Classification Metrics

1. What does TP stand for in classification metrics?

a) True Positive
b) Total Positive
c) Test Positive
d) Training Positive
Answer: a) True Positive

2. Which metric measures the proportion of correctly predicted

positive cases out of all actual positive cases?
a) Precision
b) Recall
c) Accuracy
d) Specificity
Answer: b) Recall

3. What does FP represent in classification metrics?

a) False Prediction
b) False Positive
c) Final Positive
d) Faulty Positive
Answer: b) False Positive

4. What is the formula for Accuracy?

TP+ TN
a)
TP+ TN+ FP+FN
TP
b)
TP+ FP
TP
c)
TP+ FN
TN
d)
TN + FP
TP+ TN
Answer: a)
TP+ TN+ FP+FN
5. Which metric is also known as Sensitivity?
a) Precision
b) Recall
c) Specificity
d) F1-Score
Answer: b) Recall
 6. What does FN stand for in classification metrics?
a) Final Negative
b) False Negative
c) Faulty Negative
d) False Prediction
Answer: b) False Negative

7. Which metric is used to balance Precision and Recall?

a) Accuracy
b) Specificity
c) F1-Score
d) Recall
Answer: c) F1-Score

8. What is the formula for Precision?

TP
a)
TP+ FP
TP
b)
TP+ FN
TN
c)
TN + FP
TP+ TN
d)
TP+ TN+ FP+FN
TP
Answer: a)
TP+ FP
9. Which metric is also known as the False Positive Rate?
a) Recall
b) Specificity
c) 1 - Specificity
d) Precision
Answer: c) 1 - Specificity

10. What is the primary disadvantage of using Accuracy as

the sole metric?
a) It doesn’t consider class imbalance.
b) It only works for binary classification.
c) It cannot handle large datasets.
d) It requires manual computation.
Answer: a) It doesn’t consider class imbalance.

Gram-Schmidt Process
11. What is the purpose of the Gram-Schmidt process?
a) To find eigenvalues of a matrix
b) To orthogonalize a set of vectors
 c) To diagonalize a matrix
d) To compute determinants
Answer: b) To orthogonalize a set of vectors

12. What property do the resulting vectors from the Gram-

Schmidt process have?
a) Linearly dependent
b) Orthogonal
c) Symmetric
d) Non-negative
Answer: b) Orthogonal

13. In the Gram-Schmidt process, what happens if two input

vectors are linearly dependent?
a) The process fails
b) The output vectors remain linearly dependent
c) The process automatically skips one vector
d) The process produces zero vectors
Answer: a) The process fails

14. What is the first step in the Gram-Schmidt process?

a) Subtract projections
b) Normalize the first vector
c) Compute dot products
d) Identify the largest vector
Answer: b) Normalize the first vector

15. The Gram-Schmidt process is commonly used in which

field?
a) Economics
b) Machine learning
c) Biology
d) Chemistry
Answer: b) Machine learning

16. What is the output of the Gram-Schmidt process when

applied to a set of linearly independent vectors?
a) A set of orthonormal vectors
b) A diagonal matrix
c) A triangular matrix
d) A singular value decomposition
Answer: a) A set of orthonormal vectors

17. Which operation is central to the Gram-Schmidt process?

a) Matrix multiplication
b) Vector projection
c) Eigenvalue decomposition
 d) Cross product
Answer: b) Vector projection

18. What is the Gram-Schmidt process used for in machine

learning?
a) Feature scaling
b) Dimensionality reduction
c) Constructing orthogonal bases for PCA
d) Solving optimization problems
Answer: c) Constructing orthogonal bases for PCA

19. What happens if the Gram-Schmidt process is applied to a

set of already orthogonal vectors?
a) The vectors remain unchanged
b) The vectors become linearly dependent
c) The process fails
d) The vectors are normalized
Answer: a) The vectors remain unchanged

20. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the

Gram-Schmidt process?
a) Input vectors must be linearly independent
b) Input vectors must have the same dimensionality
c) Input vectors must be non-zero
d) Input vectors must be symmetric
Answer: d) Input vectors must be symmetric

Polar Decomposition
21. What does polar decomposition decompose a matrix into?
a) Two triangular matrices
b) A unitary matrix and a positive semi-definite matrix
c) A diagonal matrix and a symmetric matrix
d) Two orthogonal matrices
Answer: b) A unitary matrix and a positive semi-definite matrix

22. What is the significance of the unitary matrix in polar

decomposition?
a) It represents rotation/reflection
b) It represents scaling
c) It represents translation
d) It represents skewness
Answer: a) It represents rotation/reflection

23. In polar decomposition, what property does the positive

semi-definite matrix have?
 a) It is orthogonal
b) It is symmetric
c) It is singular
d) It is diagonal
Answer: b) It is symmetric

24. Which application uses polar decomposition?

a) Image compression
b) Solving linear equations
c) Factor analysis
d) Matrix factorization in machine learning
Answer: d) Matrix factorization in machine learning

25. What is the polar decomposition of a square matrix A ?

a) A=Q R
b) A=U Σ V T
c) A=U P
d) A=LU
Answer: c) A=U P

26. What does U represent in polar decomposition?

a) Unitary matrix
b) Upper triangular matrix
c) Diagonal matrix
d) Lower triangular matrix
Answer: a) Unitary matrix

27. What does P represent in polar decomposition?

a) Positive semi-definite matrix
b) Orthogonal matrix
c) Skew-symmetric matrix
d) Singular matrix
Answer: a) Positive semi-definite matrix

28. Which property ensures that polar decomposition is

unique for invertible matrices?
a) Symmetry
b) Positive definiteness
c) Orthogonality
d) Invertibility
Answer: b) Positive definiteness

29. What is the relationship between polar decomposition

and SVD?
a) Polar decomposition is a special case of SVD
b) SVD is a special case of polar decomposition
c) They are unrelated
 d) They are identical
Answer: a) Polar decomposition is a special case of SVD

30. Which of the following is NOT an application of polar

decomposition?
a) Image processing
b) Robotics
c) Cryptography
d) Control systems
Answer: c) Cryptography

These MCQs provide a comprehensive review of the topics and can help reinforce understanding
of key concepts.