1 := T (xn ) = T n+1 (x0 ) (1.2.3)

is well defined. We write in case of convergence

 
T ∞ (x0 ) := lim T n (x0 ) = lim xn . (1.2.4)
n→∞

We need some auxiliary results on inequations.

Lemma 1.4 Let (E, K , ·) be a partially ordered Banach space, ξ ∈ K and
M, N ∈ L + (E, E).
(i) Suppose there exists r ∈ K such that

R (r ) := (M + N ) r + ξ ≤ r (1.2.5)

and

(M + N )k r → 0 as k → ∞. (1.2.6)

Then, b := R ∞ (0) is well defined satisfies the equation t = R (t) and is the smaller
than any solution of the inequality R (s) ≤ s.
(ii) Suppose there exists q ∈ K and θ ∈ (0, 1) such that R (q) ≤ θq, then there
exists r ≤ q satisfying (i).

Proof (i) Define sequence {bn } by bn = R n (0). Then, we have by (1.2.5) that
b1 = R (0) = ξ ≤ r ⇒ b1 ≤ r. Suppose that bk ≤ r for each k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Then, we have by (1.2.5) and the inductive hypothesis that bn+1 = R n+1 (0) =
R (R n (0)) = R (bn ) = (M + N ) bn + ξ ≤ (M + N ) r + ξ ≤ r ⇒ bn+1 ≤ r . Hence,
sequence {bn } is bounded above by r . Set Pn = bn+1 − bn . We shall show that

Pn ≤ (M + N )n r for each n = 1, 2, . . . (1.2.7)

We have by the definition of Pn and (1.2.6) that

P1 = R 2 (0) − R (0) = R (R (0)) − R (0)

 1  1
= R (ξ) − R (0) = R (tξ) ξdt ≤ R (ξ) ξdt
 1 0 0
≤ R (r ) r dt ≤ (M + N ) r,
0
4 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

which shows (1.2.7) for n = 1. Suppose that (1.2.7) is true for k = 1, 2, . . . , n.

Then, we have in turn by (1.2.6) and the inductive hypothesis that

Pk+1 = R k+2 (0) − R k+1 (0) = R k+1 (R (0)) − R k+1 (0) =

   
R k+1 (ξ) − R k+1 (0) = R R k (ξ) − R R k (0) =
 1     
R R k (0) + t R k (ξ) − R k (0) R k (ξ) − R k (0) dt ≤
0
     
R R k (ξ) R k (ξ) − R k (0) = R R k (ξ) R k+1 (0) − R k (0) ≤
 
R (r ) R k+1 (0) − R k (0) ≤ (M + N ) (M + N )k r = (M + N )k+1 r,

which completes the induction for (1.2.7). It follows that {bn } is a complete
sequence in a Banach space and as such it converges to some b. Notice that
R (b) = R lim R n (0) = lim R n+1 (0) = b ⇒ b solves the equation R (t) = t.
n→∞ n→∞
We have that bn ≤ r ⇒ b ≤ r , where r a solution of R (r ) ≤ r . Hence, b is smaller
than any solution of R (s) ≤ s.
(ii) Define sequences {vn }, {wn } by v0 = 0, vn+1 = R (vn ), w0 = q, wn+1 =
R (wn ). Then, we have that

0 ≤ vn ≤ vn+1 ≤ wn+1 ≤ wn ≤ q, (1.2.8)

wn − vn ≤ θn (q − vn )

and sequence {vn } is bounded above by q. Hence, it converges to some r with r ≤ q.

We also get by (1.2.8) that wn − vn → 0 as n → ∞ ⇒ wn → r as n → ∞.

We also need the auxiliary result for computing solutions of fixed point problems.

Lemma 1.5 Let (X, (E, K , ·) , /·/) be a generalized Banach space, and P ∈
B (Q) be a bound for Q ∈ L (X, X ) . Suppose there exist y ∈ X and q ∈ K
such that

Pq + /y/ ≤ q and P k q → 0 as k → ∞. (1.2.9)

Then, z = T ∞ (0), T (x) := Qx + y is well defined and satisfies: z = Qz + y

and /z/ ≤ P/z/ + /y/ ≤ q. Moreover, z is the unique solution in the subspace
{x ∈ X |∃ θ ∈ R : {x} ≤ θq} .
The proof can be found in [15, Lemma 3.2].
1.3 Semilocal Convergence 5

1.3 Semilocal Convergence

Let (X, (E, K , ·) , /·/) and Y be generalized Banach spaces, D ⊂ X an open
subset, G : D → Y a continuous operator and A (·) : D → L (X, Y ). A zero of
operator G is to be determined by a Newton-like method starting at a point x0 ∈ D.
The results are presented for an operator F = J G, where J ∈ L (Y, X ). The iterates
are determined through a fixed point problem:

xn+1 = xn + yn , A (xn ) yn + F (xn ) = 0 (1.3.1)

⇔ yn = T (yn ) := (I − A (xn )) yn − F (xn ) .

Let U (x0 , r ) stand for the ball defined by

U (x0 , r ) := {x ∈ X : /x − x0 / ≤ r }

for some r ∈ K .
Next, we present the semilocal convergence analysis of Newton-like method
(1.3.1) using the preceding notation.

Theorem 1.6 Let F : D ⊂ X , A (·) : D → L (X, Y ) and x0 ∈ D be as defined

previously. Suppose:
(H1 ) There exists an operator M ∈ B (I − A (x)) for each x ∈ D.
(H2 ) There exists an operator N ∈ L + (E, E) satisfying for each x, y ∈ D

/F (y) − F (x) − A (x) (y − x) / ≤ N /y − x/.

(H3 ) There exists a solution r ∈ K of

R0 (t) := (M + N ) t + /F (x 0 ) / ≤ t.

(H4 ) U (x0 , r ) ⊆ D.
(H5 ) (M + N )k r → 0 as k → ∞.
Then, the following hold:
(C1 ) The sequence {xn } defined by

xn+1 = xn + Tn∞ (0) , Tn (y) := (I − A (xn )) y − F (xn ) (1.3.2)

is well defined, remains in U (x0 , r ) for each n = 0, 1, 2, . . . and converges to the

unique zero of operator F in U (x0 , r ) .
(C2 ) An apriori bound is given by the null-sequence {rn } defined by r0 := r and
for each n = 1, 2, . . .

rn = Pn∞ (0) , Pn (t) = Mt + Nrn−1 .

6 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

(C3 ) An aposteriori bound is given by the sequence {sn } defined by

sn := Rn∞ (0) , Rn (t) = (M + N ) t + N an−1 ,

bn := /xn − x0 / ≤ r − rn ≤ r,

where
an−1 := /xn − xn−1 / for each n = 1, 2, . . .

Proof Let us define for each n ∈ N the statement:

(In ) xn ∈ X and rn ∈ K are well defined and satisfy

rn + an−1 ≤ rn−1 .

We use induction to show (In ). The statement (I1 ) is true: By Lemma 1.4 and (H3 ),
(H5 ) there exists q ≤ r such that:

Mq + /F (x0 ) / = q and M k q ≤ M k r → 0 as k → ∞.

Hence, by Lemma 1.5 x1 is well defined and we have a0 ≤ q. Then, we get the
estimate

P1 (r − q) = M (r − q) + Nr0

≤ Mr − Mq + Nr = R0 (r ) − q

≤ R0 (r ) − q = r − q.

It follows with Lemma 1.4 that r1 is well defined and

r 1 + a0 ≤ r − q + q = r = r 0 .

Suppose that (I j ) is true for each j = 1, 2, . . . , n. We need to show the existence of

xn+1 and to obtain a bound q for an . To achieve this notice that:

Mrn + N (rn−1 − rn ) = Mrn + Nrn−1 − Nrn = Pn (rn ) − Nrn ≤ rn .

