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Chapter 04 Flexural Design of Beam 2022

Chapter 4 covers the flexural analysis and design of beams, focusing on fundamental assumptions, bending behavior, and reinforcement requirements. It discusses the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under various stress conditions, design methods, and the importance of minimum and maximum reinforcement ratios. Additionally, it addresses practical considerations for beam design, including concrete protection for reinforcement and the use of T-beams.

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11 views

Chapter 04 Flexural Design of Beam 2022

Chapter 4 covers the flexural analysis and design of beams, focusing on fundamental assumptions, bending behavior, and reinforcement requirements. It discusses the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under various stress conditions, design methods, and the importance of minimum and maximum reinforcement ratios. Additionally, it addresses practical considerations for beam design, including concrete protection for reinforcement and the use of T-beams.

Uploaded by

fuadazmol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flexural Analysis and

Design of Beams

Chapter 4
Introduction
• Fundamental Assumptions
• Simple case of axial loading
• Same assumptions and ideal concept apply

• This chapter includes analysis and design for


flexure, dimensioning cross section and
reinforcement
• Shear design, bond anchorage, serviceability in
chapters 5, 6, 7.
Bending of Homogeneous beam
• Steel, timber
• Internal forces-normal and tangential
• Normal-bending/flexural stress-bending
moment
• Tangential-shear stress-shear force
Fundamental assumptions relating to
flexure and shear
1. Plane cross section remain plane
2. Bending stress f at any point depends on the strain at
that point
3. Shear stress also depends on cross section and stress-
strain diagram. Maximum at neutral axis and zero at
extreme fibre. Same horizontal and vertical.
4. The intensity of principal stresses
5. At neutral axis, only horizontal and vertical
shear present-pure shear condition
6. When stress are smaller than proportional
limit
a. Neutral axis = cg
b. f=My/I
c. v=VQ/It
d. Shear distribution parabolic, max at na, zero at
outer fibre. For rectangular max=1.5V/bh
Reinforced Concrete Beam Behaviour
• Read the article
Video
• See video clips
Stresses elastic, section uncracked

• Tensile stress in concrete is smaller than


modulus of rupture
Transformed section can be used
Stresses Elastic, Section cracked
• Concrete tensile stress exceeds mod of
rupture
• Concrete compressive stress is less than fc’ /2
• Steel stress less than yield
• Assume tension crack up to neutral axis
• Transformed section can still be used
Try this differently
Try this
Find allowable moment M, if allowable stresses are Find I cracked
fc=0.45fc’ Try the same
fs= 24 ksi problem using My/I
Flexural Strength
• Yielding of steel fs=fy
• Crushing of concrete εu= 0.003-0.004
• Either can reach first
• Exact shape not necessary
• Necessary –Total compressive force and location
• βc- location from comp face
Failure initiated by yielding
Failure by concrete crushing

Quadratic equation for c


Balanced reinforcement ratio ρb
Design of Tension-reinforced
Rectangular Beams

• Demand < Capacity

• Hypothetical overload stage/demand with load


factor
• Reduced capacity with strength reduction factor

• USD method of design- ACI 2008, BNBC 2020


• Limit states Design –Europe
• ULS, SLS limit states
Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution

C S Whitney
Balanced Strain condition
Underreinforced beam
• Compression failure is abrupt
• Tensile failure gradual
• ρ should be less than ρb
ρ should be less than ρb, why?
ACI provisions for underreinforced beam
• ACI establishes some safe limits
• Net tensile strain Єt at farthest from comp face
• Strength reduction factor φ
Strength reduction factor φ
𝜑𝜑 = 0.483 + 83.3𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡
Review
problem
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio

0.004
Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
• If the flexural strength (of cracked section) is less
than the moment that produced cracking of the
previously uncracked section, the beam fails
immediately upon formation of first flexural
crack.
• 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛 < 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

• To ensure against this type of failure, a minimum


amount of reinforcement is provided
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.33𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Review
problem

𝜑𝜑 = 0.483 + 83.3𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡
Design Problem
• Infinite number of solution is possible

• Economic 0.5ρ0.005 to 0.75ρ0.005


Determination of steel area
𝜑𝜑 = 0.483 + 83.3𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡
Overreinforced beam
Design Aids: Find Mn
Design Aids: Concrete dimensions and steel
Design Aids: find steel area
Practical considerations in the design of Beams:
Concrete Protection for reinforcement
• Protection for steel against fire and corrosion
• Concrete cover depends on member and exposure
• Surfaces not exposed to ground or weather
– Not less than ¾ in for slab
– Not less than 1.5 in for beams and columns
• Surfaces exposed to weather or in contact with ground
– At least 2in
• Cast against ground with no form work
– Min 3 in cover
1.5+3/8+10/16 =2.5
3/4+4/16 =1
• b and h are rounded to 1 or 2 inch
• Slab rounded to ¼ or ½ inch (greater than 6
inch)

• Proportions- d 2-3 times of b


Selection of bar and spacing
• No 3 to No 11 for beams
• No 14 and No 18 for columns

• Mixing of sizes allowed with 2 bar sizes


Gap between bars
• Clear distance between bars not less than bar
dia or 1 inch (for columns 1.5d or 1.5inch)
• Two or more layers- min 1 inch
• Upper bar directly above
• Clear distance and cover not less than
1.33times maximum aggregate size
• Vibrator nozzle
Reinforcements –usual sizes
• Slab- No 3, 4, 5 (10mm, 12mm, 16mm)
• Beam- No 5,6, 7, 8 (16 20 22 25mm)
• Stirrup/tie- No, 3 4 (10 12mm)
• Column –No 5, 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 18 (16 20 22
25 28 32 ….)
• Mat- No 4,5,6,8 (12 16 20 25 mm)
• Smaller sizes preferred as long as there is no
congestion
Beam minimum depth
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
• Beams with tension and compression
reinforcement
• Cross section is limited
• Compression steel is used for other reasons-
long term deflection, reversal of moment,
hanger bar for stirrup
Tension and compression steel both at yields
Compression steel below yield stress
Example 4.12
Nadim Hassoun
Find ϕMn
dt=d+1.0 if
d=h-3.5
dt=d+1.5 if
d=h-4.0
Design of
Doubly Reinforced Beam
Use actual area
provided
T-beam
T-beam
• RC beam and slab are monolithically cast
• Beam stirrups and bent bars extend into the slab
• A part of slab act along with beam top to take
longitudinal compression
• Slab forms the beam flange
• Part of beam below slab is called web/stem
Effective flange width
Effective flange width
Effective
1. Symmetrical T beams
flange width
bf < 16hf+bw
bf < Span/4+bw Changed
bf < c/c beam spacing
2. Beam having slab on one side
bf < span/12+bw
bf < 6hf+bw
bf < Half the clear span +bw

3. Isolated T beam
hf > bw/2
bf < 4bw
Strength Analysis

Two possibilities
• Just like rectangular beam
• T-beam analysis required
bf

If a>hf T-beam
else Rectangular beam with b=bf
hf

20’X12=240”
At interior support
End of
Chapter 4: Flexural Analysis and Design of Beams

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