Then, it follows from Lemma 1.4 that there exists q ≤ rn such that

q = Mq + N (rn−1 − rn ) and (M + N )k q → 0, as k → ∞. (1.3.3)

1.3 Semilocal Convergence 7

By (I j ) it follows that


n−1 
n−1
 
bn = /xn − x0 / ≤ aj ≤ r j − r j+1 = r − rn ≤ r.
j=0 j=0

Hence, xn ∈ U (x0 , r ) ⊂ D and by (H1 ) M is a bound for I − A (xn ) .

We can write by (H2 ) that

/F (xn ) / = /F (xn ) − F (xn−1 ) − A (xn−1 ) (xn − xn−1 ) /

≤ N an−1 ≤ N (rn−1 − rn ) . (1.3.4)

It follows from (1.3.3) and (1.3.4) that

Mq + /F (xn ) / ≤ q.

By Lemma 1.5, xn+1 is well defined and an ≤ q ≤ rn . In view of the definition of

rn+1 we have that

Pn+1 (rn − q) = Pn (rn ) − q = rn − q,

so that by Lemma 1.4, rn+1 is well defined and

rn+1 + an ≤ rn − q + q = rn ,

which proves (In+1 ). The induction for (In ) is complete. Let m ≥ n, then we obtain
in turn that


m 
m
 
/xm+1 − xn / ≤ aj ≤ r j − r j+1 = rn − rm+1 ≤ rn . (1.3.5)
j=n j=n

Moreover, we get inductively the estimate

rn+1 = Pn+1 (rn+1 ) ≤ Pn+1 (rn ) ≤ (M + N ) rn ≤ · · · ≤ (M + N )n+1 r.

It follows from (H5 ) that {rn } is a null-sequence. Hence, {xn } is a complete sequence
in a Banach space X by (1.3.5) and as such it converges to some x ∗ ∈ X . By letting
m → ∞ in (1.3.5), we deduce that x ∗ ∈ U (xn , rn ). Furthermore, (1.3.4) shows that
x ∗ is a zero of F. Hence, (C1 ) and (C2 ) are proved.
In view of the estimate
Rn (rn ) ≤ Pn (rn ) ≤ rn
8 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

the apriori, bound of (C3 ) is well defined by Lemma 1.4. That is sn is smaller in
general than rn . The conditions of Theorem 1.6 are satisfied for xn replacing x0 . A
solution of the inequality of (C2 ) is given by sn (see (1.3.4)). It follows from (1.3.5)
that the conditions of Theorem 1.6 are easily verified. Then, it follows from (C1 ) that
x ∗ ∈ U (xn , sn ) which proves (C3 ).

In general the aposterior, estimate is of interest. Then, condition (H5 ) can be

avoided as follows:

Proposition 1.7 Suppose: condition (H1 ) of Theorem 1.6 is true.

(H3 ) There exists s ∈ K , θ ∈ (0, 1) such that

R0 (s) = (M + N ) s + /F (x 0 ) / ≤ θs.

(H4 ) U (x0 , s) ⊂ D.
Then, there exists r ≤ s satisfying the conditions of Theorem 1.6. Moreover, the
zero x ∗ of F is unique in U (x0 , s) .

Remark 1.8 (i) Notice that by Lemma 1.4 Rn∞ (0) is the smallest solution of Rn (s) ≤
s. Hence any solution of this inequality yields on upper estimate for Rn∞ (0). Similar
inequalities appear in (H2 ) and (H2 ).
(ii) The weak assumptions of Theorem 1.6 do not imply the existence of A (xn )−1 .
In practice the computation of Tn∞ (0) as a solution of a linear equation is no problem
and the computation of the expensive or impossible to compute in general A (xn )−1
is not needed.
(iii) We can used the following result for the computation of the aposteriori esti-
mates. The proof can be found in [15, Lemma 4.2] by simply exchanging the defin-
itions of R.

Lemma 1.9 Suppose that the conditions of Theorem 1.6 are satisfied. If s ∈ K is a
solution of Rn (s) ≤ s, then q := s − an ∈ K and solves Rn+1 (q) ≤ q. This solution
might be improved by Rn+1k
(q) ≤ q for each k = 1, 2, . . ..

1.4 Special Cases and Applications

Application 1.10 The results obtained in earlier studies such as [6–8, 15] require
that operator F (i.e. G) is Fréchet-differentiable. This assumption limits the applica-
bility of the earlier results. In the present study we only require that F is a contin-
uous operator. Hence, we have extended the applicability of Newton-like methods
to classes of operators that are only continuous. Moreover, as we will show next by
specializing F to be a Fréchet-differentiable operator (i.e. F (xn ) = A (xn )) our
Theorem 1.6 improves earlier results. Indeed, first of all notice that Newton-like
method defined by (1.3.1) reduces to Newton’s method:
1.4 Special Cases and Applications 9

xn+1 = xn + yn , F (xn ) yn + F (xn ) = 0 (1.4.1)

 
⇔ yn = Tn (yn ) := I − F (xn ) yn − F (xn ) .

Next, we present Theorem 2.1 from [15] and the specialization of our Theorem 1.6,
so we can compare them.

Theorem 1.11 Let F : D → X be a Fréchet-differentiable operator and x0 ∈ D.

Suppose that the following conditions hold:
 
(H 1 ) There exists an operator M0 ∈ B I − F (x0 ) .
 
(H 2 ) There exists an operator N1 ∈ L + E 2 , E satisfying for
 
x, y ∈ D, z ∈ X : / F (x) − F (y) z/ ≤ 2N1 (/x − y/, /z/) .

(H 3 ) There exists a solution c ∈ K of the inequality

R0 (c) := M0 c + N1 c2 + /F (x0 ) / ≤ c.

(H 4 ) U (x0 , c) ⊆ D.
(H 5 ) (M0 + 2N1 c)k c → 0 as k → ∞.
Then, the following hold
(C 1 ) The sequence {xn } generated by (1.4.1) is well defined and converges to a
unique zero of F in U (x0 , c) .
(C 2 ) An a priori bound is given by the null-sequence {cn } defined by
∞
c0 = c, cn := P n (0) ,
P n (t) : = M0 t + 2N1 (c − cn−1 ) t + N1 cn−1
2
.

(C 3 ) An a posteriori bound is given by sequence {dn } defined by

∞
dn = R n (0) ,R n (t) := M0 t + 2N1 bn t + N1 t 2 + N1 an−1
2
,

where sequences {an } and {bn } we defined previously.

Theorem 1.12 Let F : D → X be a Fréchet-differentiable operator and x0 ∈ D.

Suppose that the following conditions hold:
 
1 ) There exists an operator M1 ∈ B I − F (x) for each x ∈ D.
(H
2 ) There exists an operator N2 ∈ L + (E, E) satisfying for each x, y ∈ D
(H

/F (y) − F (x) − F (x) (y − x) / ≤ N2 /y − x/.

3 ) There exists a solution 

(H r ∈ K of

0 (t) := (M1 + N2 ) t + /F (x0 ) / ≤ t.

R
10 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

4 ) U (x0 ,
(H r ) ⊆ D.
5 ) (M1 + N2 )k 
(H r → 0 as k → ∞.
Then, the following hold:
1 ) The sequence {xn } generated by (1.4.1) is well defined and converges to a
(C
unique zero of F in U (xo ,r) .
2 ) An appriori bound is given by
(C r0 =  n∞ (0), P
rn := P
r , n (t) = M1 t + N2rn−1 .
3 ) An a posteriori bound is given by the sequence {
(C sn } defined by
sn := Rn∞ (0),
n (t) = (M1 + N2 ) t + N2 an−1 .
R
We can now compare the two preceding theorems. Notice that we can write

/F (y) − F (x) − F (x) (y − x) / =

 1
F (x + θ (y − x)) − F (x) (y − x) dt .
0

2 ) and preceding estimate that

Then, it follows from (H 2 ), ( H

N2 ≤ N1 / p/, for each p ∈ X,

holds in general. In particular, we have that

N2 ≤ N1 c. (1.4.2)

Moreover, we get in turn by (H 1 ), (H 2 ) and (H 5 ) that

/1 − F (x) / ≤ /I − F (x0 ) / + /F (x0 ) − F (x) / (1.4.3)

≤ M0 + 2N1 /x − x0 / ≤ M0 + 2N1 c.

1 ) and (1.4.3), we obtain that

Therefore, by ( H

M1 ≤ M0 + 2N1 c (1.4.4)

holds in general.
) hypotheses we deduce that
Then, in view of (1.4.2), (1.4.4) and the (H ), ( H

0 (
R 0 (c) ≤ c ⇒ R r) ≤ 
r (1.4.5)

(M0 + 2N1 c)k c → 0 ⇒ (M1 + N2 )k 

r →0 (1.4.6)

but not necessarily vice versa unless if equality holds in (1.4.2) and (1.4.4);


r ≤ c, (1.4.7)


rn ≤ cn , (1.4.8)
1.4 Special Cases and Applications 11

and
sn ≤ dn .
 (1.4.9)

Notice also that strict inequality holds in (1.4.8) or (1.4.9) if strict inequality holds
in (1.4.2) or (1.4.4).
Estimates (1.4.5)–(1.4.9) justify the advantages of our approach over the earlier
studies as already stated in the introduction of this study.
Next, we show that the results of Theorem 2.1 in [15], i.e. of Theorem 1.11 can
be improved under the same hypotheses by noticing that in view of (H 2 ).
0  
(H 2 ) There exists an operator N0 ∈ L + E 2 , E satisfying for x ∈ D, z ∈ X,
 
/ F (x) − F (x0 ) z/ ≤ 2N0 (/x − x0 /, /z/) .

Moreover,

N0 ≤ N1 (1.4.10)

N1
holds in general and N0
can be arbitrarily large [4, 6–8].
0
It is worth noticing that (H 2 ) is not an additional to (H 2 ) hypothesis, since in
practice the computation of N1 requires the computation of N0 as a special case.
0
Using now (H 2 ) and (H 1 ) we get that

/I − F (x) / ≤ /I − F (x0 ) / + /F (x0 ) − F (x) / ≤ M0 + 2N0 /x − x0 /.

Hence, M0 + 2N0 bn , M0 + 2N0 (c − cn ) can be used as a bounds for I − F (xn )

instead of M0 + 2N1 bn , M0 + 2N1 (c − cn ), respectively.
Notice also that
M0 + 2N0 bn ≤ M0 + 2N1 bn (1.4.11)

and

M0 + 2N0 (c − cn ) ≤ M0 + 2N1 (c − cn ) . (1.4.12)

Then, with the above changes and following the proof of Theorem 2.1 in [15], we
arrive at the following improvement:

Theorem 1.13 Suppose that the conditions of Theorem 1.11 hold but with N1
replaced by the at most as large N0 . Then, the conclusions (C 1 )–(C 3 ),

cn ≤ cn (1.4.13)

and

d n ≤ dn , (1.4.14)
12 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

where the sequences {cn }, {d n } are defined by

∞
c0 = c, cn := P n (0) , P n (t) := M0 t + 2N0 (c − cn−1 ) t + N1 cn−1
2
,
∞ ∞
d n = R n (0) , R n (t) := M0 t + 2N0 bn t + N1 t 2 + N1 an−1
2
.

Remark 1.14 Notice that estimates (1.4.13) and (1.4.14) follow by a simple inductive
argument using (1.4.11) and (1.4.12 ). Moreover, strict inequality holds in (1.4.13)
(for n ≥ 1) and in (1.4.14) (for n > 1) if strict inequality holds in (1.4.11) or
(1.4.12). Hence, again we obtain better apriori and aposteriori bounds under the
same hypotheses (H ).

Condition ( H̄5 ) has been weakened since N0 ≤ N1 . It turns out that condition
( H̄3 ) can be weakened and sequences {cn } and {dn } can be replaced by more precise
sequences as follows: Define operators Q 0 , Q 1 , Q 2 , H1 , H2 on D by

( H̄¯ 3 )Q 0 (t) := M0 t + /F(x0 )/

Suppose that there exists a solution μ0 ∈ K of the inequality

Q 0 (μ0 ) ≤ μ0 .

There exists a solution μ1 ∈ K with μ1 ≤ μ0 of the inequality

Q 1 (t) ≤ t,

where

Q 1 (t) := M0 t + 2N0 (μ0 − t)t + N0 μ20 .

There exists a solution μ2 = μ ∈ K with μ ≤ μ1 such that

Q 2 (t) ≤ t,

where

Q 2 (t) := M0 t + 2N0 (μ − t)t + N1 μ21 .

Moreover, define operators on D by

H1 (t) := M0 t, H2 (t) := Q 1 (t),

Hn (t) := M0 t + 2N0 (μ − μn−1 )t + N1 μ2n−1 , n = 3, 4, . . .

1.4 Special Cases and Applications 13

and
Q n (t) := M0 t + 2N0 bn t + N1 t 2 + N1 an−1 .

Furthermore, define sequences {c̄¯n } and {d̄¯n } by

c̄¯n := Hn∞ (0) and d̄¯n := Q ∞

n (0)

Then, the proof of Theorem 4.2 goes on through in this setting to arrive at:

Theorem 1.15 Suppose that the conditions of Theorem 4.2 are satisfied but with
c,( H̄3 ) − ( H̄5 ) replaced by μ, ( H̄3 ),
( H̄¯ 4 ) U (x0 , μ) ⊆ D ( H̄¯ 5 ) (M0 + N0 μ)k μ → 0 as k → ∞, respectively.
Then, the conclusions of Theorem 4.2 hold with sequences {c̄¯ } and {d̄¯ } replacing
n n
{cn } and {dn } respectively. Moreover, we have that

c̄¯n ≤ c̄n ≤ cn ,

d̄¯n ≤ d̄n ≤ dn ,

and
μ ≤ c.

Clearly the new error bounds are more precise; the information on the location of
the solution x ∗ at least as precise and the sufficient convergence criteria ( H̄¯ 3 ) and
( H̄¯ 5 ) weaker than ( H̄3 ) and ( H̄5 ), respectively.

Example 1.16 The j-dimensional space R j is a classical example of a generalized

Banach space. The generalized norm is defined by componentwise absolute values.
Then, as ordered Banach space we set E = R j with componentwise ordering with
e.g. the maximum norm. A bound for a linear operator (a matrix) is given by the cor-
responding matrix with absolute values. Similarly, we can define the “N ” operators.
Let E = R. That is we consider the case of a real normed space with norm denoted
by ·. Let us see how the conditions of Theorems 1.6 and 4.4 look like.

Theorem 1.17 (H1 ) I − A (x) ≤ M for some M ≥ 0.

(H2 ) F (y) − F (x) − A (x) (y − x) ≤ N y − x for some N ≥ 0.
(H3 ) M + N < 1,
F (x0 )
r= . (1.4.15)
1 − (M + N )

(H4 ) U (x0 , r ) ⊆ D.
(H5 ) (M + N )k r → 0 as k → ∞, where r is given by (1.4.15).
Then, the conclusions of Theorem 1.6 hold.
14 1 Newton-Like Methods On Generalized Banach Spaces …

Theorem 1.18 (H 1 ) I − F (x0 ) ≤ M0 for some M0 ∈ [0, 1).

(H 2 ) F (x) − F (x0 ) ≤ 2N0 x − x0  ,
F (x) − F (y) ≤ 2N1 x − y, for some N0 ≥ 0 and N1 > 0.
(H 3 )
4N1 F (x0 ) ≤ (1 − M0 )2 , (1.4.16)

1 − M0 − (1 − M0 )2 − 4N1 F (x0 )
c= . (1.4.17)
2N1

(H 4 ) U (x0 , c) ⊆ D.
(H 5 ) (M0 + 2N0 c)k c → 0 as k → ∞, where c is defined by (1.4.17).
Then, the conclusions of Theorem 4.4 hold.

Remark 1.19 Condition (1.4.16) is a Newton-Kantorovich type hypothesis appear-

ing as a sufficient semilocal convergence hypothesis in connection to Newton-like
methods. In particular, if F (x0 ) = I , then M0 = 0 and (1.4.16) reduces to the
famous for its simplicity and clarity Newton-Kantorovich hypothesis

4N1 F (x0 ) ≤ 1 (1.4.18)

appearing in the study of Newton’s method [1, 2, 6–8, 10–17].

1.5 Applications to Fractional Calculus

Based on [18], it makes sense to study Newton-like numerical methods.

Thus, our presented earlier semilocal convergence Newton-like general methods,
see Theorem 4.8, apply in the next two fractional settings given that the following
inequalities are fulfilled:

1 − A (x)∞ ≤ γ0 ∈ (0, 1) , (1.5.1)

and

|F (y) − F (x) − A (x) (y − x)| ≤ γ1 |y − x| , (1.5.2)

where γ0 , γ1 ∈ (0, 1), furthermore

γ = γ0 + γ1 ∈ (0, 1) , (1.5.3)

for all x, y ∈ [a ∗ , b] .
Here, we consider a < a ∗ < b.
The specific functions A (x), F (x) will be described next.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt

Author: Parley P. Pratt

Editor: Parley P. Pratt

Release date: February 13, 2014 [eBook #44896]

Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Tom Nysetvold. Email

[email protected]
with corrections or to participate in proofreading of
similar early books of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints.

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF PARLEY PARKER PRATT ***
 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
PARLEY PARKER PRATT
ONE OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS
CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS,

EMBRACING THE LIFE, MINISTRY AND TRAVELS, WITH EXTRACTS,

IN PROSE AND VERSE, FROM HIS MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS.

EDITED BY HIS SON, PARLEY P. PRATT.

"Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth; Yea,
saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labors; and their works
do follow them."—Rev. xiv. 13.

Chicago: Published for Pratt Bros. by Law, King & Law

1888

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, By Parley P.

Pratt, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

Preface
In publishing this volume I am discharging a duty solemnly imposed
upon me by my lamented father, just before his departure on his last
mission to the United States.

It affords me great pleasure to present the Autobiography of the late

Author to his relatives, his numerous friends, and to the general
reader.
The writer is well and favorably known through his "Voice of
Warning," his "Key to Theology," and other productions of his pen,
as well as through his personal labors. He was one of the first
Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, having
been called by revelation and ordained to that office by the Prophet
Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery. He was intimately associated with
the martyrs Joseph and Hyrum, with Presidents B. Young and H. C.
Kimball, and other leading men, almost from the first rise of the
Church: his history, therefore, was so interwoven with that of the
Church, that many of the most interesting sketches of Church history
will be found therein.

The following pages, which embrace his life, ministry and travels,
and some of his best miscellaneous writings in prose and verse, are
the productions of his own pen.

He spared no pains to make the work a reliable record, and one that
would be acceptable to all lovers of truth. It is written in the author's
happiest style. He was an early pioneer of the Great West, and
travelled extensively in different countries.

His life was one of indefatigable labor, varied and complicated,

crowded with public labors and responsibilities, and full of strange
and extraordinary events—a life mingled with the extremes of joy
and sorrow—or, in the writer's own words, "a truly eventful one."

With confidence and satisfaction I submit this work to the reader,

feeling assured that it will stand upon its own merits. I also have an
earnest and sincere desire that it may be the means, through the
blessing of God, of accomplishing much good.

In editing the work I have been kindly assisted by the author's

personal friend, Elder John Taylor, to whom I feel deeply indebted.

The work embraces a period of history of fifty years—from the

author's boyhood to the time of his betrayal, by apostates, into the
hands of his enemies, and martyrdom.
The writer, in his second preface to his "Voice of Warning," in 1846,
gave expression to the following sentiment: "Should the author be
called to sacrifice his life for the cause of truth, he will have the
consolation that it will be said of him, as it was said of Abel, 'He
being dead yet speaketh.'"

Editor.

Salt Lake City, Dec., 1873

 To the Public
The circumstances attending the death of our beloved and much
esteemed Apostle, Parley Parker Pratt, rendered it impossible for him
to complete and prepare for publication the work in which he had for
many years been engaged, which is now presented to the public.

The general history and incidents were recorded in various forms of

manuscript, some in book form, some in loose leaves, whilst others
were extracts from the "Millennial Star" and other publications, yet
they needed collating and revising preparatory to their publication.

The deceased, as appears above, had laid upon his eldest son, P. P.
Pratt, the responsibility of publishing his history in case anything
should happen to prevent himself from doing it.

At the solicitation of Brother Pratt I undertook the task of assisting

to collate and revise the work preparatory to publication. I found, as
I expected it to be, quite an undertaking. But, as Bro. Parley brought
the gospel to and baptized me, and as I have always entertained for
him the most profound regard, I esteemed it a duty, due alike to
gratitude and respect, to assist in having him properly presented
before the community.

In the revision the changes are very few and unimportant, the
meaning being rigidly adhered to, and the original, so far as
possible, preserved intact. His doctrines and general views are left
unchanged, as he was always considered sound in doctrinal points.

The multitudinous reminiscences manifested in his eventful life

exhibit a true and living faith in God and his religion—an honesty of
purpose, an inflexible will, and an unflagging, indefatigable industry
and perseverance. He possessed a comprehensive mind, coupled
with a sound judgment. He manifested an indomitable fortitude
under the most trying circumstances, and in adversity and trials, as
well as in prosperity, exhibited an example worthy of praise and
emulation. He was indeed a true Latter-Day Saint, an honorable
Apostle, a good and kind husband, an affectionate father, a true
friend, and an honest man.

From various premonitions which he had during his last visit with me
in New York, I was satisfied that, when I took my last sad leave of
him in that city, I should never see his face again in the flesh. These
presentiments were but too speedily and sadly fulfilled. He has gone
—but has left a name and a fame that will live throughout time and
burst forth in eternity; and in the morning of the first resurrection,
when the opening heavens shall reveal the Son of God, and he shall
proclaim, "I am the resurrection and the life," when Death shall
deliver up the dead, I expect to meet Bro. Parley in the resurrection
of just.

John Taylor.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.—Parentage:—Childhood:—Youth:—Education:—Early
Impressions:—Journey Westward:—Making a New Farm in the
Wilderness of Oswego.
CHAPTER II.—Thoughts on Religion:—Join the Baptist Church:—
Strange Perversion of a Scripture Promise.
CHAPTER III.—Reverses:—Loss of our Farm:—Strange Resolve:—
Travels West:—Forest Life:—Another New Farm.
CHAPTER IV.—Revisit Canaan, N. T.:—Interesting Meeting:—
Marriage:—Return to my Forest Home.
CHAPTER V.—Our Home:—New Sect:—Progressive Religious Views:—
Unexpected Meeting:—Dialogue:—Forsake My Home:—Journey to
New York:—Public Ministry:—Strange Book:—First Interview with a
Latter-Day Saint.
CHAPTER VI.—Interesting Meetings:—Second Interview with Hyrum
Smith:—Visit to the Church in Seneca County:—Baptism,
Confirmation and Ordination:—Ministry Among my Kindred:—
Baptism of my Brother Orson:—Wonderful Sign in the Heavens:—
Return to Western New York:—First Interview with Joseph Smith:—
Description of his Person and Abilities.
CHAPTER VII.—Mission to the Western States:—Visit to the Indians:
—Wonderful Success in Kirtland, Ohio:—Journey Westward:—Great
Excitement and Anxiety to Hear the Fulness of the Gospel:—
Imprisonment:—Mock Trial:—Escape:—Preaching:—Success:—Visit
the Wyandots:—Journey Resumed:—Great Hardships:—Arrival on the
Frontiers of Missouri.
Chapter VIII.—Visit the Delawares of Kansas:—Interview with the
Chief and Council:—Speech and Reply:—Great Excitement:—
Opposition from Missionaries:—Compelled to Leave the Indian
Country:—Ministry in Jackson County:—Council in Independence:—
Return Eastward:—Disguise:—Hospitality of a Family of the Saints:—
Dialogue:—Sickness:—Reunion with President Joseph Smith:—
Mission to the Shakers:—Ministry Among the Churches:—False
Spirits:—Inquire of the Lord:—Mode of Receiving Revelations .
CHAPTER IX.—Revelation on False Spirits:—Ministry Among the
Churches:—Remarkable Miracle of Healing:—Arrival of Emigrant
Saints from New York:—Severe Disappointment.
CHAPTER X.—Conference at Kirtland:—Revelation of the High
Priesthood:—Ordinations to the Same:—Appointment of Missions
through the Western States:—Return Westward, Accompanied by my
Brother Orson:—Our Success by the Way:—Arrival at the Frontiers:—
Sickness:—Remarkable Conversion of Newel Knight:—A Dream.
CHAPTER XI.—Attend Conference:—Instantaneous Healing:—Return
Eastward:—Description of the Inhabitants on the South Side of the
Missouri River:—Strange Manifestation:—Arrive at St. Louis:—
Preaching and Entertainment:—Arrive at Vandalia:—Reception:—
Exposure in Crossing an Over—flowed Bottom:—Dialogue:—
Hospitality of a Preacher:—Deaf Landlord:—Meet my Wife.
Chapter XII.—Mission in Ohio:—Start to Western Missouri:—Incidents
by the Way:—Discourse on Board a Steamer on the Fourth of July:—
Its Effect:—Arrival on the Frontiers:—Farming:—Extortion:—Mission
in Missouri and Illinois:—Treatment by Infidels:—Great Success in
Illinois:—Opposition from Baptist Ministers:—Outlines of Mr. Peck's
Speech and my Reply:—Result:—Return Home:—A Voice from the
Dead .
CHAPTER XIII.—Prosperity of the Church:—School in Zion:—
Revelation:—Mob:—Destruction of Printing Office:—Defence:—
Prisoners:—Journey to Lexington:—A Dream:—Its Fulfilment:—Battle:
—Defeat of the Robbers:—A Miracle:—Defence Construed into
Murder:—Gov. Boggs and Militia Join the Mob:—Church Driven from
the County:—Plunderings and Burnings:—Insurrections:—Signs in
the Heavens:—Action of the Governor:—Attorney-General Driven
from Court:—Refugees Settle in the North:—A Bandit Chief made
Governor.
CHAPTER XIV.—Labors in Clay County:—Conference:—Appointment
to a Tedious Journey:—A Case of Healing:—Arrive at Kirtland:—
Revelation:—Travel Eastward, in Company with President Joseph
Smith:—Conference in Geneseo:—Pleasing Reminiscence:—President
Smith and Others Return Home:—Visit Sackett's Harbor:—Crowded
Meeting:—Requested to Visit the Sick:—A Little Boy Healed:—
Baptisms, etc.:—Miraculous Gifts:—Lying Priests and Rabble:—Visit
my Parents in Canaan, N. Y.:—Return to Kirtland.
CHAPTER XV.—An Army:—A Long March:—Recruits:—A Voice:—Camp
Arrives in Missouri:—Delegation to the Governor:—Interview:—
Return to Camp:—Council:—Great Storm and Flood:—A Battle
Providentially Prevented:—Cholera:—Army Disbanded:—Sudden
Destruction:—Labor with my Hands:—Journey to Ohio:—Labor and
Ministry:—Accusations:—Repair to Kirtland:—Interview with the
President:—His Action on the Matter:—Calling and Ordination of a
Quorum of Twelve Apostles:—My Ordination, Blessing and Charge:—
Charge to the Quorum.
CHAPTER XVI.—Return to New Portage:—Fire:—Return to Kirtland:—
Mob:—Journey Eastward, as far as Maine:—Return to Boston:—
Removal to Kirtland:—A Temple:—School, Endowments,
Prophecyings, Visions, etc.:—Visit from Brother H. C. Kimball and
Others:—My Wife Healed and Blessed:—A Remarkable Prophecy and
its Fulfilment:—Mission to Canada:—Falls of Niagara:—Reflections .
CHAPTER XVII.—Journey Resumed:—Ministry:—Striking Answer to
Prayer:—Arrival at Toronto:—John Taylor:—Visit the Religious
Ministers, the Sheriff, and the Public Market, Seeking for an Opening,
but in Vain:—Secret Prayer:—About to leave the City—God Sends a
Widow to Receive Me:—Great Faith:—Eyes of the Blind Opened:—
Great Excitement and Gainsayings:—Public Preaching:—Find a
People Prepared to Receive the Message .
CHAPTER XVIII.—Crowded Meeting:—Discourse:—Baptize the People
and Organize a Church:—Spread of the Work:—First Visit to the
Country:—Opposition:—Remarkable Success:—Return to Kirtland:—
Return with my Wife to Toronto:—Meetings at Mr. Lamphere's:—A
Woman Healed and Evil Spirits Rebuked:—Mr. Lamareux:—A
Meeting:—A Challenge:—Discussion Held in the Open Air:—Great
Crowd:—Opening Propositions by Elder O. Hyde:—Result of the
Discussion .
CHAPTER XIX.—A Vision:—Remarkable Signs in the Heavens:—A
False Prophet:—A Dream:—Impression:—Prayer:—Interpretation
Given in a Second Dream:—Attend Mr. Caird's Meeting:—He Shows
Himself to be a Railer and a Liar:—We Challenge Him to an
Investigation:—He Visits Toronto:—We Return There:—Continues His
Opposition:—Refusing to Meet Us:—Great Meetings:—Excitement:—
Text:—Summary of the Discourse Proving Him a False Teacher:—He
Retires to Private Life:—Return to Kirtland:—Birth of My First Born.
CHAPTER XX.—Two Items of Prophecy:—Death of my Wife: An Open
Vision Forewarning Her of Her Death:—Burial: Description of Her
Person and Character:—Reflections: Return to Canada:—Selection for
an English Mission Jarrings in the Church:—Apostacy:—Temptation:—
Deliverance:—Mission to New York City:—The Voice of Warning:—Its
Success:—English Mission:—Remarkable Prophecy:—Several
Instances of Healing:—Spread of the Work in the City and Country.
CHAPTER XXI.—Remove to Missouri:—National Anniversary at Far
West:—Corner Stone of a Temple:—Insurrections:—Defence:—Attack
on De Witt, Carroll County:—Mob Chaplain:—Surrender and Flight of
the Citizens of De Witt:—Action of the Governor:—General Defence:
—Battle of Crooked River:—Death of Colonel Patten:—Defence
Construed into Murder and Treason:—Muster of State Forces Against
the "Mormons," with Orders for Extermination:—General Lucas, with
Four Thousand Men, Menaces Far West.
CHAPTER XXII.—Exterminating Order:—Betrayal and Imprisonment
of Joseph Smith and Others:—Camp of the Enemy:—The Howlings of
the Damned:—The Enemy Boast of the Highest Crimes:—Secret
Inquisitory Trial of the Prisoners:—Sentence of Death!—How
Reversed:—A Judas:—Surrender of Far West:—Attempt to
Assassinate the Prisoners:—Farewell Scenes:—Captives Removed to
Jackson County:—General Clark Demands the Prisoners:—Refusal to
Surrender them:—Cross the Missouri River:—Visitors:—Preaching in
Camp by President Smith:—Arrive at Independence:—Public
Exhibition of the Prisoners.
CHAPTER XXIII.—Treatment of the Prisoners:—Visit the Temple Lot:
—Gain my Freedom:—Temptation:—Voluntary Return to Bondage:—
Leave Independence:—Conduct of the Guards:—Fall into the Hands
of Col. Price and Guards:—Arrive at Richmond:—Chains:—Interview
with Gen. Clark:—Dialogue:—Inconceivable Absurdities .
CHAPTER XXIV.—Massacre at Haun's Mill .
CHAPTER XXV.—Speech of Major—General Clark, Delivered at Far
West while its Citizens were held as Prisoners, November, 1838.
CHAPTER XXVI.—The Prisoners:—Second Interview with General
Clark:—Inquisition:—Sickness of Elder Rigdon:—Colonel Price and
Guards:—Their Conduct;—Rebuke by Joseph Smith:—Trial:—
Similarity between King Herod and Governor Boggs:—Judge Austin
A. King in Open Court Threatens a Wholesale Extermination of the
"Mormons:"—Other Prisoners Obtained by Stratagem:—Advice of
General Doniphan, Attorney for the Prisoners:—Decision:—Disposal
of the Prisoners:—Flight of the Church to Illinois:—Conduct of the
Outlaws:—My Family Visits me in Prison..
CHAPTER XXVII.—Legislative Action on the Subject .
CHAPTER XXVIII.—Joseph Smith and his Fellow Prisoners in Clay
County:—Mock Trial in the County of Davies:—Final Escape:—Their
Arrival in Illinois .
CHAPTER XXIX.—Farewell Scenes:—Departure of the Last Remnant
of the Exiles:—Court:—Release of Two of the Prisoners:—Reflections
in Prison.
CHAPTER XXX.—Letter to Judge Austin A. King .
CHAPTER XXXI.—The Prison:—Fare:—Conduct of the Guards:—A
Strange Couple:—My Wife Visits the Prison:—Fasting and Prayer:—An
Important Question:—Vision:—A Ministering Spirit:—The Question
Answered:—Visit from Judge King:—Change of Venue:—Handcuffs:—
Departure from the Prison:—Journey:—Arrival in Columbia, Boone
County:—Enter Another Prison:—Treatment:—Arrival of Friends:—
News from my Family:—Impressions of the Spirit:—Plan and
Preparations for Escape:—Fourth of July Celebration:—Flag:—Public
Dinner:—Now's the Day:—Our Friends take Leave:—Rendezvous .
CHAPTER XXXII.—Description of the Prison:—Ladies in the Prison:—
Evening of a Public Day:—Song:—Obstinate Coffee Pot:—Order of
Attack:—Escape:—Race:—Great Excitement:—Our Friends in the
Thicket:—Prisoners Gain the Thicket:—Flight:—Encounter:—Climb a
Tree:—Faint:—Prayers:—Night Favors us at Last:—Loss of my Horse:
—Journey on Foot:—Reflections.
CHAPTER XXXIII.—Dawn:—Bewildered in a Forest:—Beautiful Valley:
—Escape of Phelps:—Dialogue:—His Final Escape and Arrival in
Illinois:—Fate of our Two Friends:—Interview between my Brother
Orson and my Wife:—She Prepares for my Reception:—
Disappointment:—Excitement:—Search:—Suspense:—Scenes at the
Prison:—Treatment of Mrs. Phelps:—Mr. Follett Retaken:—His Return
to Prison:—Chains:—Escape of Mrs. Phelps:—Finale of Luman and
Phila.
CHAPTER XXXIV.—Reminiscence:—Resume my Wanderings:—Lost
Again:—Storm:—Conversation:—Suspicious Characters:—Lost in a
Swamp:—Strange River:—Retrace my Steps:— Cross the River:—Wild
Scenery:—Strange Bedfellow:—Dawn:—Reach the Mississippi:—Cross
the River in a Canoe:—Land on an Island:—Entangled in the
Thickets:—Reembark:—Land in Illinois:—An Old Acquaintance:—
Arrive at Quincy .
CHAPTER XXXV.—Opinions of the Press:—Extracts from the
"Columbia Patriot:"—"Banner of Liberty:"—"Boone's Lick
Democrat:"—"Saturday News:"—"Missouri Republican:"—"New York
Sun:"—"Quincy Argus:"—Minutes of a Public Meeting in Quincy:
—"New York Commercial Advertiser:"—Public Meeting in New York:—
Closing Remarks .
CHAPTER XXXVI.—Congratulations:—Remove to Nauvoo:—Meet with
President Smith and Other Fellow Sufferers:—President Smith's
Reproof for the Elders:—Toils:—Start for England:—Arrival in Detroit:
—Visit my Brother Anson and Parents:—Arrive in New York:—Visit
Philadelphia and Washington:—Meet President Smith:—Great
Meeting:—Preaching by S. Rigdon and President Smith:—Success in
New York:—Farewell Song:—Sail for England:—Reflections .
CHAPTER XXXVII.—General Conference at Preston, England:—
Publishing Committee:—Editorial Appointment:—First Number of the
"Millennial Star" Issued:—My own Ministry in Manchester and
Vicinity:—New Hymn Book:—Action of Congress on the Missouri
Tragedies .
CHAPTER XXXVIII.—General Conference at Manchester:—
Ordinations and Appointments:—Return to New York:—Meet with my
Family:—Visit to the State of Maine:—A Dream and its Fulfilment:—
Embark Again for England:—Consequence of Looking Back:—Safe
Arrival in England:—Resume the Editorial Duties:—Reflections.
CHAPTER XXXIX.—Visit and Ministry in Bolton:—Conduct of two
Methodist Priests:—Arrest and Trial:—Emigration:—General
Conference at Manchester:—Council of the Twelve:—Charter the ship
"Tyrean:"—"Philosophy of the Resurrection:"—Emigration on the
Ship "Chaos:"—Visit to the Isle of Man:—Visit to Norwich:—Mob .
CHAPTER XL.—Notice for a General Conference:—Extract of a Letter
from Elder Orson Hyde in Jerusalem:—Extracts from my Farewell
Address .
CHAPTER XLI.—Vessels Chartered:—Emigration:—Sail for New
Orleans on the "Emerald:"—Passage:—Land in New Orleans:—
Charter of a Steamer:—Historical Letter:—Journey and Arrival at
Nauvoo:—Mission with Joseph Smith:—Visit to Chester .
CHAPTER XLII.—Miscellaneous Writings:—Mission to the East:—
Impressions of the Spirit:—Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith:—
Spirit of Exultation:—Return to Nauvoo:—Sidney Rigdon
Disfellowshipped.
CHAPTER XLIII.—Eastern Mission:—Return:—Mobocracy:—Labor in
the Temple:—Expulsion from Nauvoo:—Cross the Mississippi:—
Garden Grove:—Mount Pisga:—Council Bluffs:—Mormon Battalion:—
Winter Quarters:—Mission to England with Elders Orson Hyde and
John Taylor:—Conference at Manchester:—Tour through the Kingdom
.
CHAPTER XLIV.—An Apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ, of Latter-
Day Saints, _was in the Island of Great Britain for the Gospel's sake;
and being in the Spirit on the 24th of November, 1846, addressed
the following words of comfort to his dearly beloved Wife and Family,
dwelling in tents, in the Camp of Israel, at Council Bluffs, Missouri
Territory, North America; where they and twenty thousand others
were banished by the civilized Christians of the United States for the
Word of God and the Testimony of Jesus_.
CHAPTER XLV.—Return with Elder John Taylor to America:—Arrival at
Winter Quarters:—Camp Starts for the Rocky Mountains:—Meet the
Pioneers:—Arrival in Great Salt Lake Valley:—Visit to Utah and Great
Salt Lake .
CHAPTER XLVI.—Spring of 1848:—Scarcity of Provisions:—"Harvest
Feast:"—Arrival of President Young and Company:—Gold Fever:—
Explore Southern Utah.
CHAPTER XLVII.—Start on my Pacific Mission:—Sketch of the
Journey:—Attacked by Indians:—Crossing the Desert:—Arrival at Los
Angelos.
CHAPTER XLVIII.—Los Angelos:—Catholic Celebration of Corpus
Christi:—Arrival in San Francisco:—Letter to President Brigham
Young:—Family Letter .
CHAPTER XLIX.—Valparaiso:—Quillota:—Letter to President Brigham
Young.
CHAPTER L.—Arrival in San Francisco:—Return to Salt Lake City:—
Second Mission to the Pacific:—Articles from the Press .
CHAPTER LI.—Reply to the Rev. Mr. Briggs on the Subject of the
Expediency of the Reappointment of His Excellency Governor Young,
of Utah .
CHAPTER LII.—Statements Pertaining to the History of Joseph
Smith:—Return to Utah:—Home Mission:—Attend the Legislature at
Fillmore:—The Standard of Zion:—Return to Salt Lake City .
CHAPTER LIII.—Journal of Eastern Mission.
CHAPTER LIV.—Family Letters:—"My Fiftieth Year:"—Response by
John Taylor.
APPENDIX
GENEALOGY
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
 CHAPTER I.
Parentage:—Childhood:—Youth:—Education:—Early Impressions:—
Journey Westward:—Making a New Farm in the Wilderness of
Oswego.

Parley Parker Pratt, the subject and author of these sketches, and
third son of Jared and Charity Pratt, of Canaan, Columbia County,
New York, was born April 12, 1807, in Burlington, Otsego County,
N.Y.*

[Footnote] *For genealogy in full see Appendix.

Of my early youth I shall say but little. My father was a hard working
man, and generally occupied in agricultural pursuits; and, although
limited in education, he sometimes taught school, and even vocal
music.

He was a man of excellent morals; and he exerted himself diligently,

by stern example as well as precept, to instill into the minds of his
children every principle of integrity, honesty, honor and virtue.

He taught us to venerate our Father in Heaven, Jesus Christ, His

prophets and Apostles, as well as the Scriptures written by them;
while at the same time he belonged to no religious sect, and was
careful to preserve his children free from all prejudice in favor of or
against any particular denomination, into which the so-called
Christian world was then unhappily divided.

We frequently attended public worship, with Presbyterians, Baptists

and Methodists in turn, or, as circumstances rendered convenient—
having equal respect for these several forms of worship and their
adherents. Though my father did sometimes manifest a decided
disapprobation of a hireling clergy, who seemed, in his estimation, to
prefer the learning and wisdom of man to the gifts and power of the
Holy Ghost.

His means to educate his children were very limited; but that
excellent system of common school education early established in
the Eastern and Middle States afforded to them, in common with
others, an opportunity to learn, and even to become familiar with
the four great branches, which are the foundation of literature and
the sciences.

My opportunity, even in these institutions, was far more limited than

most of the youths of my country, on account of my time being
mostly required in physical exertion to assist in sustaining the family
of my father.

But I always loved a book. If I worked hard, a book was in my hand

in the morning while others were sitting down to breakfast; the
same at noon; if I had a few moments, a book! a BOOK! A book at
evening, while others slept or sported; a book on Sundays; a book at
every leisure moment of my life.

At the age of seven years my mother gave me lessons to read in the

Scriptures; I read of Joseph in Egypt, his dreams, his servitude, his
temptation and exaltation; his kindness and affection for his father
and brethren. All this inspired me with love, and with the noblest
sentiments ever planted in the bosom of man.

I read of David and Goliath;—of Saul and Samuel;—of Samson and

the Philistines:—all these inspired me with hatred to the deeds of evil
doers and love for good men and their deeds.

After this I read of Jesus and his Apostles; and O, how I loved them!
How I longed to fall at the feet of Jesus; to worship him, or to offer
my life for his.
At about twelve years of age I read of the first resurrection, as
described by John the Apostle, in the 20th chapter of his Revelation;
how they, martyrs of Jesus, and those who kept His commandments
would live and reign with Christ a thousand years, while the rest of
the dead lived not again till the thousand years were ended. O, what
an impression this made on my mind; I retired to rest after an
evening spent in this way; but I could not sleep. I felt a longing
desire and an inexpressible anxiety to secure to myself a part in a
resurrection so glorious. I felt a weight of worlds,—of eternal worlds
resting upon me; for fear I might still remain in uncertainty, and at
last fall short and still sleep on in the cold embrace of death; while
the great, the good, the blessed and the holy of this world would
awake from the gloom of the grave and be renovated, filled with life
and joy, and enter upon life with all its joys: while for a thousand
years their busy, happy tribes should trample on my sleeping dust,
and still my spirit wait in dread suspense, impatient of its doom. I
tried to pray; but O, how weak!

At the age of fifteen I was separated from my father's house, and

placed as an assistant on a farm, with a gentleman by the name of
William S. Herrick. This gentleman and his family were exemplary
members of the Presbyterian Church; and better, kinder, or more
agreeable people are seldom met with in this wicked world. They
treated me as if I had been an only son, instead of a hired servant.

I was with them eight months, during which time our mutual
affection for each other increased; and I felt grieved when my time
expired and duty called me elsewhere.

During the winter following, being in the sixteenth year of my age, I

boarded with one of my aunts (my father's sister), named Van Cott;
she was an excellent and kind-hearted woman, and acted as a
mother to me. This winter I spent mostly at school, and it was my
last opportunity to improve my education by any means, except my
own unaided exertion—at least for many years.
In this school, by close application, I made such extraordinary
progress that the teacher often spoke of me to the whole school,
and exhorted them to learn as Parley Pratt did;—said he (to some of
them who were more fond of mischief than of study), if you would
learn as he does, you would become men of wisdom and talent in
the world; but if you continue the course you have done you will
remain in obscurity and unknown; while he will be known, and fill
important stations in society. I do not mention these circumstances
by way of boasting; but simply because they are true. How little did
I then realize, or even dream of the station I should be called to fill.

Again the spring returned;—I was sixteen years of age. I left the
school of my boyhood forever, and commenced again a life of toil. I
assisted my cousin, William Pratt, in the cultivation of the farm of my
aunt (where I had boarded the previous winter) until September,
when I started a journey to the West, in company with my brother
William, in search of some spot of ground in the wilderness which
we might prepare as our future home.

We travelled about two hundred miles on foot, and at length

selected a spot for a farm in the woods, about two miles from
Oswego, a small town situated on Lake Ontario, in the State of New
York. We purchased seventy acres of land, which was covered with
an immense growth of timber, principally beech, maple and hemlock.
For this we bargained with one Mr. Morgan, and agreed to pay four
dollars per acre, in four annual payments with interest—paying some
seventy dollars in hand.

We then repaired again to the East, and, by dint of hard labor,

endeavored to earn the money. Wages were very low, and at length
my brother William entirely failed in raising his part of the money for
our next installment.

The next spring found me in the employment of a wealthy farmer, by

the name of Eliphet Bristol, in the neighborhood of my aunt Van
Cott's. Here I experienced no kindness; no friendship from my
employer or his family. I always commenced work before sunrise,
and continued till dark; losing only three days in eight months. I was
then but a lad—being only seventeen years of age—and stood in
need of fatherly and motherly care and comfort. But they treated a
laborer as a machine; not as a human being, possessed of feelings
and sympathies in common with his species. Work! WORK! WORK!
you are hired to work. A man that paid for his work should never be
weary, faint, or sick; or expect a kind look or word. He agrees to
work; we agree to pay him; that is sufficient. He needs no kindness,
no affection, no smiles, no encouragement of any kind. Such was
their spirit towards me during this eight months of toil. I was glad
when the time expired; I felt like one released from prison. I took
my wages, and was accompanied by my father to our place in
Oswego. Here I paid all my hard earnings to meet the yearly
installment due on the land—reserving merely enough to purchase
two axes. We then commenced to chop and clear the heavy timber
all the time that we could command, extra of earning our board. It
was a cold, snowy winter, such as is usual in the northern part of
New York. But we earned our living, and chopped and cleared ten
acres during the winter and spring; this we surrounded with a fence
of rails, and planted with wheat and Indian corn, being in hopes to
meet the next payment with the avails of our harvest.
 CHAPTER II.
Thoughts on Religion:—Join the Baptist Church:—Strange Perversion
of a Scripture Promise.

It was during these toils in the wilderness that my mind was drawn
out from time to time on the things of God and eternity. I felt deeply
anxious to be saved from my sins, and to secure an interest in that
world "where the wicked cease from troubling, and the weary are at
rest." I attended public worship with a society of Baptists who had
employed one W. A. Scranton for their minister; he was a scholar
from Hamilton Seminary (an institution where young men are
educated for the ministry).

I said to my father one day while we were laboring together in the

forest: "Father, how is it there is so manifest a difference between
the ancient and modern disciples of Jesus Christ and their doctrines?
If, for instance, I had lived in the days of the Apostles, and believed
in Jesus Christ, and had manifested a wish to become his disciple,
Peter or his brethren would have said to me, 'Repent and be
baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for REMISSION OF SINS, and
you SHALL receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.' I should then have
known definitely and precisely what to do to be saved. Whereas,
now we go to the religious minister for instruction, and he tells us
we must experience a mysterious, indefinite and undefinable
something called religion before we can repent and be baptized
acceptably. But, if we inquire how, or by what means we are to
come at this experience, he cannot tell us definitely; but will tell us
that it is the work of God in the soul; which he will accomplish in his
own due time, for his own elect; and that we can do nothing
acceptably till this is done. That even our prayers and repentance,
and all our good works are sin; so long as this work of God is not
done within us.

"Now, father," said I, "how is this? I believe in Jesus; I wish to serve

him and keep his commandments; I love him: He has commanded
all men to repent and be baptized, and has promised to remit the
sins of all those who obey the gospel ordinances, and to pour out
the Holy Spirit upon them. Yet, if I apply to the Presbyterians they
will sprinkle some water in my face instead of baptizing me. If I go
to the Methodists it is the same. And if I go to the Baptists they will
not baptize me for remission of sins , that I may receive the gift of
the Holy Ghost; but they will require of me to relate an experience,
and to tell of some time and place where I had already experienced
that which I am only seeking for, and have not found. This, of
course, I cannot do; and, therefore, they will not receive me unto
baptism. How, then, can I observe the ordinances of God and keep
his commandments?"

To these inquiries my father could give no satisfactory answer; but

observed that times and circumstances had changed. With this I was
not satisfied, of course; for who had a right to change the
ordinances, transgress the law, or break the covenant of the
everlasting gospel? Such were my thoughts.

I still continued to ponder upon these things, and to search the

Scriptures to learn how to be saved. I found the same principles and
practice throughout the history of the Apostles, the Jews,
Samaritans, Gentiles, Ephesians, Corinthians, Romans, the Ethiopian
eunuch, Saul of Tarsus, the jailer and his household, all were
baptized when they believed in Jesus Christ and repented of their
sins; and this as an ordinance connected with remission of their sins
and the gift of the Holy Ghost. What, then, should I do? Where find
one who was commissioned from heaven, and would administer
salvation to me? I could only go to the Baptists; but I lacked that
"experience of religion" which they always required. However, I
resolved to try.
I accordingly appeared before them at their monthly meeting, or
council, and requested to be baptized; they inquired into my
experience; I related to them my firm belief in Christ, and my wish
to serve God without being able to tell them of any particular
experience of religion. They finally consulted together; and came to
the conclusion that I had been converted, whether I knew it myself
or not, and a time was appointed for my baptism—a month or two
thence. Here I again realized the difference. In ancient times
persons were baptized immediately on profession of their faith; now
they were subjected to a delay of weeks or months.

At length the time arrived, and I was baptized by Mr. Scranton, and
duly initiated into the Baptist society; being about eighteen years of
age. I felt some satisfaction in obeying this one ordinance; but still I
was aware that all was not right,—that much was wanting to
constitute a Christian, or a Church of Christ.

I endeavored to pray much, and to attend meetings strictly; I also

endeavored to keep the commandments of Jesus as well as I could.

Mr. Scranton came to the house where I boarded to preach at a

certain time, and I inquired of him what Jesus meant when he said,
"these signs shall follow them that believe." He replied, that it meant
these signs should follow the Apostles only.

This did not satisfy me; for it was plain and manifest perversion of
common sense and language easy to be understood. It was as much
as to say: Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to the
Apostles; and the Apostles that believe and are baptized shall be
saved; and the Apostles that believe not shall be damned; and these
signs shall follow the Apostles that believe. Thus, by logical
consistency, confining the whole commission and gospel to the
Apostles, with all its benefits, by the same rule that we would
confine the promise of the signs following to them.
 CHAPTER III.
Reverses:—Loss of our Farm:—Strange Resolve:—Travels West:—
Forest Life:—Another New Farm.

Time passed; harvest came; a fine crop, but no market; and

consequently the payment came due on our land and there was no
means of payment.

The winter rolled round; spring came again; and with it a

prosecution on the part of Mr. Morgan for money due on land. The
consequence was that all our hard earnings, and all our
improvements in the wilderness, were wrested from us in a moment.
Mr. Morgan retained the land, the improvements and the money
paid.

Weary and disconsolate, I left the country and my father, who took
charge of our crops and all unsettled business.

I spent a few months with my uncles, Ira and Allen Pratt, in Wayne
County, N. Y., and in the autumn of 1826 I resolved to bid farewell to
the civilized world—where I had met with little else but
disappointment, sorrow and unrewarded toil; and where sectarian
divisions disgusted and ignorance perplexed me—and to spend the
remainder of my days in the solitudes of the great West, among the
natives of the forest.

There, at least, thought I, there will be no buying and selling of

lands,—no law to sweep all the hard earnings of years to pay a small
debt,—no wranglings about sects, and creeds, and doctrines. I will
win the confidence of the red man; I will learn his language; I will
tell him of Jesus; I will read to him the Scriptures; I will teach him
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com